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51 AComparative Study of Self *Sukashant S Patil. Research Scholar Confidenee Level among Individual 253
LNCPE Trivandrum-University of Kerala. and Team Game Players of **Shashidhara, Rescarch Scholar UCPE. Karnataka University. Bangalore University. ***Prashant Mankale, Rescarch Scholar UCPE
Bangalore University, Karanataka 52 A Study of Work Place Stress and Vishalakshi Honnakatti, Assistant. 260
Level of Performanee of Marketing Professor Dept. of Psychology, Govt.
Managers. First Grade College for Women
Bailhongal **Kari Gooli Assistant
Management, SKNG Government First
Grade College. Gangavati, Karanataka
53 Healthy Diet for Healthy Body *Pratibha Kathare **Roopali R. Samage 271
Patil M.A. KLE's Lingaraj College,
Belagavi, Karanataka
54 Yoga in Physical Education *Aasma Begaum A Pattewalc, Rescarch 276 scholar, D.0.S. in physical education and
sports science K.S. W. University,
Vijayapura. **Dr K.P. Martin Assistant
Professor science K.S.W. University,
D.O.S. in physical education and sports
Science Jammu and Kashmir.
Role of Yoga in Sports
in Physical Education, Smt A. A Patil
College of Arts and Commerce for
Women Chikodi. ** Ravi Gola, Porawal,
Asst Prof in Physical Education, Degree
College Sindagi. ***Prakash L Naragatti,
Asst Prof in Physical Education, KA
Lokapur Arts and Commerce College,
Athani, Karanataka
Anveshan A Research Volume
A Study of Work Place Stress and Level of Performance of Marketing Managers.
VishalakshiHonnakatti, Assistant. Professor Dept. of Psychology. Govt.First Grade College for
Women Bailhongal-591102. **Prof. Kari Gooli Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce and
Management, SKNG Government First Grade College. Gangavati. 583227.
Abstract: Everyone knows that stress can have a negative impact on performance. Some scientists say that
minimum amount of stress is necessary to achieve the things, without stress organisms do nothing. But what
exactly does this mean? In other words, how exactly could psychological stress affect performance? Ler's take
.a closer look by examining the of stress, By definition, stress is a reaction by the body and brain to meet the
demands of some challenge or threat. To know whether the work stress improves the performanceof
individual or decrease the performance. For this purpose researchers took 50 marketing managers working
under different telecommunication companies. They have divided in two groups on the basis of high and low
performance. The results shows that the high performing group experience more stress then low performing
group. And there is a significant correlation between two groups stress and performance.
A study ofworkplace stress and level ofperformance of Marketing Managers.
Introduction: Stress is an inevitable and unavoidable component of life due to increasing complexities and
Competitiveness in living standards. The speed at which change is taking place in the world today is certainly
overwhelming and breathe taking. In the fast changing world of today, no individual is free from stress and no
profession is stress free. Everyone experiences stress, whether it is within the family, business, organization,
study, work, or any other social or economic activity. Thus in modern time, stress in general and job stress in
particular has become a part of the life and has received considerable attention in recent years. Stress has
become the core concern in the life of everyone, but everybody wants stress-free life. Stress is a subject which
is hard to avoid. Stress is a part of day-to-day living. Every individual is subjected to stress either knowingly
or unknowingly.
Stress refers to any environmental, organizational and individual or internal demands, which require
the individual to readjust the usual behavior pattern. Degree of stress results from events or situations that
have potential to cause change. Stimuli or situations that can result in the experience of stress are called
stressors. There are three major sources of stress- environmental, individual and organizational.
Environmental stress is not only caused by the factors intrinsic to job, but also influenced by the
environmental or extra organizational factors. Stress results because of he individual's interaction with
environmental stimuli or factors such as societal or technolog1cal changes, political and economic,
K. L. E. Society's Lingaraj College, (Autonomous) Belagavi
Page 260
Luncertainties, financial condition, community conditions ete. The stress which an individual experiences in
an environment is carried with him in another environment also, thus increasing the stress and causing stress
to others also.
Let's start with the effects of stress on the brain. Stress hormones such as cortical have the ability to
cross the blood-brain barrier and impair these important cognitive processes. Consequently, high levels ol
stress can negatively affect most aspects of human cognition; the key ones being attention, memory and
decision-making.
The Yerkes-Dodson law states that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal (stress),
but only up to a point. When the level of arousal (stress) becomes too high, performance decreases. Here is a
graph of the Yerkes Dodson law:
The graph can be highly variable depending on the complexity and familiarity of the task. Research has
found that different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance. For example, difficult or
unfamiliar tasks may require lower levels of arousal (to facilitate concentration), whereas tasks demanding
stamina or persistence may be performed bettcr with higher levels of arousal (to induce and increase
motivation).
Because of task differences, the shape of the curve can be highly variable depending on what you are
doing. For simple or well-learned tasks, the relationship can be fairly linear as improvement in performance
is seen as arousal increases. For complex, unfamiliar, or highly intellectual tasks, the relationship between
arousal and performance becomes inverse, with declines in performance as arousal increases.
In reality, optimal stress and optimal performance depends on four different factors: skill level,
personality, trait anxiety, and task complexity.
Skill Level: The skill level directly influences how well one perform on any given task. That is why it is
extremely imperative to train a task so that it is well-learned. Once a task is well-learned, the mind will
respond to stress and high-pressure situations a lot better than if one is a novice to the task. This goes for
anything-from a hostage rescue situation to shooting to delivering a speech. In addition, in high-pressure
Page 261
nveshan A Research Volume
situations, we are less able to think on our feet and methodically, which is why it is extremely important to be
able to fall back on well-rehearsed responses.
Personality: The personality will also affect how well one perfom in high-pressure situations. Some
scientists believe that extroverts naturally perform better than introverts in high-pressure situations, given all
other things equal. People who are introverts on the other hand, perform better than extroverts in
environments with less stimuli and ample preparation. It is useful to note that the vast majority of people are
not classified as either introverts/extroverts; most of the population arc actually ambiverts -people who
possess traits of both introverts and extroverts.
Trait Anxiety: Trait anxiety is also known as limiting beliefs. People who are self-confident and believe in
their abilities are able to stay focused and concentrate on tasks better. People who are not confident in their
bilities will be distracted by their limiting beliefs and self-doubt in high-pressure situations.
Task Complexity: Task complexity is, of course, the complexity of the given task. It is the level of attention
and the amount of effort asserted in order to successfully complete the task. Again, simple activities can be
performed successfully
with high stress (or arousal) whercas most complex and unfamiliar tasks require a
certain level of calmness stress in order to perform successfully.
One of the most noticeable
effects of stress in one's life is the changes in his performance. While we can
easily recognize the consequences
of normal or excessive
best to learn about the scientific relationship between stress
andperformance.
understand the effects of stress to performance, Nixon, P. (1979)
created the following graph of the stress performance
curve explaining
1979
(Autonomous) Belagavi
Vol. 1
CONTENTS
1 Bharat Ratna Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Vision for Modern India Adv. Shridhar Prabhu/29
Ideologies of Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar's towards Nation building
Dr.Prakash S.Kattimani/ 29
Dr.B.R. Ambedkar On Equality and Social Justice Of Women, Children And The Weaker Section.Of Society Dr. Sonkamble.C.P./35
4 BHARATRATNA DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR: AMULTI-DIMENTIONAL PERSONALITY Dr.Umapati K.L./Dr. Vijaykumar Betgar Smt.Rabiabanu B. Nadaf/48
5 Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar and Women Rights in India Dr. Vishalakshi Honnakatti/55
6. A STUDY ON DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR AND SOCIAL JUSTICE OF THE DALITS IN INDIA Dr. Chandrashekhar. C. Banasode/65
1. DR. B. R.AMBEDKAR,S
THOUGHTS ON RIGHTS OF WOMEN Dr. Khandu S. Kale/ 69
17
Dr. Vishalakshi Honnakatti
Assistant Professor Govt. First Grade College For Women, and P. G Studies Centre,
Bailhongal-591102 Mobile: 9480186919
Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar contribution was great in the field of women's empowemment who advocated for the liberation of women
and gender equality in India. If there any persons worked for women's liberation in India, they were none other than Buddha, Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar, EV.Ramasamy Periyar and JyotiraoPhule. Without Dr.BabasahebAnmbedkar, at least whatever
so changes the position of Women today in India would be only question mark. There were many leaders fought for the women's
Rights in ndia. Most of them were failed in their action. But
Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar was the only person who changed the effort
via Law
55
been carried caste from one generation to another generation in point of its significance.To leave inequality between class and class While drafting the Constiution of India, Dr:BabasahebAmbedkar between sex and sex which is the soul of Hindu Society untouched
Wonmen are the victim of rhis evil caste system. They have in the past or likely to be passed in the future can be compared tobit
and to go on passing legislation relating to economic problems is to
make a farce of our Constitution and to build a palace on a dung
was the prime mover of the welfare of women. Hindu Code Bill
Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar resigned from the post of the first heap. Law Minister of India when his noble 'Hindu Code Bill'a women's Rights for Indian Women dropped by then Prime Minister Nehru. But None of the women's organization talks about it. The contribution
Although Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar could not succeed in
getting passed the full Hindu Code Bill, he successfully laid the
foundation of equality for the women of India in all spheres of life.
Due to Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar efforts the women are now holding of Dr.Babasaheb for women empowement in India is totally ignored
high positions in all fields including Engineering, Medical, Army, Air
Force, Navy, Police, Administration, Politics etc.,
Let see what Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar's immense strived
and hiding. For three years, he fought to get the Bill passed. It was the greatest ever social refom in India. It is nothing but declaration of women rights. It spoke of giving back dignity to Indian women and giving equal nghts to men and women. They are Rights to property, hard efforts for liberation and empowerment of Indian Order of succession to property, marriage, divorce. guardianship. It women. He framed many laws for Women in India as follows, was by any tiime a revoiutionary measure and first step towards the 1) Dearness Allowance, recogniüon and empowerment of women in India. By these a women 2) Women Labor welfare fund, will have property in her own right and able to dispose of her 3) ESI, property. Unfortunately this revolutionary bill was partially 4) Provident fund Act, dropped by then Prime Minister Nehru because of the orthodoxy Hindu members. The orthodoxy in the ruling party led by Shyama
5) Women Labor Protection Act,
6) Maternity Benefit for women Labor bill, Prasad Mukherjee didn't allow this bill to be passed. Even the 7) Divorce Act,
8) Right over parental Property, 9) Leave Benefit to Piece Workers,
women memberSarojani against for these women rights. In the Statement by Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar in explanation of his RESIGNATION form Law Minister, '"In the second place, I 10) Revision of Scale of Pay for Employees,
thought it necessary to stay on, for the sake of the Hindu Code. In 11) Restoration of Ban on Women Working Underground in the opinion of some it may be wrong for me to have held on for the Mines etc., sake of the Hindu Code. I took a different view. The Hindu Code 12) No marriage before age of 18 years, was the greatest social reform measure ever undertaken by the 13) Maintenance allowance from husband on getting legally Legislature in this country. No law passed by the Indian Legislature separation,
57 56
14) Widow can adopt a child, 15) Mother can change guardian of minor by will. 16) Equal pay for equal work irrespective of the sex.
Benefit Act-1961 was adopted by the Central Government for al
states in India.
Equal pay 1or equal work irrespective of the sex
Revolutionary Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar was the first person Maternity Benefit Act don't know how many Indian women knows the who brought "Equal pay for equal work irrespective ot the sex in
conuibution of Revolutionary Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar's maior role india in tems of Industrial workers as a Labor Minister in the Viceroy
Or ie Maternity Benefits bill in the Bombay legislature in July. 1928 executive council. On this regard he said, "We have also taken
S TOr tne 1actory women workers. In fact it was the first Maternitv care to see, and this is an important point, that women shall be
Benefits Act passed in India in 1929 by the Bombay legislature. On paid the same wages as men. It is for the first time that l think
this regard he said, "I believe that it is in the interests of the nation in any industry the principle has been established of equal pay
that the mother ought to get a certain anount of rest during thefor equal work irrespective of the sex."
pre-natal period and also subsequently. 1 am prepared to admit While drafting the Indian Constitution, Dr. Babasaheb played
this fact because the conservation of the people 's welfare is major contribution for embodied the Article 39(d) relates the state to
prmarily the concern of the Government. And in every country strive for securing equal pay for equal work of both men and women
herefore, where the mate rnity benefit has been introduced, you in the Part IV of th directive principles of the State Policy.
Wll find that the Government has been subjected to a certain"Right to Vote'" (Equal for all Women and Men in India ) ie
amount of charge with regard to maternity benefit. I think, Adult franchise' was given by Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar
therefore, the benefits contemplated by this bill ought to be given 25th January is observed as the National Voters Day in our
Oy nls Legislature 1o the poor women who 1oil in our factories Nation. Well..!! Firstly I would like to say one thing. at least to
n this Presidency "
Subsequently the Madras Maternity Benefit Act spread something awareness about our Constitutional right (Article was passed by the Madras Legislature Council in 1934 and326) ie "Right to Vote" to some people. Now all Indians have right
to vote without bias in gender or caste or class or literacy or religion. As a Labour Minister in the Viceroy executive councilt was "Founding Father Of Modern India" Revolutionary
eween 1942 and 1946, Dr. BabasahebAmbedkar was instrumentalDr.BabasahebAmbedkar who voiced as the first person in India for
n binging the Mines Maternity Benefit Bill for women in all over the Universal Adult Franchise" before the Southborough
subsequently in other provinces of India
India. Under this act, a woman working in the mine is entitled to Commission. Later before the Simon Commission for all Indians
matermity benefit for a period of 8 weeks. This period of 8 weeks is without bias in gender, Caste, Class, literacy and religion. I divided into two parts of four weeks each, one part preceding delivery don't know how many Indians know, it was because of and another part succeeding delivery.Later all the acts of MatemityDr.BabasahebAmbedkar who conferred the fundamentals of
Benefit of various states were repealed and a common Maternity democratic principle'Adult franchise' in the Indian social reality ie
58 59
right to vote to every Indian without any discrimination through the India'" Revolutionary Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar who voiced as the Indian Constitution. For this, Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar faced the first person in India for the 'Universal Adult Franchise' before the radical problem from Sardar Vallabhai Patel.
Today Our constitution granted voting rights to all for all Indians without bias in gender, Caste, Class, literacy and Indian women as a right because of him. But before religion. I don't know how many Indians know, it was because of Independent India, it is not easy task for everyone 'right to Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar who conferred the fundamentals of vote even men also. Mostly the Right to vote was given only democratic principle 'Adult franchise' in the Indian social reality i.e. to those the rich, the landed and the tax payers. Some people nght to vote to every Indian without any discrimination through the
Southborough Commission. Latr before the Simon Commission
may claim Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms granted votes to Women. Indian Constitution. But it was under condition (like man) to some women in province
References only not for whole part in India.
Dr. Ambedkar tried an adequate inclusion of women's right in the Mathew, Thomas:Ambedkar: Reform or Revolution, Segment Books, New political vocabulary and constitution of India are Delhi, 1991.
1.Articlel4-Equal rights and opportunities in political, economic Government of India: The National Policy for the Empowerment Of Women and social spheres2.Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the ground 2001, Department of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human of sex. 3. Article 15(3) enables affirmative discrimination in favour of Resource Development, New Delhi, 2001
women. Article 39- Equal means oflivelihood and equal pay for Ambedkar, B.R. "Women and Counter Revolution", "Riddles of Hindu equal work. 4. Article 42-Human conditions of work and maternity Women'" in Dr.BabaSahebAmbedkar: Writings and Speeches, Vol.3, relief.5.Article 51 (A)(C)-Fundamentál duties to renounce practices, Department of Education, Government of Maharashtra, 1987. derogatory to the dignity of women. 6.Article 46 -The state to Dr.BabaSaheb Ambedkar: "Castes in India: Their Mechanism Genesis and promote with special care, the educational and economic interests of Development", "Castes in India" in Dr.BabaSahebAmbedkar: Speeches
and Writings, Vol.I Education Department, Government of Maharashtra, weaker section of people and to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. 7.Article 47-The state to raise the level of nutrition and standard of living of its people and the ambedkarambeth.blogspot
1979.
improvement of public health and so on. Article 243D (3), 243T (3) & 243R (4) provides for allocation of seats in the Panchayati Raj rights-in-India.
www.quora.com/What-is-Dr-Ambedkars-contribution-towards-womens- System Conclussion Now all Indians have right to vote without bias in gender or caste
or class or literacy or religion. It was "Founding Father OF Modern
60 61
HIGHER EDUCATION Volume
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7--) (Xiv)
Dr. K.M.Awaradi, Dr. K.M.Awaradi Dr. Smt. S.D.Soraganvi
ACOMPARATIVE STUDY OF 410
Dr. Vishalakshi Honnakatti
ANURAG DILRAJ, SR. LECTURER
he Role ofNGO's in Employability 419 Dr. Shanta.Y.Bangari Dr. Shanta. Y.Bangari,
YOGA-SPIRITUALITY -MEDITATIONN 424 AND EMPLOYABLITY
ASHWINI PATIL AKANKSHA PANDEY
Shivaleela H B
Basaling Arjun Gonde
Sanjeevakumar Ganiger Role ofNGOs in Enhancing Employability 440
Dr. Prakash B. Kundaragi Dr.A. M. Kadakol
Employability Skills-Today's Need/409 (-205-)
Lohar. N. S., Babar. V S., Killedar, N. S. and Toradmal, V. M.. 2000.
Relative economics of jaggery and sugar production I Kolhapur district of
Westem Maharastra Indian Sugar 50(6): 361-366.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Raju. V. T. and Ramesh. M. V. 1989. Economics of agroprocessing -A case study of jiggery production and marketing in East Godhavari district of
Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agriculhural Economics, 44(3):3 17. EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS Teggi. M. Y. Basavaraj. H. Hiremat. G K. and Poddar. R. S.. 1998.
Economics of jiggery production in Bijapur district. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing 12 (1&2):29-34.
AMONG EMPLOYERS AND
concept of skill India, its important to know whether the
employers have the employability skills and most higher
education institutions are including the employability skills
within their curricula. Many people continue to report that
graduates are not ready to world of work and lack some of the
most basic skills needed for successful employment. So the
question is raised as to employers engaged with employability skill development. This article reports on a study exploring the
employers and non-employers employability skills and findings
Suggests that there is no significant difference between
employers and non-employers employability skills and also
there is no significant difference between male and female 's
employability skills. There is a significant co relation between
employers and non-employers employability skills. employers and non-employers both don'i have average level of
employability skills and Both lack the employability skills
Key words: Employability, employability skills, employer
and non-employer.
Introduction:
It is suggested that one potential problem with trying to develop
employability is a lack of coherence about what is meant by the
Employability Skills-Today's Need/411 (-206--) 412/Employability Skills-Today's Need
and the subsequent measurement of it.
oyability is a management philosophy, developed by oshal in 1997, which recognizes that employment and
formance stem from the initiative. creativity and
Statement of research Problem: To study the nature of
employability skills among employers and non-employers.
Objectives- To describe the nature of employability skills among employers
2) To describe the nature of employability skills among non-
1) s of all employees, and not just from the wisdom of
agement.
employers. mployers, it involves creating a working environment To examine sex difference in employability skills 3) vide opportunities for personal and professional growth,
anagement environment where it is understood that To examine relation between employability skills among 4)
wing people mean talented, growing organizations. employers and non-employers.
'employability skills". there will always be job-specific skills that an employer r, most employers will also want you to have some
Is. These general job skills are sometimes called ty skills"
Hypothesis: -
non-employer's employability skills
non-employer's employability skills.
Sampling:- Sample taken from area of Bailhongal.
3) employability skills can help get a job. They can also a job and work way to the top. Generally speaking, ht skills that employers. nication
ork solving
Conclusion: On the basis of above results there is no significant difference
employers and non-employers employability skills. There is no sex
difference also. And there is a significant co-relation between
employers and non-employer's employability skills. Employers and
non-employers both don't have average level of employability skills
and Both lack the employability skills.
and enterprise
au/jobs-and-careers/plan-your-career/8-job-skills-you- ave"organizing agement
References. gy Abraham, S. E. and Karns, L. 2009. Do business schools value the
gy: competencies that businesses value?. Journal of Education for Business,
84(6): 35056. : To study the nature of employability skills among
non-employers and to know the relation between skills among employers and non-employers
Andrews. J. and Higson, H. 2008. Graduate employability. soft skills
versus 'hard' business knowledge: A European study. Higher Education in
Europe, 33(4): 413-22.
Archer. W. and Davison. J. 2008. Graduate employability: What do kills.
Employability Skills-Today's Need/413 (-207-)
employers think and want? The Council for Industry and Higher Education.
Beman. J. and Ritchie. L. 2006. Competencies of undergraduate business students. Journal of Education for Business. 81(4): 205-9
ENHANCING EMPLOYABILITY Bowers-Brown. T. and Harvey. with L. 2004. Are there too many graduates in the UK? A literature review and an analysis of graduate employability. Industry and Higher Education, August: 243-54. SKILLS OF STUDENTS IN Cumming. J. 2010 Contextualised performance: Reframing the skills debute in research education. Studies in Higher Education.: 1-15. iFirst Article De La Harpe. B. Radloff. A. and Wyber. J. 2000. Quality and generie (professional) skills. Quality in Higher Education. 6(3): 231-43
PROFESSIONAL INSTITUTES :
A CONCEPTUAL STUDY Fallows. S. and Steven. C. 2000. Building employability skills into the
higher education curriculum: university ide ABSTRACT A initiative. Education + Training, 42: 75-82.
Employability and placements is one of the key areas of
all institutes inparting professional and higher education. Every
educational institute thrives on its placement record and
students employability. The present organizations need to focus
on skill development of students so that they are able to start
their career in a proper manner There are number of institutes
providing degrees but a very few provide good employability skills. This paper takes a comprehensive look at the various
facets of learning employabiliny skills by institutes of higher
education in India. It also explains coherence and multi-level
coordination required to develop skills of students on a long-
term basis. This research focuses on the attributes which should
be taken care of by the institutes.
Hugh-Jones. S. Sutherland. E. and Cros. A. The graduate: Are we giving
employers what they want?. Paper presented at the Teaching and Learning Conference. January 6. Leeds.
Ghoshal. Sumantra (December 1997). "The Individualized Corporation:
An Interview with Sumantra Ghoshal. European Management
Journal. 15 (6): 625 632. The Hindu." Unemployment explosion to hit India by 2020 * August 15
2006.
student supportive system, professional education, higher education,
professional institutes
educational system. A number of institutes are croping up which
are providing latest facilities and support system to the students.
The actual career or employability begins from the time of admission. Students need to be counseled well before joining the course so
that they know the requirement of the course and the placement
ISB N
NATIONALISM IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE INDIA
D r. V
ishalakshi H onnakatti
n d
ell-know n to all that colonial rule in India w
as very repressive tow ards the support o
fsh e freedom
fighters like
M ahatm
a G
okm anya T
agine how repressive
ould have been tow ards revolutionaries like B
hagat S ingh w
se the very lim ited space available to them
in the m edia to spread their ideas and articulate their dem
ands
the revolutionaries w
ere nevertheless able to turn the tables on the goverm m
ent and used the m edia effectively far their cause
o n
ays. B hagat S
f 23.
aturity w as done at the age o
f o n
ly 16. In
rote
hich are s tl cherished and w
idely read. Present paper critically analyze about present conditions in the field o
f m edia com
paring w ith P
portant events are stll
being published and re-published countless tim es and are also quoted tim
e and again. M any freedom
fighters a re
considered a s fearless journalists. T
here role is incredible for geting independence. Introduction:
In those days w ith the technology available at that tim
e, preparing several prints o f photos anddelivering
them by m
essenger to editors w as a very risky proposition. In fact, som
e lead in
g revolutionaries w
ere
apprehended by the police w ith photos and blocks and sent to prison. Som
e new spaper offices such as those
o f B
ande M ataram
ere found, strong action B
y the 1920s and 1930s, literature had com e to occupy a central role in the Indian nationalist im
ovem ent.
Y et literary texts not only reflected the politics o
f India's leaders (increasingly represented by the Indian
N ational Congress,) bút questioned s
o m
e o
f their assum ptions about the path India's future shoul take. For
instance, the H indi novelist Prem
chand set his stories prim arily in rural India and satirized the m
achinations of the urban eite, em
phásizing the rural-urban divide that w as increasingly visible in m
ainstream nationalist
ulk Raj A nand located his stories am
ong the urban poor. disem
pow ered not only by colonialism
, but also by the kind of havy industrialization supported by.congress.
Jam es A
ugustus H
ickey is considered the father of Indian press. H e started the B
engal G azette in
ear 1780. B ut it w
as seized in the year 1872 as it w as critical of the B
riush G ovem
m ent. W
ith theincreasing num
ent becam e accountable. T
herefore, it brought into action séveral acts in order to
suppress the press. D
e new spapers w
spapers
usually contained- gossipregarding the im portant people, their personal life, and stolen new
s o f th
foreignnew spapers- no norm