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Educational Standard Correlation Services for Digital Libraries. Holly Devaul Jonathan Ostwald John Weatherley Digital Learning Sciences UCAR. Anne Diekema Jennifer Bailey CNLP Syracuse University. Presentation Overview. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Educational Standard Correlation Services for Digital Libraries
Holly DevaulJonathan OstwaldJohn Weatherley
Digital Learning SciencesUCAR
Anne DiekemaJennifer Bailey
CNLP Syracuse University
Presentation Overview
We will discuss a suite of educational standards assignment and alignment services that support cataloging and discovery of educational standards information in the NSDL – First half - how these services work, scenarios for
use, and expected performance levels based on recent evaluations
– Second half - more technical in nature; aimed at software engineers and web developers focusing on how the APIs work
CASAA- Computer Assisted Standards Assignment and Alignment
NSF NSDL Service project with two goals Support the assignment of standards to
learning resources– Content Assignment Tool (CAT)
Provide a cross-walk between the different state and national standards – Standards Alignment Tool (SAT)
Motivation
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Teachers must document how their teaching is
aligned to standards States required to develop assessments that
evaluate student achievement relative to standards
Teachers want access to standards information for accountability reporting
Opportunity for digital libraries to provide this service
Content Assignment Tool (CAT)
Natural Language Processing technology
assesses resource content, suggests relevant
educational content standards
Semi-automatic approach– CAT suggests relevant standards to the user– User makes final determination
System learns from vetted assignments Web tool plus REST API for easy integration with
other applications
Web-based access to CAThttp://cat.nsdl.org:8280/casaa
User name- guest
Password- p
Integration with theDigital Collection System (DCS)
Accesses resource content via URL
Utilizes data from catalog record -url, grade level
-description, keywords (optional)
Is configured to query only NSES
Suggestions provided in context of cataloging
Visual cues help track suggested and human selected standards – human makes final decision on what to assign
Sta
nd
ard
s
Selected Suggestion
Selected but not suggested
Suggestion
CAT Evaluation
Compared human-assigned NSES standards to CAT suggested standards
Research questions:– Does the CAT Service return standards that a
human would choose for assignment? – Do the standards human catalogers have
chosen occur near the top of the ranked list of CAT Service suggestions?
– Does the inclusion of metadata improve standards assignment via the CAT Service?
National Science Education Standards (NSES)
Hierarchical in structure, classified by grade band and content area and can be grouped as follows:– inquiry - (nature of science; Standard A)– subject - (life, physical, Earth and space
science; Standards B, C and D)– applied - (science and technology, personal
and social perspectives, and the history and
nature of science; Standards E, F, and G).
Does the CAT Service return standards that a human would choose for assignment?
CAT Service suggestions include 28-51% of the standards humans assigned
This offers a time savings in the initial assignment of the standards by presenting the cataloger a smaller subset of standards to choose from, that includes a substantial number of the preferred standards.
Do the standards human catalogers have chosen occur near the top of the ranked list of CAT Service suggestions?
Analysis was conducted to assess the placement of the human-assigned standards in the ranked list of suggestions from CAT
If metadata included, 83% of the standards suggested at rank 1 were also chosen by a human; then drops off quickly
Subject standards performed better than applied or inquiry
We speculate that the language used in the resource corresponds better with subject standards than with applied or inquiry which require more subjective interpretation
Does the inclusion of metadata improve standards assignment via the CAT Service?
YES- if no metadata included, 60% of the standards at rank 1 were also chosen by a human
In addition, including metadata expands the utility of this tool to suggest standards for non-text-based resources that have descriptive metadata associated with them
See technical paper for full details of this analysis
Standards Alignment Tool (SAT)
Dynamic automatic correlation of standards Combination of various algorithms to find
equivalent (correlated) standards Allows great flexibility for indexing and
search Takes standard text or ASN standard PURL REST API for easy integration with other
applications/systems
Web-based access to SAThttp://sat.nsdl.org:8380/casaa-sat/
User name- guest
Password- p
SAT-DLESE Discovery integration
Testbed collection with NSES standards cataloged at 4th level
Select state of interest to view corresponding state standards side-by-side
Proof-of-concept for technical integration; alignments not yet vetted
http://sat.dlsciences.org
State standards are displayed side-by-side national standards
SAT Evaluation
Looked at NSES to state mapping for five states (OH, MA, MN, CO, NY)
NSES standards distributed proportionately across inquiry, subject and applied subgroups and across grade level (n=49)
Queried SAT for state alignment to NSES Evaluated first 5 suggestions for each
standard (strong, moderate, weak correlation) or none at all
Preliminary analysis
Issues– Lack of equivalent state standards – Differing granularity of scope of content
A mechanism to better discriminate no match and multiple matches is needed
For this alignment (NSES-state) human mediation is still necessary (as with CAT)
Other alignment pathways (state-to-state) need to be evaluated to get the full picture
Additional machine learning may improve results
Part Two – The Technical Bits
Aimed at software engineers and web developers who wish to utilize the API’s and integrate CAT and SAT functionalities with existing applications
CAT API in DCS: Topics
CAT / DCS Interaction The Educational Standards Hierarchy API call: suggestedStandards Constraining the search for suggestions Other uses of API in DCS RPC vs REST Services
DCS Communicates with CAT via Web Service
Selectable / Suggested Standards are leaf nodes
Leaf
Standards Hierarchy
suggestStandards request
CAT search for suggestions guided by info supplied to the API
Returns StandardsList suggested by the CAT Service
CATDCS
Urls, Constraints
StandardsList
•ASN Identifier•Benchmark
Constraining Suggestions
author – (NSES) topic – (Science) maxResults – (10) startGrade endGrade keywords
– Description– (weighted) keywords
RESTRepresentational State Transfer
CAT Service Response
CAT API Requests
suggestStandards – Suggests aligned standards for a specific lesson plan
saveStandards – Save standards to a specific assignment
getStandard – Retrieve the details for a specified standard
getStandards – Retrieve the details for a specified list of standards
CAT API Requests (continued…)
removeStandards – Remove standards from a specific assignment
getAssignments – Retrieve the standards for a specific assignment
getAllAssignments – Retrieve all assignments (including the standards for each assignment) for a specified user
getAuthors – Retrieve all assignments (including the standards for each assignment) for a specified user
getTopics – Retrieve a list of all topics available in CAT
SAT Service: Topics
DLESE use case: Display state standards that are aligned to NSES
API call: suggestedStandards Displaying the suggested standards in the
DLESE interface SAT API overview Development tips
DLESE Request for State Standards
User selects a state in the DLESE UI DLESE provides ASN identifiers for NSES
standards– suggestStandards request accepts ASN identifiers
or text SAT returns a list of suggested standards as
XML– Response contains text suitable for display in the UI
DLESE UI displays the standards to the user
DLESE Communicates with SAT via Web Service
SuggestStandardsREST Request
Standardslist returned as XML
SATService
DLESELibrary
Application
• ASN Idor
• Text
NSES Standards Supplied by DLESE, State Standards Returned by SAT
NSES standards supplied by DLESE as ASN Ids
State standards returned by SAT service as text
suggestStandards request
One or multiple standards can be supplied in the request
Multiple standards handled one of two ways:– Combine the text of all the standards into a single
query and return a single result set - or -
– A query for each standard and return as many result sets as there are standards
DLESE used the latter– DLESE has multiple standards cataloged for each resource– Display best match for each standard
Supply grade range to refine results
SAT suggestStandards Response
DLESE Display
State standards displayed side-by-side with NSES standards
When a state is selected by the user, request is made asynchronously using AJAX– Provides time for SAT to respond and gives the
user feedback with a spinner graphic
Selected state is remembered throughout the user’s session
SAT API Requests
suggestStandards – Suggests aligned standards for specific standard
saveStandards – Save standards to a specific assignment
removeStandards – Remove standards from a specific assignment
getAssignments – Retrieve the standards for a specific assignment
getAllAssignments - Retrieve all assignments (including the standards for each assignment) for a specified user
SAT API Requests (continued…)
getAuthors - Retrieve a list of all authors (states) available in SAT
getTopics - Retrieve a list of all topics available in SAT
getStandard - Retrieve the details for a specified standard
getStandards - Retrieve the details for a specified list of standards
Development Tips
Use AJAX to retrieve and display standards at point of request
Retrieve and cache standards alignments ahead of time if needed
Use JSP/PHP to retrieve and display the results in a Web setting
REST Service URLs
CAT http://cat.nsdl.org:8280/casaa/service.do
SAThttp://sat.nsdl.org:8380/casaa-sat/service.do
Contact us for more information
Anne Diekema [email protected] Holly Devaul [email protected] Jonathan Ostwald [email protected] John Weatherley [email protected]