Ecosystem Management Adaptive Managementonline.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/GEOG 657/Ecosystem... · 2007. 2. 12. · 1 Ecosystem Management Adaptive Management Geog/ENVS 657 Spring

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Ecosystem ManagementAdaptive Management

Geog/ENVS 657Spring 2007

Dr. Barbara A. Holzman SFSU

What is an Ecosystem?

a system that has a source of energyincludes living and nonliving components.living components: plants and animals, human beings.nonliving components: soil, rocks, water, air, and other physical features


Considerations

ScaleConnectionChange (over time and over space)DiversityBalance.

GEOG/ENVS 657Spring 2007

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Scale (Spatial and Temporal)

OrganismsPopulationsCommunitiesEcosystemsBiosphere

BiosphereBiosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms


Cycles and change

Water CycleCarbon CycleNitrogen CyclePhosphorus Cycle……

Biosphere

Carboncycle

Phosphoruscycle

Nitrogencycle

Watercycle

Oxygencycle

Heat in the environment

Heat Heat Heat


Hydrologic (Water) Cycle

Precipitation

Precipitationto ocean

Evaporation

EvaporationFromocean

Surface runoff(rapid)

Ocean storage

Condensation

Transpiration

Rain clouds

Infiltration andPercolation

Transpirationfrom plants

Groundwater movement (slow)

Groundwater movement (slow)

Runoff

Surface runoff (rapid)

Precipitation


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sedimentation

The Carbon Cycle


Nitrogen cycle


The Phosphorus Cycle

GUANOFERTILIZER

ROCKS

LAND FOOD WEBS

DISSOLVED IN OCEAN

WATER

MARINE FOOD WEBS

MARINE SEDIMENTS

weatheringagriculture

uptake by autotrophs

death, decomposition

sedimentationsettling

out leaching, runoff

weathering DISSOLVED IN SOILWATER,

LAKES, RIVERS

uptake by autotrophs

death, decomposition

uplifting over

geolgic time

mining

excretionexcretion


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The Biotic Components of Ecosystems

Heat

Heat Heat

Heat

Heat

Abiotic chemicalsAbiotic chemicals(carbon dioxide,(carbon dioxide,

oxygen, nitrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,minerals)minerals)

ProducersProducers(plants)(plants)

DecomposersDecomposers(bacteria, fungus)(bacteria, fungus)

ConsumersConsumers(herbivores, (herbivores, carnivores)carnivores)

Solarenergy


ConnectionsHumans

Blue whale

Crabeater seal

Killerwhale Elephant

seal

Leopardseal

Adéliepenguins Petrel

Fish

Squid

Carnivorous plankton

Krill

Phytoplankton

Herbivorouszooplankton

Emperorpenguin


Diversity

The variety of organisms considered at all levels. from genetic variants belonging to the same species through arrays of species, to arrays of genera, families and still higher taxonomic levels. E. O. Wilson (1992)


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Balance


Management


Problems with NRMProduction /extractionResource conservationMultiple useInequitiesSite specificityControlPublic as adversarySingle species focus


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Brief History

Problems encounter in NRMLandscape Ecology (1960s-present)Conservation Biology (1980s - present)Ecosystem Management (1990s-present)Adaptive Management (1990-present)Uncertainty/ Precautionary Principle


Ecosystem Management

EM is management driven by explicit goals, executed by policies, protocols and practices, and made adaptable by monitoring and research based on our best understanding of the ecological interactions and processes necessary to sustain ecosystem components, structure and function.

Christensen et al, 1996, Ecological Applications


Main components of EM

Balanced approachEcological integrityHolisticUncertainty/flexibilityStakeholders involvedConsensus buildingWatershed approach


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Consensus building


Monitoring


Innovative Management


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What is Adaptive Management?

Adaptive management is an explicit and analytical process for adjusting management and research decisions to better achieve management objectives.


Adaptive Management (cont.)

Adaptive management recognizes that knowledge about natural resource systems is uncertain. Therefore, some management actions are best conducted as experiments in a continuing attempt to reduce the risk arising from that uncertainty.


Adaptive management (cont.)

The aim of such experimentation is to find a way to achieve the objectives as quickly as possible while avoiding inadvertent mistakes that could lead to unsatisfactory results.


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Adaptive Management

Adaptive management incorporates research into conservation action.

It is the integration of design, management, and monitoring to systematically test assumptions in order to adapt and learn.


Adaptive Management

EM plus experimental approachCause and effectMonitoringProactive


Conditions That Warrant an Adaptive Management Approach

1. Conservation Projects Take Place In Complex Systems2: The World is a Constantly and Unpredictably Changing Place3: Our "Competitors" are Changing and Adapting4: Immediate Action is Required5:There is No Such Thing as Complete Information6: We Can Learn and Improve


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Steps in the Process of Adaptive Management

Establish a Clear and Common PurposeDesign an Explicit Model of Your SystemDevelop a Management Plan that Maximize Results and LearningDevelop a Monitoring Plan to Test Your AssumptionsImplement Your Management and Monitoring Plans


Steps in the Process of Adaptive Management (cont.)

Analyze Data and Communicate ResultsITERATE: Use Results to Adapt and Learn


SUMMARY

ECOLOGYECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT………


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Documents

Ecosystem Management Adaptive Managementonline.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/GEOG 657/Ecosystem... · 2007. 2. 12. · 1 Ecosystem Management Adaptive Management Geog/ENVS 657 Spring