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Ecology and Management of Ecology and Management of ScirtothripsScirtothrips dorsalisdorsalis
Contributing Authors: Contributing Authors: UF/IFAS: J. UF/IFAS: J. FunderburkFunderburk, and L. Osborne , and L. Osborne
A.C. Hodges, UF/IFAS, SPDN (ed.)
Presented By: Dr. Joe Funderburk, UF/IFAS
POPULATION ATTRIBUTES OF THRIPS
◦ Vagile (excellent invaders, mobile)◦ Broad host range◦ Short generation time◦ Predisposition to parthenogenesis◦ A competitive breeding structure promoting aggregation and exploitation of localized optimal conditions
Mound. 1997. Thrips As Crop Pests (Lewis, ed.) CAB International
Host Range for Host Range for FrankliniellaFrankliniella occidentalisoccidentalis
50 of 55 plant species in 22 families were 50 of 55 plant species in 22 families were food hosts for the adults in a survey in food hosts for the adults in a survey in Central ChileCentral Chile
43 of 55 plant species were reproductive 43 of 55 plant species were reproductive hostshosts
Plant Hosts for Plant Hosts for FrankliniellaFrankliniella occidentalisoccidentalis in in the the AconcogueAconcogue Valley, ChileValley, Chile
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Plant Families Plant Species
Total No. SampledF. occidentalis food hostsF. occidentalis reproductive hosts
Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished
Num
ber o
f Fam
ilies
or S
peci
es
Life History of Pest ThripsLife History of Pest Thrips
30 to 40 days for a complete generation30 to 40 days for a complete generation6, 5, and 5 days for development of egg, 6, 5, and 5 days for development of egg, larva, and pupalarva, and pupaPollen doubles or triples fecundityPollen doubles or triples fecundityStrong aggregation tendencies for flowers Strong aggregation tendencies for flowers of of ThripsThrips and and FrankliniellaFrankliniella speciesspeciesScirtothripsScirtothrips aggregate on young foliage aggregate on young foliage and flowersand flowers
Reproduction in ThripsReproduction in Thrips
In most Thysanoptera, reproduction In most Thysanoptera, reproduction requires copulationrequires copulationParthenogenesis commonParthenogenesis commonIn most species, fertilized eggs have the In most species, fertilized eggs have the full diploid number and become female; full diploid number and become female; unfertilized eggs are haploid and become unfertilized eggs are haploid and become malesmales
Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management
Natural Enemies of ThripsNatural Enemies of ThripsPREDATORS PREDATORS AnthocoridsAnthocorids, , ChrysopidsChrysopids, , NabidsNabids, , AeolothripsAeolothrips, , PhlaeothripsPhlaeothrips, predatory mites , predatory mites ((EuseiusEuseius sojanensissojanensis))PARASITES PARASITES ThripinemaThripinema ((TylechidaTylechida: : AllantonematidaeAllantonematidae))PARASITOIDS Chalcidoidea (Megaphragmasp.) CeranisusCeranisus ((EulophidaeEulophidae))PATHOGENS Fungal pathogens recently PATHOGENS Fungal pathogens recently reported as important for reported as important for Scirtothrips dorsalisScirtothrips dorsalis in in IndiaIndia
Important Worldwide Predators Important Worldwide Predators of Thripsof Thrips
ORDER HEMIPTERAORDER HEMIPTERA
FAMILY ANTHOCORIDAEFAMILY ANTHOCORIDAEcommonly, pirate bugscommonly, pirate bugs
GENUS GENUS OriusOrius
SPECIES SPECIES insidiosusinsidiosus
COMMON NAME COMMON NAME Insidious flower bugInsidious flower bug
Photo Stuart Reitz
Intrinsic capacity of Intrinsic capacity of Orius Orius insidiosusinsidiosus to reduce to reduce
Frankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalispopulationspopulations
PredatorPredator--Prey RatiosPrey Ratios1 : 217 = population suppression1 : 217 = population suppression
1 : 51 = rapid local extinction1 : 51 = rapid local extinctionSabelisSabelis & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, & Van Rijn (1997) Thrips as Crop Pests. (Lewis, ed.) CAB International, UKed.) CAB International, UK
Photo Joe Funderburk
PEPPER
0
4
8
12
0.0
0.4
0.80
4
8
12
0.0
0.4
0.80
10
20
30
40
50
0.0
0.4
0.8
OriusFrankliniella occidentalis thrips larvae
Pira
te b
ugs
Thrip
s pe
r flo
wer
untreated
fenpropathrin
spinosad
14 17 19 21 24 28 31 3
per f
low
erMay & June 1996
Funderburk, Stavisky & Olson 2000 Environ. Entomol. vol. 29 (2): 376-382
PEPPER
Commercial Pepper FieldCommercial Pepper FieldThomas Smith Farms, Greensboro, FLThomas Smith Farms, Greensboro, FL
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Thr
ips p
er fl
ower
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Ori
us p
er fl
ower
Frankliniella Orius insidiosus
Courtesy Glades Crop Care, Inc.
RECOMENDATION FOR PEPPER PRODUCERS
CONSERVE ORIUSPOPULATIONSBY THESELECTIVE USE OFTACTICS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Thrip
s pe
r 5 te
rmin
al s
hoot
s in
alfa
lfa
1999-2000
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Aconcague Valley, Chile
Annual cycle of abundance of western flowerthrips in alfalfa in the southern hemisphere
Dynamics of Dynamics of FrankliniellaFrankliniella occidentalisoccidentalis in in Alfalfa in Central Chile as Influenced by Alfalfa in Central Chile as Influenced by
Pirate BugsPirate Bugs
0
5
10
15
20
25
Aug Oct Dec Feb Apr Jun
ADULTSLARVAE
17
00 291
140
1368
8118 16
64
16
Number of total thrips per Orius insidiosus
Ripa, Rodriguez, Funderburk, & Espinoza, unpublished
Num
ber o
f thr
ips
per 5
term
inal
sho
ots
Species of Thripinema, Nematode Parasites of Thrips
T. T. nicklewoodinicklewoodi (North (North America)America)T. T. khrustalevikhrustalevi (Asia, South (Asia, South America)America)T. T. fuscumfuscum (North America)(North America)
T. T. aptiniaptini (Europe)(Europe)T. T. reniroaireniroai (Asia)(Asia)Undescribed species (New Undescribed species (New Zealand)Zealand)
Photo Chris Tipping
0
1
2
3
0123012301230123
0 5 10 15 20 25
Not parasitized, healthy host
Infected when Larvae II
Infected when 1-day-old adult
Infected when 3-day-old adult
Infected when Larvae I
Age of Adult FemaleThrips (days)
Fecu
ndity
of F
rank
linie
llafu
sca
(egg
s pe
r day
)
Sims, Funderburk & Boucias 2005 J. Nematol.
EFFECTS OF Thripinema PARASITISM ON EGG PRODUCTION OF THRIPS HOST
0
20
40
60
80
% F
. fus
capa
rasi
tized
by T
. fus
cum
0
25
50
750
20
40
60
80
% T
SW
% parasitized F. fusca
F. fusca larval thrips
% TSW
20 May 9 Jun 29 Jun 19 Jul 8 Aug 28 Aug 17 Sept
Thrip
s pe
r pla
nt
1999
Parasitism suppresses thripsmid and late season
Parasitism nearly prevents mid & late season cycles of TSW
PEANUTS
Funderburk et al. 2002.Environ. Entomol.31(3): 558-563.
Recommendations for Peanut Recommendations for Peanut ProducersProducers
Cultivars partially Cultivars partially resistant to resistant to Tomato Tomato spotted wilt virusspotted wilt virusBiological controlBiological controlPlanting datePlanting dateInsecticides that Insecticides that conserve key natural conserve key natural enemiesenemies Photo Joe Funderburk
Funderburk & Latsha. 2005. Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents.( Grewal et al. eds.) CAB International, UK
TOMATO
UV mulch
Photo Joe Funderburk
ACTIGARD (ACTIGARD (SyngentaSyngenta))
AcibenzolarAcibenzolar--SS--methylmethylSubstitutes for the natural systemicSubstitutes for the natural systemic--acquiredacquired--resistance molecule salicylic acid resistance molecule salicylic acid that is essential for activation of systemic that is essential for activation of systemic acquired resistanceacquired resistanceSix applications on tomatoes at twoSix applications on tomatoes at two--week week intervals beginning at transplanting intervals beginning at transplanting
Recommendations for tomato Recommendations for tomato producersproducers
UV mulch effective in UV mulch effective in reducing thrips invasion reducing thrips invasion and primary spread of and primary spread of TSWVTSWVActigardActigard recommended recommended when using UV mulch to when using UV mulch to reduce sprays of copper reduce sprays of copper and other pesticides that and other pesticides that reduce the UV reduce the UV reflectance of the mulchreflectance of the mulchInsecticides useful in Insecticides useful in suppressing thrips larvae suppressing thrips larvae and secondary spread of and secondary spread of TSWVTSWV
Source Momol et al. 2004. Plant Disease 88(8): 882-890
Thrips and Tomato Spotted WiltThrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt
Regulation of vector populations with Regulation of vector populations with insecticides is not sustainable producing insecticides is not sustainable producing undesirable environmental and economic undesirable environmental and economic consequencesconsequencesIntegrated pest management is effective, Integrated pest management is effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainableenvironmentally friendly, and sustainableManagement programs developed from Management programs developed from knowledge of vector population dynamics knowledge of vector population dynamics and disease epidemiologyand disease epidemiology
ChilliChilli Thrips Natural EnemiesThrips Natural Enemies
Egg Egg ParisitoidParisitoid–– MegaphragmaMegaphragma sp. (sp. (ChalcidoideaChalcidoidea))–– 53.2% parasitism on grapes in Japan53.2% parasitism on grapes in JapanPredatory MitePredatory Mite–– EuseiusEuseius sojaensissojaensis–– 1.4 larvae/hr1.4 larvae/hr–– 5.4 larvae/day5.4 larvae/day
Ornamental Plant Hosts of ConcernOrnamental Plant Hosts of ConcernBananaBanana Japanese Japanese PhotinaPhotinaCamelliaCamellia JasmineJasmineCastor BeanCastor Bean Mexican HeatherMexican HeatherChrysanthemumChrysanthemum Mimosa Mimosa spp. (Sensitive spp. (Sensitive
plant)plant)DahliaDahlia PittosporumPittosporumEuonymousEuonymous PodocarpusPodocarpusFirethronFirethron RhododendrumRhododendrumHollyHolly RoseRose
ViburnumViburnumFor the latest information on chilli thrips and ornamental plants, visithttp://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/thripslinks.htm
OrnamentalsOrnamentalsabamectinabamectin (Avid)(Avid)acephateacephate (such as (such as OrtheneOrthene or or OrthonexOrthonex))acetamipridacetamiprid (TriStar)(TriStar)azadirachtinazadirachtin (such as (such as AzatinAzatin, , NeemNeem oil) oil) (not labeled for (not labeled for thrips) thrips) cyfluthrincyfluthrin (Decathlon, Discus, (Decathlon, Discus, Bayer Advanced products Bayer Advanced products such as Tree and Shrub Insect Control or Rose and such as Tree and Shrub Insect Control or Rose and Flower Insect KillerFlower Insect Killer))disulfotondisulfoton (such as (such as DiDi--SystonSyston Systemic Insecticide Systemic Insecticide GranulesGranules))imidaclopridimidacloprid (Marathon, Merit, Discus and the (Marathon, Merit, Discus and the Bayer Bayer products listed aboveproducts listed above))novaluronnovaluron (Pedestal)(Pedestal)spinosadspinosad (such as Conserve)(such as Conserve)
Materials in yellow would be suitable for use by homeowners if used according to the labeled instructions.
Overall ConclusionsOverall Conclusions
Management of Management of S. dorsalis S. dorsalis in the landscape in the landscape requires an integrated approach that includes a requires an integrated approach that includes a detailed understanding of pest biology, natural detailed understanding of pest biology, natural enemy complexes, and host resistance.enemy complexes, and host resistance.
Chemical control options are also available and Chemical control options are also available and may be necessary in some cases. may be necessary in some cases.
Chemical control options or destruction of plant Chemical control options or destruction of plant material is the only option for retail nurseries as material is the only option for retail nurseries as long as long as S. dorsalis S. dorsalis remains a regulated pest.remains a regulated pest.
DisclaimerDisclaimerThe use of trade names in this presentation is The use of trade names in this presentation is solely for the purpose of providing specific solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.manufacturer's label.
