Effective leadership in airline crews 2 Good teamwork in aircraft crews (Ginnett) & hospital teams (K-P) Aircraft crewsHospital teams 3 Good teamwork in aircraft crews (Ginner) & hospital teams (K-P) Aircraft crews Highly interdependent task Standard, rehearsed task + one-off crises Standardization Clear roles (pilot, 1rst officer, first officer, cabin crew) Check lists Approved SBAR communication (situation, background, assessment, recommendation) Leadership Hierarchical (position + competence) Pre-leg briefing Empowering subordinates Communication Btw shift handover Hospital teams Highly interdependent task Standard, rehearsed task + one-off crises Standardization Clear roles e.g., surgeon, circulator, scrub nurse, anesthesia) Check lists Approved SBAR communication pattern (situation, background, assessment, recommendation) Leadership Hierarchical Pre-op briefing Empowering subordinates Communication Btw shift handover After procedure debrief 4 Flight Crews are Typically Groups with No History For operations & personnel reasons, crews bid for positions Ad hoc crews Organizational shell=Standardization Organizational context provides resources - how to behave Each crew member brings pre-existing knowledge of own role & roles of others Good leaders supplement these shells with detailed, crew-specific expectations Explicitly discussing how coordination should be done Crewisms Contingency planning - getting ahead of the curve 5 How does a crew come together so quickly? Organizational Shell In airline crews, much of the practice is standardized Defined roles comprising a crew (e.g., pilot, 1rst officer, flight engineer, cabin crew chief) Defined responsibilities for each role Standardized training for different roles Standardized checklists Checklists 6 Invention of the crew checklist Invented after aircraft accident during a flight competiton on 10/30/1935 at Wright Air Field Pilot error Modern aircraft placed too many memory on crew Ways to handle memory demands placed on crew from complex aircraft 7 8 9 SOP for all crew personnel All crew members have standardized tasks Attendants Help passengers stow their carry-ons Insure passengers near the emergency exits will help in an emergency Run over safety procedures show a safety video Check every seat to make sure all passengers are buckled-in and that their seats are in the right position Lock & arm the doors so that the emergency slides will inflate Server food Intervene in emergencies 10 Organizational shell 11 Team experience helps flight crews Measure performance on with complex decisions in simulator Inexperienced crews = Just formed. Will fly together after the simulation. Experienced crews = Formed 3 days ago. Have flown together for the past two days. Working together improves performance, with a larger effect for the more severe errors Kanki, B. G., Folk, V. G., & Irwin, C. M. (1991). Communication variations and aircrew performance. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 1(2), 12 What is it that groups learn from working together? Use Ginnett reading on flight crews as a source of hypotheses: 13 What is it that groups learn from working together? Use Ginnett reading on flight crews as a source of hypotheses: Explicit expectations about procedures & rationale Explicit division of labor/hierarchy Demonstrating personal attributes Demonstrating positive attributes trust Development of personal social relationships 14 What is it that groups learn from working together? Use Ginnett reading on flight crews as a source of hypotheses: Mission Crew-specific norms Crew-specific routines Planning ways to operate Trust Leadership structure/division of labor Personal characteristics. Familiarity w/ equipment Chit-chat => social bonding 15 What is it that teams learn as they work together? Specific Task People Environment General teamwork Ways to organize Planning Appropriate amount of communication Team-appropriate attitudes Learning at both the individual and group levels Individual manager learns that person A is good with complex problems but, doesnt finish projects on deadline Group learning: Routines: e.g., Aviation checklists Technology: e.g., Group decides to physically organize so people who coordinate most are close by (NORAD example). 16 How does the leader help in making the crew more effective/ Again use Ginnet article as evidence 17 How does the leader help in making the crew more effective Explicitly discuss tasks that require coordination btw cockpit & cabin Define and expand crew responsibilities Explicitly set norms for crew behavior Managing the tensions over the pilots authority Listen to the pilot But speak up 18 Crews learn how to communicate More communication More explicit communication More autonomy on part of First Officer 19 Teams can improve both task work & team work Task work Knowledge, skills & attitudes for getting for tasks done (e.g., take-off, emergency procedures) Team work Knowledge, skills & attitudefor getting the team to operate effectively together Knowledge: E.g., Shared mental models through cross training, Transactive memory Skills: E.g., Monitoring & backup behavior, Team leadership through training, Appropriate information exchange Attitudes: E.g., Mutual trust, Cohesion, Group efficacy Shuffler, M. L.,et al. (2011). Theres a Science for That Team Development Interventions in Organizations. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(6), 20 Components of Team Building Interventions: (1) 21 Components of Team Building Interventions: (2)