EAST ASIA(chapter 9)

EAST ASIA

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF EAST ASIA

WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM ONE OF THE WORLD’S EARLIEST CULTURE

HEARTHS INTENSIFYING REGIONAL DISPARITIES POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EAST,

SITUATED IN RIVER BASINS

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA

REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER XIZANG (TIBET) XINJIANG MONGOLIA JAKOTA TRIANGLE

REGIONS OF THE REALM CHINA PROPER- EASTERN HALF; THE CORE XIZANG (TIBET)- TALL MOUNTAINS AND HIGH

PLATEAUS; SPARSELY POPULATED XINJIANG- VAST DESERT BASIN AND

MOUNTAIN RIMS; A CULTURAL CONTACT ZONE

MONGOLIA- A DESERT, BUFFER STATE THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE

JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

EAST

ASIA

XIZANG (TIBET) A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

SPARSELY POPULATED

CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720

BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES

FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION

XINJIANG

COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA

A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE

POPULATION MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF

THE POPULATION BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND

NATURAL GAS UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES

HONG KONG

MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT

BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR 7 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S

COUNTRIES 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO

CHINA HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG

MONGOLIA STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL

ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED

2.6 MILLION INHABITANTS PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE

1600s UNTIL 1911 BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE, wedged btw

the former USSR (Russia) and China. ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND

ANIMAL PRODUCTS

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CHINA TOTAL AREA OF CHINA IS ABOUT 3.6

MILLION SQ MI LONGITUDINAL EXTENT IS COMPARABLE TO

THE U.S.; LATITUDINAL RANGE FROM NORTHERN QUEBEC TO CENTRAL CARIBBEAN

BORDERED (SURROUNDED) BY OCEAN, HIGH MOUNTAINS, STEPPE COUNTRY, AND DESERT

VAST AND VARIED TOPOGRAPHY

CLIMATE COMPARISONINCLUDES THE LARGEST AREA OF HIGHLAND CLIMATE IN THE WORLD

Warm

Cold

Dry

Wet

COLONIALSPHERES

ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS

CHINESE PERSPECTIVES ONE OF THE WORLD’S GREAT

CULTURE HEARTHS CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION FOR

OVER 4,000 YEARS VIEW OF CHINA AS THE CENTER OF

THE CIVILIZED WORLD EASTERN VS WESTERN BIAS –

Romans, Greeks vs. Chinese USED TO BE INWARD

LOOKING/CLOSED SOCIETY

KONGFUZI (CONFUCIUS) CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND

TEACHER, 551- 479 BC CONFUCIANISM TOOK ON SPIRITUAL

PROPORTIONS AFTER HIS DEATH FOCUSED ON THE SUFFERING OF ORDINARY

PEOPLE DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE

AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES

EXTRATERRITORIALITY Page 469 A DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL

LAW (the basis of “Diplomatic Immunity”). EMPLOYED IN CHINA DURING THE LATE 1800s AFFORDED IMMUNITY FROM LOCAL

JURISDICTION CONSTITUTED AN EROSION OF CHINESE

SOVEREIGNTY DISTINCT ENCLAVES EVOLVED

CHINA’S POPULATION 1.323 BILLION; 118 MALES /100 FEMALES ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.6% (1970s - 3%) DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 Years (males), 73 Years (females) ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 358 PEOPLE/SQ MI PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,612 PEOPLE/SQ MI

ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND

DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (see next slide)

POPULATION DENSITY

CHINA’S LARGE CITIES

BEIJING (CAPITAL) SHANGHI (LARGEST CITY) TIANJIN (PORT CITY) CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT)

ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN CHINA: SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE

TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

URBAN CHINA 41% URBANIZED LARGEST CITIES ARE

INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE (see Page 459)

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AIR POLLUTION CONGESTION WATER POLLUTION

REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM 1950s-1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE

PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM

BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL

LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED, AND FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED

INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES

EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY”

DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES – EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH

AGRICULTURAL

REGIONS

ENERGY RESOURCES

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION – along the coast

(pg 492)

INVESTOR INCENTIVES LIKE: LOW TAXES

EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS

SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES

HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED

PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)

CHINA’SECONOMIC

ZONES

THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE CHARACTERISTICS

Great cities Enormous consumption of raw materials State-of-the-art industries Voluminous exports Global links Trade surpluses Rapid development

•Transportation •Cities

JAPAN

JAPAN’SCORE AREA

MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers Reinstated the emperor and began to transform

Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power

Adopted aspects of the British model. See movie “The Last Samurai”.

Launched a systematic study of the industrialized world

Focus was on industrialization and education system

EXPANSIONIST JAPAN Taiwan 1895 Korea 1910 Pacific Islands Post WW I Manchuria 1931 China 1937 Hong Kong 1939 Southeast Asia 1941

1945 –1952: Allied Occupation

POPULATION COMPARISONS

297

128

49230

50

100

150

200

250

300M

ILLI

ON

S

INDIA JAPAN

70+60-6950-5940-4930-3920-2910-19

0-9

AGE MALE FEMALE

20 10 0 10 20Percent of Population

POPULATION PROFILES

MALE FEMALE

30 15 0 15Percent of Population

30

DECLINING JAPANESE POPULATION Population: 127.9 million Birth rate: 9 births/1,000 Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 Growth rate: 0.1% Life expectancy: 78 yrs (M), 85 yrs (F) Urbanization: 78%

KOREA

KOREA The size of Idaho but with a population of

73 million (both Koreas) Turbulent political history

Was a dependency of China Was a colony of Japan Divided into 2 Koreas along the 38th parallel by

Allied Powers > WW II (1945) Cease-fire line established in1953

NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS NORTH KOREA

55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – mainly with former Soviet Union and China

SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe

THE KOREAS

POPULATION 23,100,000 48,700,000 GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3 GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,930

AGRICULTURE RESTRICTIVE GOOD (as % of GNP) 25 % 8 % (% work force) 36 % 21 %

LAND USE PATTERNSRugged MountainsIndustrial AreaMain Rice ProducingSecondary Rice ProducingFree Trade Zone

SEOUL Capital of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s) 9.6 million people Located in the northwest corner of South

Korea The urban-industrial center

Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic goods

TAIWAN

TAIWAN, ROC Historical background:

A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled

from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC), NOT the same as the Peoples Rep. of China.

Territory - approximately 14,000 Square miles Population – 22.8 million 78% urbanized

FOUR ECONOMIC TIGERS

“TIGER”FormerState

Date of

Split

• SINGAPORE MALAYSIA 1965

• HONG KONG CHINA 1841

• TAIWAN CHINA 1949

• SOUTH KOREA KOREA 1952