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为欧洲汉语作为外语学习者的能力订立基准: Erste Ergebnisse, Ziele und Problemfelder des “European Benchmarking Chinese Language Project” Andreas Guder OstasiatischesSeminar FU Berlin

EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

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Page 1: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

为欧洲汉语作为外语学习者的能力订立基准:

Erste Ergebnisse, Ziele und Problemfelder des “European Benchmarking Chinese Language Project”

Andreas GuderOstasiatisches Seminar

FU Berlin

Page 2: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

Themen1. Das Projekt EBCL und seine Teilprojekte

2. Teilprojekt Graphemische / Orthographische Beherrschung

3. Teilprojekt Lesekompetenz: Probleme und Beispiele

4. Ausblick

Page 3: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

What’s EBCL

Das Projekt “European Benchmarking Chinese Language (EBCL)” hat zum Ziel, auf der Basis des Europäischen referenzrahmens für Fremdsprachen (2001) einen Referenzrahmen für den Erwerb, das Unterrichten und Beurteilen chinesischer Sprachkenntnisse zu entwickeln.

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Page 4: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

Ziele von EBCL:

� Referenzrahmen von Kompetenzdeskriptoren für Chinesisch “in europäischem Kontext”

� Stärkung des Bewusstseins für soziale und sprachliche Unterschiedezwischen Chinesisch und europäischen Sprachen

� Bildung eines europäischen Netzwerks für Universitäten, Dozentenund andere Institutionen

� Stärkung der Internationalisierung von Europas Universitäten

� Unterstützung der Mobilität der Studierenden

� Bruch mit der alten Tradition der wissens- und strukturbasiertenvermittlung von Chinesisch in Europa hin zu einem kommunikativ-handlungsorientierten Ansatz

� Ein Werkzeug für die Entwicklung einer neuen Generation von Curricula und Lehrwerken für die chinesische Sprache in Europa zubieten.

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Page 5: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

EBCL project team:

(Leitung durch ein Advisory Board)

�Freie Universität Berlin, GE

�University of Rennes II, FR

� “Sapienza” University of Rome, IT

�School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK

�Geschwister Scholl Gesamtschule, Dortmund, GE

�Collège-Lycée Emile Zola de Rennes, FR

�Convitto Nazionale "VittorioEmanuele II“di Roma , IT

�Kingsford Community School, UK

Project partners Associated schools

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Page 6: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

Main activities

� Survey of European universities and use of CEFR for their teaching of Chinese – Rome Seminar 19-20 May 2011

� Survey of existing descriptors and proposed ones for A1/2 in mid October – Paris Seminar 14-15 Oct 2011

� Collection, modification and discussion of existing descriptors from different sources, collecting task examples for Chinese (main work 2011-2012)

� Half-year meetings, weekly communication via web discussion

Page 7: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

From CEFR to EBCL

Common European Framework of References for Languages: Learning, teaching assessment (2001)

European Benchmarking Chinese Language Project (Start Nov 2010)

http://ebcl.eu.com/

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Handlungsorientierter Ansatz

Sprachverwender

� entwickeln allgemeine und kommunikativeSprachkompetenz

� führen Sprachhandlungen durch

� produzieren und empfangen Texte, die mit bestimmtenThemen und Domänen in Zusammenhang stehen

“ ‘Text’ is used to cover any piece of language, whether a spoken utterance or a piece of writing, which users/learners receive, produce or exchange. There can thus be no act of

communication through language without a text.”

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Texts

�Texts have many different functions in social life and result in corresponding differences in form and substance.

�Different media are used for different purposes. �Differences of medium and purpose and function lead to

corresponding differences not only in the context of messages, but also in their organisation and presentation.

�Texts may be classified into different text types belonging to different genres.

“ ‘Text’ is used to cover any piece of language, whether a spoken utterance or a piece of writing, which users/learners receive, produce

or exchange. There can thus be no act of communication through language without a text.”

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� For what purposes will the learner need or be required to read?� For what purposes will the learner need or be required to read?

� In which modes will the learner need or be required to read?� In which modes will the learner need or be required to read?

Purpose Mode Example (from CEFR descriptors A2)

To have an overview/ get a general idea of sth

Reading for general orientation/ skim over the text

• Can understand everyday signs and notices: in public places, such as streets, restaurants, railway stations

To look for specific information

Reading for information and argument/ scan the text

• Can locate specific information in lists and isolate the information required (e.g. use the "Yellow Pages" to find a service or tradesman)• Can identify specific information in simple written material he/she encounters such as brochures, time tables

To gain detailed understanding

Reading for instructions

• Can understand simple instructions on equipment encountered in everyday life -such as a public telephone

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EBCL Project Challenge 1: Levels

� CEFR has 6 language proficiency levels

Proficient user

Independent user

Basic user

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Page 13: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

EBCL Project Challenge 1: Levels�EBCL has 12 language proficiency levels and sublevels

Level

C

Level

B

Level

A

Professional

User

Independent

User

Basic User

A1

A1+

A2

A2+

B1

B1+

B2

B2+

C1

C1+

C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels

A1.1

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Page 14: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

CEFR: Global Descriptors

Reception Production

Listening (oral) Reading (written) Speaking (oral) Writing (oral)

A2 I can understand

phrases and the highest

frequency vocabulary

related to areas of most

immediate personal

relevance […] I can

catch the main point in

short, clear, simple

messages and

announcements

I can read very short, simple

texts. I can find specific,

predictable information in

simple everyday material

such as advertisements, […]

I can use a series of

phrases and sentences to

describe in simple terms

my family and other

people, living

conditions, my

educational background

and my present or most

recent job

I can write a series of

simple phrases and

sentences linked with

simple connectors like

„and", „but“ and

„because“.

A1 I can recognise familiar

words and very basic

phrases concerning

myself, […] when

people speak slowly and

clearly.

I can understand familiar

names, words and very

simple sentences, for

example on notices and

posters or in catalogues.

I can use simple phrases

and sentences to

describe where I live and

people I know.

I can write simple

isolated phrases and

sentences.

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EBCL Project Challenge 2: Adapting

Descriptors/’Can do’ statements �CEFR has Action-oriented Can-do statements for the

different abilities

Reception (Spoken/Written)

Production (Spoken/Written)

Interaction (Spoken/Written)

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Page 16: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

GER-Deskriptoren sind eine unveränderliche Norm.

Es können nur Modifikationen und Ergänzungen (Zusatzebenen, Zusatzkompetenzen) vorgenommen werden, die im GER beschriebenen Kompetenzniveaus können im Interesse der weltweiten Vergleichbarkeit sprachlicher Fertigkeiten nicht gesenkt werden.

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Basiskompetenzen� Hören…

� Sprechen…

� Mündliche Interaktion…

� Lesen� Leseverstehen allgemein

� Korrespondenz lesen und verstehen

� Zur Orientierung lesen

� Information und Argumentation verstehen

� Schriftliche Anweisungen verstehen

� Schreiben…

� Schriftliche Interaktion…

Page 18: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

ChineseLanguage Listening Speaking Reading Writing

C2 No difference from CEFR

No difference from CEFR

No difference from CEFR

No difference from CEFR

C1 No difference from CEFR

No difference from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

B2 No difference from CEFR

No difference from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

B1 No difference from CEFR

No difference from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

A2A2.1. / A2.2.

slightly different from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

strong difference from CEFR

strong difference from CEFR

A1A1.1. / A1.2.

slightly different from CEFR

slightly different from CEFR

strong difference from CEFR

strong difference from CEFR

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Weitere KompetenzenIm GER:

� Wortschatzspektrum / Wortschatzbeherrschung

� Grammatische Korrektheit

� Beherrschung der Aussprache und Intonation

� Beherrschung der Orthographie

Nicht im GER:

� Interkulturelle Kompetenz

� …

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CommunicativeStrategies

GeneralLinguistic

VocabularyRange

Range

GrammaticalAccuracy

PhonologicalControl

VocabularyControl

OrthographicControl

Control

Linguistic Sociolinguistic Pragmatic

CommunicativeLanguage Competencies

CommunicativeActivities

Overall language Proficiency

CommunicativeStrategies

GeneralLinguistic

VocabularyRange

Range

GrammaticalAccuracy

GrammaticalAccuracy

PhonologicalControl

PhonologicalControl

VocabularyControl

VocabularyControl

OrthographicControl

OrthographicControl

OrthographicControl

ControlControl

Linguistic Sociolinguistic Pragmatic

CommunicativeLanguage Competencies

CommunicativeActivities

Overall language Proficiency

Communicative Activities

Three main constituents of Communicative language competences are distinguished: linguistic, Sociolinguistic and Pragmatic. The linguistic competences are important in achieving efficiency and effectiveness in language use. For linguistic competence two factors are distinguished: range and control and within each of these two factors several aspects are distinguished. For each box in the diagram descriptive scales are offered in the CEFR.

Page 21: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

2. Graphemische /

Orthographische Beherrschung� Graphemic / Orthographic control

� Unterteilt in

� A) Sinographemic Competence

� undB) Hanyu Pinyin Reading and Writing competence

Page 22: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

SINOGRAPHEMIC COMPETENCE A 1.1

Level EBCL Coded CDS suggested knowledge and strategies for graphemic / orthographic control

A 1.1 E-SGC-A1.1-1 Can write down any character by hand after slow visual instruction (stroke by stroke)

- knows the basic principles of stroke order and stroke direction- knows the main rules of composition of complex characters, can distinguish simple (独体字) from complex (合体字) characters

E-SGC-A1.1-2 Can write down any lexical item or short phrase by hand after slow visual instruction (stroke by stroke)

- knows the difference between words, characters and components and does not confuse these three categories- knows that most characters have a morphemic function in di- or polysyllabic words - knows that some characters function as single words and others not

E-SGC(R)-A1.1-2 Can tell whether a given text is written in Modern Chinese or Modern Japanese

E-SGC(R)-A.1.1-2 understands the function of common Chinese punctuationmarks that have the same function as in European languages (。 , : !?“”)

Page 23: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

A1 E-SGC-A1.2-1

Can copy familiar words and characters

as well as unfamiliar characters in simple

signs or names.

E-SGC-A1.2-2

can write Chinese characters with the

help of electronic devices

- knows how to use the Pinyin input

method (refer to Hanyu Pinyin Reading

and Writing competence)

E-SGC-A1.2-3

Can write down his/her gender,

nationality and any date (like one’s

birthday) by hand.

Page 24: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

SINOGRAPHEMIC COMPETENCE A 1+A1+ E-SGC-A1+-1

knows how to use dictionaries or

electronic devices to look up

lexical items of unknown

characters

E-SGC(R)-A1+-1 Can tell the

meaning of about 15 different

semantic components even if

they are parts of unknown

characters

E-SGC(R)-A1+-2 Can tell whether

a given text is written in Chinese

traditional characters or mainland

characters

- can tell the difference between semantic component s and phonetic

components of Chinese characters in general

- knows about 15 semantic components and can name th em in his / her

mother tongue

Examples:亻亻亻亻/人人人人 person氵氵氵氵/ 水水水水 water, liquid土土土土 earth, locality女女女女 woman / female 火火火火 / 灬灬灬灬 fire / (verbs of cooking)木木木木 wood扌扌扌扌/ 手手手手 hand / (verbs of doing sth with hand(s) 辶辶辶辶/ 走走走走 (verbs of fast movement)口口口口 mouth / (particle of orality)讠讠讠讠/言言言言 words / (verbs of speech)饣饣饣饣/ 食食食食 food忄忄忄忄/ 心心心心 heart (words of emotionality)月月月月 moon / flesh (parts of the human body)贝贝贝贝 shell / (words of money and trade)纟纟纟纟/ 糸糸糸糸 silk 日日日日 sun / time 钅钅钅钅/ 金金金金 metal 艹艹艹艹 grass, plant 石石石石 stone ⺮⺮⺮⺮ bamboo

- is familiar with certain graphic variants of impor tant semantic

components like

亻亻亻亻/ 扌扌扌扌/ 饣饣饣饣/ 忄忄忄忄/ 讠讠讠讠/ 氵氵氵氵/

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A2 E-SGC-A2-1

Can copy short phrases on everyday

subjects by hand - e.g. names of

institutions.

E-SGC-A2-2

Can write by hand with reasonable

graphemic accuracy so that the written

characters are understood by other readers

or by an OCR device

E-SGC(R)-A2-1 understands the function of

Chinese punctuation marks dunhao 号号号号(、)(、)(、)(、)shenglüehao 号号号号((((……)))),

shuminghao 书书书书 号号号号((((《》《》《》《》〈〉〈〉〈〉〈〉))))and

zhuanminghao 专专专专 号号号号((((﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒﹒))))

- knows examples of characters that

share the same phonetic components

- knows the four main categories of

characters (in his/her mothertongue):

pictographic / indicating ( 象形字象形字象形字象形字 and 指指指指

示字示字示字示字), semantic compound ( 会意字会意字会意字会意字),

phonetic loan ( 假借字假借字假借字假借字) and semantic-

phonetic ( 形声字形声字形声字形声字)

Page 26: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

Hanyu Pinyin COMPETENCE A 1.1

Level EBCL Coded CDS suggested knowledge and strategies for graphemic / orthographic control

A 1.1 E-GOCPY-A1.1-1

Can understand familiar words

and sentences when written in

Pinyin

- knows the function of letters and tone marks of the Pinyin

alphabet as a transcription system for the Chinese

language

- can link Hanyu Pinyin with the corresponding Chinese

characters if a word or text is given in both writing systems

E-GOCPY-A1.1-2

Can write down isolated words

and short sentences in Pinyin.

Note concerning Hanyu Pinyin competence: Not every speaker of Chinese is familiar with Hanyu Pinyin. However, as Hanyu Pinyin is by far the most widely used transcription system for the Chinese language and the Standard transcription for the Chinese language by the United Nations, the following Hanyu Pinyin Reading and Writing competences of this framework are strongly recommended for European Learners to become familiar with the pronunciation of Standard Chinese as well as for writing texts with a digital keyboard.

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Hanyu Pinyin COMPETENCE A 1Level EBCL Coded CDS suggested knowledge and

strategies for graphemic / orthographic control

A 1 E-GOCPY-A1.2-1

Can write down most syllables in Pinyin

with reasonable accuracy if they are

pronounced correctly.

Task: Learners listen to unknown names of Chinese cities or unknown Chinese words and write them down in (mainly correct) Pinyin.

E-GOCPY-A1.2-2

Can read out most Pinyin syllables

correctly.

E-GOCPY-A1.2-3

Can type characters and texts with a

computer using the pinyin input

method.

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Hanyu Pinyin COMPETENCE A 1+

� E-GOCPY-A1+-1

� Can read out any Pinyin syllable with correct pronunciation.

Page 29: EBCL presentation - Bochum2012 - Andreasebcl.eu.com/.../2012/09/EBCL-presentation-Bochum2012-Andreas.pdf · C1+ C2 EBCL Language Proficiency Levels with reference to CEFR Levels A1.1

Hanyu Pinyin COMPETENCE A 2

E-GOCPY-A2-1Can read, write and understand short Pinyin sentences on everyday subjects or in grammar model sentences

E-GOCPY-A2-2Can write down in Pinyin any Chinese word after listening to its correct pronunciation.

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3. Lesekompetenz� Overall reading comprehension

� Reading correspondence

� Reading for orientation

� Reading for information and argument

� Reading instructions

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Challenge 2: Adapting Descriptors/’Can do’

statements - EBCL Sources

1) Bank of CEFR related Descriptors:http://www.coe.int/t/DG4/Portfolio/?L=E&M=/documents_intro/Data_bank_descriptors.html

� CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) descriptors

� ELP (European Language Portfolio) self assessment descriptors, developped by the Swiss project LINGUALEVEL and including the outcomes of the Bergen CAN DO project.

� EAQUALS (European Association for Quality Language Services) bank of descriptors, wich has provided descriptors for “plus levels”, has filled the gaps on the original EAQUALS/ALTE ELP checklists, has provided systematic coverage of a specific number of categories, and has developped further the descriptors for strategies.

2) Japanese Foundation ‘Can do’ statements:http://jfstandard.jp/pdf/jfs2010_all_en.pdf; http://jfstandard.jp/pdf/JF_Cando_Category_list.pdf

� Japanese Standard for Japanese Language education based on CEFR

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Lesekompetenz Chinesisch� Es wurde Einigkeit darüber erzielt, dass die

Deskriptoren des CEFR für „Reading Competence“grundsätzlich auf das Chinesische anwendbar sind, wobei jedoch auf drei zentrale, einschränkende Punkte hingewiesen werden muss:

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� 1. Über den notwendigen Wortschatz hinaus muss auch ein entsprechender Zeichenschatz bekannt sein. Während in allen europäischen Sprachen eine enge und regelhafte Laut-Graphem-Verbindung besteht, ist diese Verbindung zwischen gesprochenen und geschriebenen Wörtern im Chinesischen ausgesprochen schwach, so dass für Lesekompetenz im Chinesischen ein lautliches und ein davon weitgehend unabhängiges graphisches System zumindest passiv erworben werden muss. Dies führt in Bezug auf Lese-(und Schreib-) kompetenz zu einer signifikant höheren Lernzeit als bei phonographisch verschrifteten Fremdsprachen.

� Das Verwenden von Nachschlagewerken oder digitalen Hilfsmitteln kann entsprechend zur Lösung von Leseaufgaben häufiger erforderlich sein.

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3.1. Eigennamen� - bereits in der Grundstufe zentrales Problem:

� Während auch unbekannte Personen- und Ortsnamen in allen alphabetverschrifteteten Sprachen phonetisch dekodierbar sind, entscheidet beim Lesen chinesischer Texte erst die Vertrautheit mit dem jeweiligen Zeichen und seiner Lautung über die Wiedererkennung bzw. Identifizierung des jeweiligen Eigennamens. Dabei werden außerdem nichtchinesische Eigennamen zum Teil starken phonologischen Veränderungen unterworfen, um sie an das chinesische Lautsystem anzupassen:

悉尼Sydney (Xīní)雅典Athen (Yădiăn)黑格尔Hegel (Hēigé’ěr) 伏尔泰Voltaire (Fúěrtài )

� Dieses Phänomen beeinträchtigt das Leseverstehen gerade bei der Identifikation von Orts- und Personennamen erheblich und hat zur Folge, dass eine Vielzahl von Übungsformen, die in der Lesedidaktik phonographisch verschrifteter Fremdsprachen im Elementarniveau sehr beliebt und verbreitet sind (Identifizierung von Personen und Örtlichkeiten auf Fahrkarten, Informationsbroschüren, Reiseunterlagen etc.) in der Lesedidaktik des Chinesischen keine Verwendung finden können.

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� 2. Die in den Definitionen des Referenzrahmens mehrfach zu findende Kategorie „familiar names“ ist dahingehend zu relativieren, dass auch bekannte und in allen lateinisch verschrifteten Sprachen in gleicher Weise verschrifteten Personen- und Ortsnamen auf Chinesisch nicht automatisch den „familiar names“zuzurechnen sind, was dazu führt, dass Leseaufgaben, die solche Orts- und Personennamen beinhalten, als deutlich schwieriger einzustufen sind als dies im Referenzrahmen geschieht. Entsprechend wurde in den Deskriptoren auf die Möglichkeit des Rückgriffs auf „familiar names“ verzichtet.

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3.2.Chinesische Schriftsprache 书面语

� Auch einfache chinesische Lese-Texte verwenden shumianyu:

� „因系统升级,营业厅暂停营业,�给您带来不便,敬请谅解。“

�何处 héchù statt 在哪里 zài năli

�由此 yóucǐ statt 从这儿 cóng zhèr

�若 ruò statt 如果 rúguo

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3.3. Textsorten� Die im GER erwähnten Textsorten existieren in annähernd

gleichem Maße in der chinesischen Sprachwelt.� Allerdings musste festgestellt werden, dass neben dem immer

präsenten Problem der lückenhaften Schriftzeichenkenntnisse in Bezug auf die Verständlichkeit diverser Textsorten die folgenden drei weitere einschränkende Faktoren festzustellen sind:

� a) die weiter oben thematisierte Eigennamen-Problematik � b) die Verwendung von schriftsprachlichem Chinesisch� c) die tendenziell geringere Verwendung von Bildmaterial,

graphischen Schemata und anderen visuellen Unterstützungsmechanismen

� Infolgedessen müssen einzelne Textsorten als schwieriger betrachtet werden als dies in den vom GER erfassten Sprachen der Fall ist.

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� 3. Authentische schriftliche Dokumente sind für Lernanfänger auf Niveau A1/A2 aufgrund der Menge an primär schriftsprachlich verwendeten Zeichen kaum verständlich, da die Lerner noch nicht den entsprechenden Zeichen-und Wortschatz erworben haben (vgl. auch die taiwanische CFL-Prüfung TOCFL 2012). Hinsichtlich der unter 3.3. skizzierten Verwendung der chinesischen Schriftsprache in authentischen schriftlichen Texten kam man für das EBCL-Project darin überein, dass Lexeme der chinesischen Schriftsprache im Sinne von shūmiànyŭ (书面语) erst für das Niveau B1 als relevant betrachtet werden.

� Für das Niveau A2 im Leseverstehen können nur einzelne, v.a. im Kontext von Hinweisschildern besonders häufige Lexeme als bekannt vorausgesetzt werden. Leseaufgaben auf diesem Niveau bestehen daher meistens im gezielten Suchen nach Informationen (selektives Lesen) oder in der Erfassung der Textsorte (globales Leseverstehen).

� Ansonsten wurde davon ausgegangen, dass sich der Erwerb des chinesischen Schriftsystems der Zeichenschatz einschließlich der Stufe A2 an der gesprochenen Umgangssprache (口头语kǒutóuyǔ) und den für diese erforderlichen Schriftzeichen orientiert. So wurde auch die im Rahmen des Projekts erstellte character list für A2 primär auf der Basis der umgangssprachlichen Verwendung ermittelt.

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A1:� I can understand simple forms well enough to give

basic personal details (e.g., name, address, date of birth).

� ID/ registration forms

� 1. 入学登记表Task: Identify where the person has written her name, birthday and gender.

� (http://w50.ivip.cn/manager/eWebEditor/UploadFile/200957204926708.jpg

� 2) 宾馆住宿登记表/入住登记表 Task: Find out where to put in your name, gender, nationality and birthday.

� 张世涛 2003:初级汉语阅读教程1,, p.173

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A1:� I can understand simple written messages concerning

appointments (time and date), e.g.in sms phone messages, emails etc.

� (Reading correspondence)

� Task: Understand the main content of the text messages (sms) or short emails:

� 好,明天 3 点北大东门见

� 今天晚上有空吗?今天晚上去看电影好吗?

� 不行,今晚没空。不好意思,明天怎么样?

� 你好!你怎么样?工作忙不忙?明天下午你有时间吗?咱们去吃冰淇淋怎么样?

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A1:� I can find time and price related information encountered

in public places (price tags, opening hours)

� (Reading for orientation)

� 超市

� 酒店

� 邮局

� 门票:10元

� 南站

� 营业时间:早上8点到晚上8点半

� 特价

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A1+:� I can understand short simple greetings and messages e.g.

via SMS, on birthday cards and invitations.

� (Reading correspondence)

� Task: Identify the text type of the following text: (greeting/ birthday/ invitation cards)

� 1) 祝你生日快乐,万事如意,心想事成

� 2) 祝你龙年健健康康、平平安安

� Task: Get some relevant information (kind of occasion, time and date, identification of place) from this invitation card:

� http://image.cn.made-in-china.com/2f0j01RBetydDlhgqT

� /%E9%82%80%E8%AF%B7%E5%87%BD.jpg

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A2:� I can skim small advertisements in newspapers, locate the

heading or column I want and identify the most important pieces of information (price and size of apartments, cars, and computers). (Reading for orientation)

� 1

� 1.出租

� 七十五平方米。四楼(房子有六层)。有一个大客厅,两个房间,厨房,卫生间。离市中心不远(坐地铁二十分钟),附近有漂亮的公园和几家商店。每个月一千五百元。联系人:王先生,电话号码: 1301587578

� 2. 我需要租房:

� 五十到七十平方米;需要两个房间,厨房,浴室。希望离市中心不太远,附近有车站和超市。每个月八百到一千二百元(或:最多一千二百元)。最好三层以上。联系人王小姐,电话号码: 1301587578

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A2:� Can identify specific information in simpler written

material he/she encounters such as letters, brochures and short newspaper articles describing events if pictorial support is provided and rereading permitted .

� (Reading for information and argument)� Task: Who lives in this flat? Which room does the author live in? What other

informations about this flat do you get from the text?

� 我家的房子不大,70平方米,可是很漂亮,也很方便。我家有一个客厅,三个房间,厨房,卫生间和阳台。客厅很大。我们有一个花园,花园有很多花。我爸爸妈妈一个房间,左边是我的房间,我弟弟的房间在厨房旁边。我的房间外面是花园,我很喜欢。我家离学校不远,走路三十分钟。每个月的房租3000元。

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A2+:� Can understand everyday signs and notices: in public

places, such as streets, restaurants, railway stations; in workplaces, such as directions, instructions, hazard warnings. (reading for orientation)

� Task: What kind of advice is given here?

� 1. 乘坐机场巴士至马甸或北太平庄换乘888路或345快线至中国石油大学(中国政法大学)。

� 2.

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Ausgewählte Beispiele A2+:� Can understand regulations, for example safety, when

expressed in simple language. (=CEFR)

� (reading for information and argument)� Task: What do these regulations concerning studying and dormitory fee tell

you?

� 留学生管理手册二、留学生交费的规定学费1. 开学第一周为交费时间。2. 学生根据学习时间(半年或一年)一次性交齐学费。3. 学生入学后两周内提出退学,可以得到学费50%的退款。入学两周以后提出退学,将不能得到学费退款。被学校勒令退学或被学校开除,学校不退学费。宿费1. 所有宿费应于开学后一周内交清。学生按住宿时间,一次性交齐宿费。2. 留学生中途退房,应先到留学生办公室填写退房申请,并办理完相关手续后方可退房。3. 被学校开除或勒令退学者,学校将不退宿费。留学生的学费和宿费一律以人民币结算。

� http://www.bjie.ac.cn/yuyan/liu_cn.aspx (北京教育学院)

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Zum Vergleich ein Lesetext für Deutsch B1 (Zertifikat

Deutsch):

� Übergewichtige, die sehr unter ihrem Figurenproblem leiden, zeigen sich nicht gern im Sportdress in der Öffentlichkeit. Um so schwerer fällt ihnen letztendlich das Abnehmen. Forscher haben herausgefunden, dass bei derartig unzufriedenen Menschen trotz Diät die Chance auf einen Gewichtsverlust nur gering ist. Über ein Jahr lang beobachteten sie 117 übergewichtige Männer und Frauen. Ein Teil der Versuchspersonen hatte kein Problem damit, in der Öffentlichkeit Trainingskleidung zu tragen. Sie rückten den Pfunden mit Diät und Sport zu Leibe. Der andere Teil versuchte es nur mit Diät. Bei der sportlichen Gruppe nahmen 49 Prozent zwischen neun und 14 Kilogramm ab, bei den Nichtsportlichen waren es nur 29 Prozent.

� http://bfu.goethe.de/b1_04/lesen.php

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4. Weitere Themen� 4.1. Schreibkompetenz manuell vs. maschinell

4.2. Definition interkultureller Kompetenzen

4.3. „Chinesisch im europäischen Kontext“

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谢谢谢谢谢谢谢谢!

Das Projekt wird vsl. 2013 zugänglich sein über:

http://ebcl.eu.com