East Asia 2

Map test

Questions

Review

East AsiaPhysical

China

Regions of the Realm - Review

China proper- eastern half; the core

Xizang (Tibet)- high elevation; sparsely populated

Xinjiang- vast desert basin & mountain rim

Mongolia- a desert, buffer state

Jakota triangleJapan, South Korea, Taiwan

Rapid economic development

EAST

ASIA

Physiography and Climate of Chna

Longitudinal extent is comparable to Canada 75°

Latitudinal range from Northern Quebec to central Caribbean

Bordered by Pacific and 4 seas,

Mountains: e.g. Kunlun Shan, Himalayas

Steppe and desert

Monsoon Asia

Climate Comparison

Chinese Perspectives

Culture hearth-Huang He – Yellow River

Civilization for over 4,000 years

China as center of the civilized world

Natural protection and isolation distance

ocean and mountain barriers

COLONIALSPHERES

Opium Wars1842, 1857Imperial pressuresBritainFrance PortugalGermanyRussiaJapan

Extraterritoriality

Doctrine of European international law ‘diplomatic immunity’

Nineteenth century treaty ports, enclavese.g. Qingdao

Erosion of Chinese sovereignty

ShanghaiAmerican, British, French Concessions

Canton

China’s Political Map

4 central-government-administered municipalitiesBeijing (capital); Tianjin (Bo Hai Gulf); Shanghai (Chang Jiang); Chongqing (upper Chang Jiang)

5 autonomous regionsNei Mongol (Inner Mongolia); Ningxia Hui; Xinjiang; Guangxi Zhuang (South); Xizang (Tibet)

22 provincesGrow in size from east to west

2 Special Administrative RegionsXianggang (1997 - Hong Kong)Macau (1999 – Portugese Macao

Han Chinese 91.9%

ZhuangUygurHiuYi Tibetan 8.1%MiaoManchuMongolBuyiKorean

ETHNIC GROUPS

Communist Revolution

1949 Communists prevailSoviet style expropriation and collectivization of agricultureState-owned enterprise, heavy industryGreat Leap Forward 1958-1960Economic restructuring: 24,000 rural communes, brigades, work teams – division of labour600,000 back yard, charcoal-based steel industry produced 11 million tonnes of steelParty cadres apply doctrine and red book

Great Leap Forward 1958-1960

Rapid and sweeping socio-economic transformation & propagandaSteel broke, farm machinery fell apart, backyard furnaces also used too much coal, China’s railways could not move resources Too much labour was moved out of agriculture to increase industrial outputFloods, drought, famine, starvation, disease20-30 million died

Great Leap Forward 1958-1960

Mao concedes defeat:“The chaos caused was on a grand scale, and I take responsibility. Comrades, you must all analyse your own responsibility. If you have to fart, fart. You will feel much better for it.”

Private ownership and production was reinstated

Communes were reduced in size

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1965-1968

Purge of all educated professionals

Red Guards – youthful gangs oppose elites

Permanent revolution closing schools to eliminate bourgeois ideas

Labour camps for "re-education“

Millions executed/ or "commited suicide"

Ends with Mao's death in 1976

Deng Xiaoping Era

Liberalized Communist dogma with capitalist economic practices, “socialist market economy”Open door policy

Access to foreign science and technology

Permitted students to study abroadDecentralized decision-makingRestructured agricultureCreated SEZs, Open Cities, Open Coastal Areas

Growth polesContainment of foreign influence

World’s oldest active language, Sino-Tibetan Family.

Spoken dialects not mutually intelligible but characters are the same.

Kanji – Japanese for Chinese character

Transliteration - Romanji

Languages

PINYIN SYSTEM

Language as centripetal force

Adopted in 1958 from northern MandarinStandard form of Chinese

Peking→Beijing

Canton→Guangzhou

Chunking→Chongquing

Sinkiang→Xinjiang

Yangtse (regional)→Chang Jiang

PINYINSystem for Romanizing & transliterating Chinese

Chinese Translation

Bei NorthNan SouthXi WestDong EastJing CapitalShan MountainHe River (in the north)Jiang River (in the south)

China’s Population

1.306 billion

Annual rate of natural increase 0.7% (1970s - 3%)

Doubling time: 100 years

Life expectancy: 70 (males), 73 (females)

TFR 1.8 (1997)

Arithmetic density: 353 people/sq mi

Physiological density: 3,524 people/sq miOnly 10% of the land is arable and 69% of the population lives on this land

POPULATION DENSITY