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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 1064–1071, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_110

Available online at http://http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EFFECT OF DYEING AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY

ON NOYYAL RIVER WATER QUALITY,

TIRUPPUR – A CASE STUDY

Ajith Babu

Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India

Prakash Chinnaiyan

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India

Abinaya S

Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita University, Coimbatore, India

ABSTRACT

This paper evaluates the extent of degradation that has happened in the natural

water body Noyyal River that flows through the four districts of Tamilnadu, India, due

to the letting of wastewater from small scale industrial dyeing unit in the Tiruppur

region, Tamil Nadu. Samples from river were taken and were analysed for the

following physiochemical properties: hardness, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, pH,

sulphates, DO, Iron and Manganese using standard procedure. In addition, the trace

metals like Lead, Zinc, Copper, and Chromium were also analysed by using Atomic

Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results were compared with the standards

followed by the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB). The results obtained

indicate that many of the physiochemical properties of the water exceed the standard

limits. In addition, the analysis for the trace metal content in the water indicates a

high level of lead content, which is highly toxic and may result in nervous system

disorders. Lead content in water could be attributed to many factors including the

effluents from the textile industries, which uses lead mixed dyes.

Key words: Noyyal river, dyeing industry, textile industry, water quality, trace metal,

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy.

Cite this Article: Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S, Effect of Dyeing

and Textile Industry on Noyyal River Water Quality, Tiruppur – A Case Study.

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 1064–

1071.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=10

Ajith Babu, Prakash Chinnaiyan and Abinaya S


1. INTRODUCTION

Pollution is defined as the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment causing

adverse effects in the ecological structure of the region. Water pollution is usually caused by

the discharge of waste water from households and industries into the surface water or ground

water without treatments to remove the contaminants that may otherwise affect the natural

environment of the water source. During the heavy industrialization after independence, many

textile (dying and bleaching) industries came into being along the Noyyal River. The effluents

from these industries were directly let into the river leading to heavy contamination of the

water making it unfit for human consumption (1,2). The scenario is almost same in different

water resources and are documented by various studies (3,4,5). Though the advancement in

GIS and data interpretation using GIS helps to study the scenario (7), physical sampling and

raw data are needed for the same. Earlier studies a decade back on ground water quality along

the Noyyal river basin does indicate few water quality parameters exceeding the limit (8, 9,

10). In a more recent study done by Zahir et al., (11) focussed on calculation of the water

quality index at Tiruppur region. Veena et al (12), studied the water management in the

Noyyal river basin and documented a report. Also in the last decade, because of the court and

government orders, treatments plants were established to treat the wastewater before it

reaches the river. Some of these treatment plants are run by the governments directly and

others by the private using government subsidies and are being checked periodically to

prevent misuse of facilities and funds. Though these moves have curbed the pollution to some

extent, it has not been completely effective.llegal small-scale home-run units continue to

pollute the river. Even the treatment plants that have been established are primary treatment

plants and therefore treat only biodegradable organic pollutants. The untreated inorganic

matters are not removed by boiling. Heavy metals, benzodine structures and other toxins

present in the industrial and dying effluents are also not removed. As a result, the river water

usage for irrigation and human consumption remains a cause for concern. Keeping in mind

the stated problems, this paper aims to study the physiochemical parameters, trace metal

presence in the river.

METHODOLOGY

2.1. Study Area

Noyyal River originates in the Velliangiri hills in Coimbatore and drains into the Cauvery

River at Noyyal in Erode. It is a 173 km long river with a basin width of 25 km and basin area

of around 3510 sq.km. It flows through the districts of Coimbatore, Tiruppur and Erode and

joins Cauvery upon entering Karur District. Around 700 units of small scale to medium scale

dyeing unit have their presence in Tiruppur, Erode region. Out of which approximately 450

units collectively have set up 20 CETPs while balance 150 units have set up their own

individual effluent treatment plants (IETPs) to comply the Zero Liquid Discharge limit set by

the Government. To understand the impact of these industries on the natural environment,

study area was selected for 40 km stretch of the Noyyal River from Coimbatore to Noyyal

(Erode) . Four sampling points at about 10 km interval were decided upon. Sample locations

include Aathupalam in Coimbatore (S1), Mangalam (S2) and Nallur (S3) in Tiruppur and

Erode (S4). The sample points were selected such that, S1 indicate the background

concentration in Noyyal river before it flows through the industrial cluster which were

represented by S2 and S3 and lastly S4 to understand the natural attenuation process, if any.

2.2. Analysis of Surface Water

The river water was collected from the sample points in clean sterile plastic containers of 1 l

capacity at a depth of 20 cm from the water surface. The sample collection period was from

Effect of Dyeing and Textile Industry on Noyyal River Water Quality, Tiruppur – A Case Study


November 2013 to January 2014, which is the rainy season. Samples were collected six times

in total that is, twice every month with about a 15-day interval between them.

The collected samples were stored at room temperature and analysed for following the

physiochemical parameters: pH, alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, chlorides,

iron, manganese and sulphates were analysed. The trace metals lead, copper, chromium were

analysed using Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The trace metals were analysed,

because these metals are commonly present in the dyes and the other chemicals used in the

industries. In addition, they may not be removed in the conventional wastewater treatment

plants designed for treating domestic waste.

The tests were done in accordance with the procedure prescribed in the IS code using the

standard equipments and chemicals. The analyses were repeated until a concordant value was

reached.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. Surface Water Quality

The data obtained for the six sampling dates at each location were shown through Table 1 to

Table 4 and the average value in Table 5:

Table 1 Surface water quality parameters at location S1

Parameters

S 1

5.11.13 20.11.13 02.12.13 20.12.13 02.01.14 26.01.14

pH 7 7 7 7.3 7.1 7.4

DO (mg/l) 2 2.1 1.3 2.2 2.3 2.1

Alkalinity 235 230 233 235 233 244

TH (mg/) 259 262 200 263 264 265

TDS (mg/l) 200 210 232 325 289 294

Iron (mg/l) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.03

Manganese (mg/l) 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02

Sulphate (mg/l) 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.4

Zinc (mg/l) 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.1 0.09 0.08

Chromium (mg/l) 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05

Lead (mg/l) 0.23 0.3 0.25 0.22 0.3 0.29


Parameters

S 2

5.11.13 20.11.13 02.12.13 20.12.13 02.01.14 26.01.14

pH 7.5 7.5 8 7.5 7.6 7.5

DO (mg/l) 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5

Alkalinity 870 873 860 878 875 867

TH (mg/) 657 672 400 675 673 698

TDS (mg/l) 3268 3078 3230 3029 3109 3058

Iron (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08

Manganese

(mg/l) 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03

Sulphate (mg/l) 9.3 9.2 10.1 10.6 9.7 9.5

Zinc (mg/l) 0 0 0 0.02 0.01 0.02

Chromium

(mg/l) 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01

Lead (mg/l) 0.75 0.65 0.69 0.75 0.6 0.6




Parameters

S 3

5.11.13 20.11.13 02.12.13 20.12.13 02.01.14 26.01.14

pH 8 8 8 8 8.2 8.3

DO (mg/l) 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.6 1.7

Alkalinity 695 691 702 685 688 682

TH (mg/) 768 772 1084 789 779 789

TDS (mg/l) 3800 3692 3892 3632 3864 3889

Iron (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.07

Manganese

(mg/l) 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Sulphate (mg/l) 10.3 10.2 9.6 8.9 10.3 10.5

Zinc (mg/l) 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04

Chromium

(mg/l) 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.07

Lead (mg/l) 0.45 0.5 0.43 0.45 0.53 0.54


Parameters

S 4

5.11.13 20.11.13 02.12.13 20.12.13 02.01.14 26.01.14

pH 8 8 8.05 8.1 8.3 8.1

DO (mg/l) 8.1 8.5 8.5 8.7 8.6 8.7

Alkalinity 97 100 92 109 105 109

TH (mg/) 175 167 340 169 170 168

TDS (mg/l) 2800 2956 2748 2738 2948 2974

Iron (mg/l) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02

Manganese

(mg/l) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.01

Sulphate (mg/l) 7.6 7.5 7.2 7.4 7.3 7.4

Zinc (mg/l) 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03

Chromium

(mg/l) 0.05 0.035 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04

Lead (mg/l) 0.13 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.13

Table 5 Surface water quality parameters for different sampling points (average value)

Parameters

Guideline

values S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4

pH 6.5- 8.5 7.13 7.60 8.08 8.09

DO (mg/l) > 4 2.00 3.45 1.48 8.52

Alkalinity

235.00 870.50 690.50 102.00

TH (mg/) < 300 252.17 629.17 830.17 198.17

TDS (mg/l) < 500 258.33 3128.67 3794.83 2860.67

Iron (mg/l) < 0.3 0.02 0.07 0.06 0.02

Manganese (mg/l) < 0.1 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01

Sulphate (mg/l) < 200 7.33 9.73 9.97 7.40

Zinc (mg/l) < 5 0.09 0.01 0.06 0.02

Chromium (mg/l) < 1 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.04

Lead (mg/l) < 0.1 0.27 0.67 0.48 0.14

3.2. Variation of Physico Chemical Parameters

pH

The pH value of all the sampling points during the sampling period remains within the

standard range of 6.5 to 8.5.



DO

The DO values are low at S3 with a maximum value of 1.7 mg/l in the sample taken on

26/01/2014. The S2 values are around 3.5 mg/l, S3 values at 1.5 mg/l. The S4 values are

relatively quite high compared to other sample points with an average value of around 8.4

mg/l. The increase in DO values in the end can be because of the high reduction in the

effluents released into the Noyyal River in the end of sampling area due to less industries and

also high contact with the atmosphere in the course of running the almost industry free area.

Alkalinity

The alkalinity of water is quite low at S1, comparatively at S2 and S3, and reduces again to

low values at S4. The alkalinity of water is at an average of 233 mg/l at S1, 870 mg/l at S2,

687 mg/l and 101 mg/l at S4 during the sampling period. The variation of alkalinity may be

due to the chemicals present in the effluents released into the river like the chemicals used in

dyeing industry, soaps, pharmaceutical products, creams, etc.

Total Hardness: The hardness value is low at S1, increases drastically at S2 and S3, and

reduces again to low values at S4. The increase in hardness could be attributed to the presence

of salts in and near the S2 and S3 due to effluents from industrialization of the Tiruppur

region.

TDS

The value of TDS was found to be very high at S2, S3 and S4 . It was well above the limit

prescribed (500 mg/l) and the maximum extended limit (1000 mg/l) . The high TDS value

represents the presence of many unwanted minerals in the water that can have undesirable

effects on the health of humans, animals and vegetation. High TDS would also result in the

water having odour, colour and turbidity that makes the water undesirable for human

consumption.

Iron

The amount of Iron in river water as prescribed by the IS standard is 0.03 mg/l (6). At the

sampling points S1 (Coimbatore) and S4 (Erode) the value is within the range during the

sampling period whereas at the points S2 and S3 (Tiruppur) the amount of Iron in water

exceeds to 0.07 mg/l. But, the limit prescribed may be extended till 1 mg/l and all the values

are within the maximum limit prescribed.

Manganese

The presence of manganese in the river water is very low and within the limit of 0.1 mg/l as

prescribed by the IS standards at the range of 0.00 mg/l to 0.03 mg/l. This presence of

manganese in such low levels is naturals in surface water bodies and is not a cause for

concern.

Sulphates

The Sulphate content in river water at S1 and S4 are in the range 7.2 mg/l to 7.6 mg/l. At S2

and S3, value exceeds to the range of 9 mg/l to 10.6 mg/l. The points S2 and S3 (Tiruppur) is

prone to be affected by the effluents released by the industries and households.



3.2.1. Variation of Trace metals in surface water

Zinc

The amount of Zinc in the river water during the sampling period is lower than the limit

prescribed by the IS standard and is not a cause for concern.

Chromium

The Chromium content in river water ranges from 0.01 mg/l to 0.07 mg/l. S3 seems to have

the maximum value among the sample points with an average value of 0.06 mg/l and S2 has

the minimum value among the points with an average of 0.15 mg/l. The values at all the

sample points are within the limit prescribed by the IS code.

Lead

The amount of Lead prescribed by the IS standard is 0.01 mg/l. At all the sampling points S1,

S2, S3 and S4 the value of lead in the river water during the sampling period is very high

compared to the value prescribed by the standard. The amount of lead in S2 and S3 is

comparatively very high to the amount of lead in S1 and S4, as shown in Fig 1. The very high

value of lead content in the river water may be attributed to the usage of lead based dyes in

the textile industries. The results indicate that the cluster of dyeing industry seems to have a

net negative impact on environment with respect to the lead content.

Figure 1 Temporal variation of lead concentration (mg/l) in different sampling points

4. CONCLUSIONS

The results that have been obtained from the study show that the Noyyal river pollution by the

dyeing and bleaching units is extensive and has affected the quality of the river water making

it unfit for human consumption. It was observed that the colour of the river water was green

and black and the odour was not pleasant. Among the physiochemical parameters that were

analyzed, it was found that Total hardness and Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the

limit. The testing for trace metals in the river water yielded interesting results. Though the



trace metals like copper and chromium was within the limit and can be attributed to natural

causes, the lead content of the water was high. The high presence of lead in water can cause

damage of central nervous system and may even result in paralysis. When this water is used

for irrigation, the lead may accumulate in the soil, at a point may result in causing damage to

the vegetation, and may cause problems when consumed. Government authority shall set up

trace metal purification plants along with the existing and future water purification plants. The

limitation of paper shall be similar analysis can be done for an increased period of time to

show the yearly variance of quality of water with respect to the business growth of textile

industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful for the Department of Civil engineering, Amrita University and CWRDM,

Calicut for providing the necessary lab facilities.

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EFFECT OF DYEING AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY ON · PDF fileEFFECT OF DYEING AND TEXTILE INDUSTRY ON NOYYAL RIVER WATER QUALITY, ... due to the letting of ... Water pollution is usually caused