Vo l u m e 1 2 1 , N u m b e r 6 The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 31A

EditorAndrew S. Wechsler, Philadelphia, PA

Associate EditorsEugene H. Blackstone, Cleveland, OHRalph J. Damiano, Jr, St Louis, MOD. Craig Miller, Stanford, CAG. Alexander Patterson, St Louis, MOThomas L. Spray, Philadelphia, PA

Ethics EditorMartin F. McKneally, Toronto, Canada

Consultant, Electronic MediaDavid B. Campbell, Hershey, PA

Managing EditorPamela W. Fried, Philadelphia, PA

Senior Production EditorLois R. Lindley, St Louis, MO

PresidentDavid R. Clarke, Denver, CO

Vice PresidentDonald B. Doty, Salt Lake City, UT

SecretaryVaughn A. Starnes, Los Angeles, CA

TreasurerDouglas E. Wood, Seattle, WA

EditorAndrew S. Wechsler, Philadelphia, PA

Former EditorsEvarts A. Graham, Editor, 1931 - 1957Emile Holman, Editor, 1957 - 1962Brian Blades, Editor, 1962 - 1977Dwight C. McGoon, Editor, 1977 - 1987John W. Kirklin, Editor, 1987 - 1994John A. Waldhausen, Editor, 1995 - 2000

Advisory Editorial BoardCary Akins, Boston, MAFriedhelm Beyersdorf, Freiburg, GermanyR. Morton Bolman III, Minneapolis, MNRay Chu-Jeng Chiu, Montreal, CanadaLawrence H. Cohn, Boston, MAJoseph Coselli, Houston, TXFred A. Crawford, Jr, Charleston, SCMarc R. de Leval, London, EnglandJean Deslauriers, Sainte-Foy, CanadaDavis Drinkwater, Nashville, TN

M. Arisan Ergin, New York City, NYDonald D. Glower, Durham, NCFrank L. Hanley, San Francisco, CAAlden H. Harken, Denver, COAxel Haverich, Hannover, GermanyValluvan Jeevanandam, Chicago, ILLarry R. Kaiser, Philadelphia, PAAntoon E. M. R. Lerut, Leuven, BelgiumRobert M. Mentzer, Jr, Lexington, KYJoseph I. Miller, Atlanta, GAJohn L. Ochsner, New Orleans, LAIvan M. Rebeyka, Edmonton, CanadaThomas W. Rice, Cleveland, OHJack A. Roth, Houston, TXValerie Rusch, New York, NYHartzell V. Schaff, Rochester, MNFrank W. Sellke, Boston, MAWillem Van Oeveren, Groningen, The NetherlandsEdward D. Verrier, Seattle, WAWilliam G. Williams, Toronto, Canada

PresidentJames L. Cox, Washington, DC

Vice PresidentTimothy J. Gardner, Philadelphia, PA

SecretaryTirone E. David, Toronto, Canada

TreasurerRichard A. Jonas, Boston, MA

The American Association for Thoracic SurgeryEditorAndrew S. Wechsler, Philadelphia, PA

Executive DirectorWilliam T. Maloney, Manchester, MA

Associate Executive DirectorRobert P. Jones, Jr, Manchester, MA

CouncillorsDelos M.Cosgrove, Cleveland, OHO. Wayne Isom, New York, NYG. Alexander Patterson, St Louis, MOCarolyn E. Reed, Charleston, SCEdward D. Verrier, Seattle, WA

The Western Thoracic Surgical AssociationHistorianRichard G. Fosburg, Del Mar, CA

ACS Board of GovernorsSteven W. Guyton, Seattle, WA

Executive DirectorRobert P. Jones, Jr, Manchester, MA

CouncillorsAlden H. Harken, Denver, COW. R. Eric Jamieson, Vancouver, CanadaR. Scott Mitchell, Stanford, CA

Councillor/FounderArthur N. Thomas, San Francisco, CA

The Journal of

THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERYOFFICIAL PUBLICATION OFThe American Association for Thoracic Surgery and The Western Thoracic Surgical Association