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NAME: ______________________________________ DATE:______________ PER:____

UNIT 1 REVIEW Early Peoples and River Valley Civilizations

****BIG IDEAS****

The Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution led to the first civilizations. These early civilizations: relied on a traditional economy based on farming were often located in river valleys developed cities, systems of government, social structures, and belief systems made contributions to later civilizations in technology, the arts, law and other areas exchanged ideas and developments with other cultures

Key Terms - Use textbooks, dictionary.com, etc., for defs.

Nomad Hunter-Gatherers Cultural Diffusion Neolithic Revolution Technology

Polytheistic Pharaoh Fertile Crescent Ziggurats Cuneiform Empire Code

of Hammurabi Dynasty Middle Kingdom Hieroglyphics Bantu Migrations Early

River Valley Civilizations

EARLY PEOPLES hunter-gatherers; nomads adapted to environment with tools, weapons, language, clothing, fire spiritual beliefs – afterlife migration – life began in East Africa and spread north into Europe and east into Asia cultural diffusion: because of migration, trade, and warfare

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION 10,000 BC learned to plant food (farming) and domesticated animals --led to permanent settlements -- led to New social classes -- led to New technology (calendars, plows, wheel, weapons) -- led to the rise of civilization

RISE OF CIVILIZATION 3,000 BC advanced cities (more food led to more people) central governments (to lead the people, protect the city, etc) traditional economy (farming, craftsworkers – pottery, cloth, etc) organized religion (polytheistic: many gods) specialized workers and social classes (priests/nobles, then merchants/warriors, then

peasants/slaves) record keeping (writing first pictures) advanced technology (art and architecture; roads, bridges)

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EGYPT 3000 BC

GEOGRA

PHY

RELIGION GOVERNMENT SOCIAL

STRUCTURE

CONTRIBUTIONS

**Nile

River

**irrigating

crops

**drinking

**traveling

**Polytheistic

**Nature gods

**Belief in

afterlife

(mummies)

**Pharaoh (god

and king)

**buried in

pyramids

** dynasties

Pharaoh

Priests

Nobles

Merchants/

Craftspeople

Peasants

Slaves

**knowledge about the human

body, illnesses

**surgery

**calendar

**hieroglyphics

**pyramids

**statues and paintings about

everyday life

MESOPOTAMIA (Fertile Crescent) 3000 BC

GEOGRAPHY RELIGION GOVERNMENT SOCIAL

STRUCTURE

ECONOMY

** Tigris and

Euphrates

River

**Mediterranea

n Sea

**Persian Gulf

**Polytheistic

**Nature gods

**ziggurat

temple

**hereditary ruler

(dynasty)

**enforced laws

**collected taxes

**protected city-

state

Rulers

Priests

Merchants/

Craftspeople

Peasants

**strong because of

trade to as far as

Egypt and India

MESOPOTAMIA continued

CONTRIBUTIONS STRONG RULERS

AND EMPIRES

HAMMURABI’S

CODE

ADVANCES IN LEARNING

AND TECHNOLOGY

**wheels

**irrigation, dikes,

canals

**cuneiform writing

**algebra

**geometry

**Assyrians

**Persians

**Babylonians

**standard laws for

the entire

Babylonian empire

(eye for an eye, for

ex.)

**iron for plows/ weapons

**astronomy

**coined money

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INDUS RIVER VALLEY

GEOGRAPHY CITIES ARYAN INVADERS

** Indian Ocean

**Indus River

**mountains to the

north

**monsoons for rain

** well-planned along the

Indus R. Valley

**Harappa & Mohenjo-

Daro civilizations

**roads, plumbing

**storehouses for crops

** conquered Indus Valley

CHINA 1650 BC

GEOGRAPHY GOVERNMENT SOCIAL

STRUCTURE

RELIGION CONTRIBUTIONS

** Yellow R.

** Yangzi R.

** mountains,

deserts,

jungles

**isolated from

other cultures

**king

**clans (groups

of families)

**Shang

Dynasty united

the area

**nobles

**merchants/

craftspeople

**peasants

**polytheistic

**nature

gods/spirits

**yin and yang

forces

**written language

BANTU MIGRATIONS (Africa)

CAUSES EFFECTS

** search for new lands

**search for new sources of food

** spread language

** spread farming techniques

** spread ironworking techniques

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CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

****BIG IDEAS**** The classical civilizations of India, China, Greece, and Rome: had strong governments developed ideas and technology that were important contributions to

later civilizations developed trade networks that enriched their economies and allowed

them to exchange goods and technology

Key Terms - Use textbooks, dictionary.com, etc., for defs.

Mandate of Heaven Feudalism Qin Han Dynasty Bureacracy Great Wall

Maurya Dynasty Asoka Polis Aristocracy Direct Democracy Hellenistic

Republic Senate Patricians Plebeians Aqueducts Pax Romana

Laws of the Twelve Tables Silk Road City-States Militarism Sparta

Athens

CHINA 1027 BC – AD 220 ** isolated geographically from the other civilizations ** mountains in the West ** Gobi Desert in the North ** Pacific Ocean to the East ** Shang Dynasty united the area around the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers Zhou Dynasty 1027 BC – 221 BC

Mandate of Heaven Feudal Government Economy Zhou Contributions

** divine (god-given)

right to rule

** kings give control

of large areas of land

to supporters (lords)

** lords control their

regions and give

military service to the

kings

** over time, feudal

lords held the real

power

**iron tools

and irrigation

led to more

food

production

**new roads

and canals led

to increased

trade

** first books

** astronomy

** calendar

** silk

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Shi Huangdi and the Qin (Chin) Dynasty 221 BC – 206 BC

Centralized Government Great Wall

** got rid of feudal states, divided the

country into military districts ruled by an

appointed official

** standardized measurements

** national coins

** uniform Chinese writing

** repaired canals and roads

**to keep out invaders (like Mongols)

** thousands of people worked for yrs to

build it

Han Dynasty 206 BC – AD 220 ** After Shi Huangdi’s death, the people revolted. Han Dynasty emerged led by Liu Bang.

Government and

Economy

Han Society Han Contributions

**civil service system –

exams based on

Confucius’ teachings

determined who would get

gov’t jobs; gov’t jobs no

longer based on family

influence

**improved economy

** improved canals and

roads

** Confucian values for

gov’t and daily life

** Confucianism

determined proper

behavior and

relationships between

members of society– ex.

men were superior to

women

** technology – paper,

wheelbarrow, fishing reel,

rudder to steer ships

** science – acupuncture,

herbal remedies, chemistry,

zoology, botany

** arts – jade, ivory, bronze,

ceramics, silk

**Silk Roads for trade

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INDIA 1500 BC -185 BC

GEOGRAPHY

**North – fertile, Indus and Ganges R. **Deccan Plateau – dry

**Coast – fertile, farming, fishing, trade ** difficult to unite because

geography varied

ARYANS AND VEDIC AGE 1500-500 BC

** Aryans: Indo-European warriors from Europe/Asia ** Vedas: sacred writings about

the Aryans

** over time, mingled with the people they conquered, built cities, new civilization

developed

Mauryan Empire 321 BC – 185 BC

KING MAURYA KING ASOKA MAURYAN CONTRIBUTIONS

** conquered other

kingdoms and united

northern India and the

Deccan Plateau

**developed bureaucracy

– managing gov’t through

departments run by

appointed officials

(tax collectors, overseers

of the building of

roads/harbors, overseers

of factories/shipyards, etc)

**(grandson)

rejected conquest

and turned to

Buddhism to rule by

moral example, not

violence; sent

Buddhist

missionaries;

tolerant of other

beliefs; brought

peace/prosperity

**increased trade

** schools, libraries

** spread of Buddhism through

missionaries

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GREECE 1750 BC – 133 BC

GEOGRAPHY Early Civilizations Rise of City-States

** mountains, valleys,

islands

** geography prevented

Greeks from building a

large empire

** had many city-states

** Aegean and

Mediterranean Seas for

trade (goods, ideas,

technology, Phoenician

alphabet)

** Minoans and

Mycenaeans traded

with Egypt and

Mesopotamia

** gained new ideas

and technology

**city-state: a.k.a. polis

** first, kings ruled (monarchy)

**then nobles ruled (aristocracy)

** Sparta and Athens most

powerful

MILITARISM IN

SPARTA

LIMITED

DEMOCRACY IN

ATHENS

ALEXANDER THE

GREAT AND THE

HELLENISTIC AGE

GREEK AND

HELLENISTIC

CONTRIBUTIONS

** warrior society

** boys trained

for lifetime in

military

**girls trained to

be strong to give

birth to healthy

boys for army

** Pericles

established direct

democracy – male,

landowning citizens

took part in running

gov’t (no women, or

slaves)

** cultural center

** prosperous

** great buildings

** thinkers, writers,

artists

** Philip of

Macedonia

conquered Greece

** son Alexander the

Great expanded

empire to Egypt,

Persia, and parts of

India

** Hellenistic culture

blended Greek,

Egyptian, Persian

and Indian cultures

** philosophy

(Socrates, Plato,

Aristotle)

**Literature (plays,

tragedies,

comedies, history)

**Art and

Architecture (lifelike

art, Parthenon

building, columns)

*Science

(astronomy,

medicine)

**Math (geometry)

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ROME 509 BC – AD 476

GEOGRAPHY ROMAN REPUBLIC ROMAN

EMPIRE

ROMAN

CONTRIBUTIONS

**geography

helped people

unite

** in Italy on the

Mediterranean

Sea

** low

mountains

**Fertile plains

** republic: officials are

chosen -- Senate (from noble,

upper class patricians) and 2

consuls

** plebeians (everyone else)

had little power

** early on, men had authority

over wife and family; later,

women gained some freedom

**ended because…

widened gap bet. rich and

poor and gov’t corruption

civil war Julius Caesar

(reforms and new

conquests) Julius Caesar

murdered Augustus with

absolute power (no more

republic)

**started

with

Augustus

**parts of N.

Africa,

Europe, SW

Asia

** Pax

Romana

(Roman

Peace) 200

yrs of peace

and stability

**Laws: applied to all

people (equality under

the law, right to defend

against accusations,

innocent until proven

guilty, etc)

** Laws of the 12 Tables

(written laws)

**Art and Architecture

(borrowed from Greeks

but were large and

mighty)

**Latin language united

the people

**Engineering –

aqueducts brought water

to cities

GROWTH OF GLOBAL TRADE

PHOENICIAN

TRADE

INDIA’S ROLE IN

TRADE

CHINA & THE

SILK ROADS

ROMAN TRADE

**glass, purple

dye, scrolls from

papyrus

**ships carried

goods across

Mediterranean

**alphabet

**textiles, gems,

spices to Asia,

Middle East, E.

Africa, SE Asia,

Europe (esp. Rome)

**trade routes and

markets from

China to Middle

East

**Pax Romana made it

safe to trade goods from

Africa, India, and China

throughout the Roman

Empire

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RISE AND FALL OF GREAT EMPIRES ****BIG IDEAS****

The Han and Roman empires: grew through military expansion were supported by strong government and thriving trade fell as a result of internal weakness and invading forces

Key Terms - Use textbooks, dictionary.com, etc., for defs.

Wudi Silk Road Pax Romana Monopoly Augustus

Han Empire Roman Empire

GEOGRAPHY **started in eastern China and

spread north to Korea/

Manchuria, south to Vietnam,

and west to central Asia

**started in Italy and spread across

Europe, into the Middle East and into

N. Africa

FACTORS LEADING TO GROWTH

Han Empire Roman Empire

Military

Power

**Emperor Wudi expanded

territory

**pushed people beyond the

Great Wall

**disciplined, strong army

**allowed conquered people to maintain

customs and gov’ts

**conquered people paid taxes

Government **civil service system

**training Confucianism

**civil service system

**Pax Romana – guards protected

roads and borders

Economy

and Trade

**canals/roads/Silk Road for

trade

**stored grain

**monopoly on iron and salt

**Mediterranean and roads for trade

with Europe, Africa, and Asia

**taxes, coins

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CAUSES OF DECLINE

Han Empire AD 220 Roman Empire AD 476

** rulers after Wudi couldn’t control

warlords

** warlords overthrew the emperor

empire split into many kingdoms

**invaders overran the Great Wall and

set up their own kingdoms

**trade routes were not maintained

economy declined taxes

peasants revolted

**overexpansion of the empire

**high taxes

** foreign invasion

**Emperor Diocletian split the empire into east and

west parts to try to save it eastern part was

conquered by Germanic tribes; western part

became Byzantine Empire

EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF BELIEF SYSTEMS ****BIG IDEAS****

As civilizations developed and spread, so did belief systems and religions. These belief systems include: animism Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Judaism Christianity Islam

Key Terms - Use textbooks, dictionary.com, etc., for defs.

Animism Buddha Hijra (Hegirah) Brahman Nirvana Qur’an/Koran

Reincarnation Monotheistic Sharia Karma Torah Dharma Missionary

Messiah Diaspora Upanishads Bible Shinto Hinduism Eightfold Path

Four Noble Truths Christianity Jesus Islam Muhammad Five Pillars

Judaism Ten Commandments Confucianism Filial Piety

MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS Animism: belief that every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit (early peoples, Shang China, traditional Africa)

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Hinduism (founded in India 1500 BC) ** one unifying spirit: Brahman **goal: achieve union with Brahman ** three most important gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva ** reincarnation: soul is reborn into a new body in order to have union with Brahman ** karma: good deeds lead to being reborn at a higher level; bad deeds lead to being reborn at a lower level ** dharma: moral and religious duties required of a person ** castes: social groups people are born into and cannot get out of in this life (do good deeds and in the next life you’ll be born into a higher caste) ** caste order: priests warriors merchants, farmers, craftspeople servants Untouchables ** sacred texts: Vedas (prayers) and Upanishads (beliefs)

Buddhism (founded in India 500 BC) ** founded by Siddhartha Gautama, aka Buddha: Enlightened One ** Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path (beliefs) **ultimate goal: nirvana: union with universe and release from the cycle of death and rebirth **sacred texts: Tripitaka (Buddha’s teachings) **no gods or priests or castes ** do have nuns and monks

Confucianism (China 500s BC) **founded by Confucius **philosophy, not a religion **filial piety **people should accept their place in society to have an orderly society

Taoism/Daoism (China 500s BC) ** founded by Laozi ** live in harmony with nature **balance between yin and yang

Judaism (Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia 1500 BC) **monotheist: one god **believed God promised them the land of Palestine **sacred texts: Torah (covenant/agreement between God and the Hebrews/Jews and the law/Ten Commandments)

Christianity (Palestine AD 30) **Jesus: Messiah, savior of the Jews; crucified by Romans; believed to be risen from the grave **The Romans persecuted Christians until AD 313 when emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and ended their persecution **taught Jewish law, salvation, eternal life, mercy, help for the poor, equality before God **sacred text: Bible (Old Testament: Jewish teachings; New Testament: Jesus’ teachings)

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Islam (Arabia AD 622) **founded by Muhammad: born in Mecca, first a merchant, then a prophet to spread the message of Islam **escaped to Medina on the hijra (journey) after merchants tried to kill him **hijra/hegira brought new converts to Islam **Five Pillars: believe in God; pray 5 times a day; help the poor; visit Mecca; fast during Ramadan **sacred text: Quran and Sharia laws

EXPANSION OF WORLD RELIGIONS

Spread of

Buddhism

Spread of

Judaism

Spread of

Christianity

Spread of Islam

**Asoka

converted

** traders/

missionaries

**spread all over

Asia but declined

in India

**Romans forced

out the Jews AD

135 (Diaspora)

**Jews settled in

new places and

kept traditions

**missionaries

**appealed to

the poor

**Constantine

**trade

**exploration

and expansion

**military conquests

**treated conquered peoples

fairly so they converted

**trade

UNIT 1: ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1. What roles do economists, archaeologists, geographers, and anthropologists play in finding and recording history? What are primary and secondary sources?

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2. Describe the lives of hunter-gatherers. What were the effects of the Neolithic Revolution? What caused the Bantu migrations?

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3. What are the characteristics of a civilization?

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4. What did the Early River Valley Civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent), Indus Valley, and the Yellow River (China) have in common? How did their location affect the development of their civilizations? What was the Code of Hammurabi? What are some cultural and technological advances of the ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and Yellow River civilizations?

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5. What was the Mandate of Heaven? What are some technological contributions of the Han Dynasty?

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6. How did geography affect the development of ancient Greece? What political system governed Athens? What political system governed Sparta? How did ancient Greece contribute to modern politics? What other contributions did ancient Greece make? How did Alexander the Great contribute to the spread of Greek culture?

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7. What were the Twelve Tables? Describe life during the Pax Romana. How did ancient Rome contribute to modern laws? What other contributions did ancient Rome make?

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8. What reforms did Asoka enforce throughout the Maurya Empire? What religion influenced him?

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9. What are some cultural and technological achievements of the Maya?

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10. What were the Silk Roads and why were the Silk Roads important? How did they contribute to cultural diffusion?

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11. What are the basic beliefs of the following religions/belief systems: animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Shintoism? Where did they first develop? To where did they spread?

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12. Describe the social class system of castes. In which part of the world can you find a caste system?

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UNIT 1 CONSTRUCTIVE RESPONSE Q&A

1. Describe two new ways later Stone Age people adapted to their changing

environments.

Later Stone Age people in colder regions learned to make needles from bone to sew together

animal skins for clothing. They learned to build shelters from wood, stone, or large mammoth

bones. They were able to control fire.

2 . Describe two negative effects of the Neolithic Revolution?

Warfare increased as societies began to fight over land and resources. As people became more

dependent on farming, they were more affected by crop failures. Disease increased because

people lived close together and had increased contact with animals.

3 . Describe 4 important characteristics that a civilization has?

A civilization has advanced cities, organized government, formalized religion, record keeping

and writing, job specialization, social classes, and arts and architecture.

4 . How do scholars learn about prehistoric humans? Discuss two different

specialties, and how those scholars uncover the history of peoples who lived

before the invention of writing.

Scholars rely on material remains to learn about prehistory. Archaeologists dig into ancient

settlements to find objects used by early people called artifacts. Anthropologists study fossils,

items or their imprints preserved in rock. Some anthropologists study human culture, the set

of beliefs, knowledge, and patterns of living that a group of people develops.

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5 . Study the map titled “Early Human Migration.” How were humans able to

migrate from Asia to the Americas? Based on your knowledge, what tools or

technologies may have been needed to make the journey?

Humans may have been able to make the journey from Asia to the Americas by crossing land

that was exposed during an ice age. Because of the cold climate they would have needed tools

to create warm clothes, the ability to make fire, and tools for hunting and gathering

READ THE PASSAGE BELOW TO USE FOR QUESTION #6

Owing to the centuries of division . . . the various parts of the country had developed differently. .

. . This caused divergences not only in the spoken but in the written language. . . . Thus

difficulties arose if, for instance, a man from the old territory of Ch’in [Qin] was to be transferred

as an official to the east: he could not properly understand the language and could not read the

borrowed words. . . . The government therefore ordered that the language of the whole country

should be unified, and that a definite style of writing should be generally adopted. . . .

In the various feudal states there had been different weights and measures in use, and this had led

to great difficulties in the centralization of the collection of taxes. The centre of administration . . .

had grown . . . into a thickly populated city with very large requirements of food. . . . The grain

supplied in payment of taxation had to be brought in from far around, partly by cart. The only

roads then existing consisted of deep cart-tracks. If the axles were not of the same length for all

carts, the roads were simply unusable for many of them. Accordingly a fixed length was laid

down for axles. A History of China, Wolfram Eberhard

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6. The Qin grew from a single city into a feudal state, and on to become the

first imperial dynasty of China. Summarize the lasting impact of one

achievement of the Qin Dynasty. The Qin dynasty created strong centralized governments that unified China and shaped

Chinese civilization for thousands of years to follow. The Qin instituted a system of

Legalism. This political philosophy taught that a powerful and efficient state was the key

to control and order. The Qin dynasty’s rule unified China. Shi Huangdi (First Emperor)

standardized China’s laws, writing, coins, weights and measures, and even the width of

axles on carts traveling its roads. He made improvements in building, crop irrigation,

transportation, and trade. Peasants had to pay heavy taxes to fund these projects and often

were forced to work on them. Shi Huangdi protected the new empire from invaders,

especially the fierce nomads who came from the north to raid the frontier. The Qin army

pushed out these tribes along with others to the south. Then Shi Huangdi had peasants

work hard, for years, to connect defensive walls already in place in the north. They

formed one Great Wall, which was later rebuilt andextended to form the structure still

found there today.

7. Describe two scientific advances made by the Sumerians. They invented the wheel, which they used in a variety of vehicles; they invented the

plow; they learned to use bronze to make stronger tools and weapons; they built sewers;

they collected and catalogued an impressive amount of medical knowledge; they

performed basic surgery.

8. Describe two key teachings of Judaism. The most important belief of Judaism is that only one God exists. Also central to

Judaism are the beliefs of justice and righteousness. Being just means treating other

people with kindness and fairness. Being righteous refers to doing what is right and

proper, even when others do not. Judaism also emphasizes obedience to the law. This

refers to Mosaic law which includes the Ten Commandments.

9. Describe two things that might have led to the decline of the Indus civilization.

Mohenjo Daro may have suffered repeated flooding. There may have been an ancient

river, the Sarasvati, that disappeared and had devastating effects on agriculture. The

civilization may have been invaded, or suffered from an epidemic disease.

10. Describe the ancient Chinese concept of yin and yang. Ying and yang represent the balancing aspect of nature: male and female, dark and light,

hot and cold. Neither can exist without the other, and it is important that the two remain

balanced. When balanced, yin and yang represent the perfect harmony of nature.

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11. In what ways did Homer’s epics influence Greek society? Poets recited and sang the epics throughout the Greek world. In time, the Iliad and the

Odyssey became the basis for the Greek education system. Students were required to

memorize long passages. The heroic deeds described by Homer also inspired the

subjects of many later Greek writers.

12. How did Alexander encourage the blending of cultures in his empire? Alexander married two Persian princesses and encouraged his soldiers to marry Persian

women as well. He appointed officials from various cultures to help rule the empire. He

built dozens of new cities, most of them named Alexandria, in the lands he conquered,

and encouraged Greek settlers to move into them. Cities in Egypt, Persia, and Central

Asia became trading centers where goods and ideas were exchanged

13. What two factors led to the expansion of Christianity throughout the

Roman world? Several factors contributed to the spread of Christianity, including the appealing

message of love and eternal life after death, regardless of social position or wealth,

appealed to the poor, the oppressed, and the enslaved. Many people were also attracted

by the sense of community that Christianity offered. Roman religious toleration, and

the conversion of the emperor Constantine in the early 300s.

14. Explain two reforms instituted by Diocletian saved the Roman Empire

From economic collapse? Commercial and manufacturing activities came under state control and were geared

toward the needs of imperial defense. In addition, a new tax system raised more money

for the government and for the army.

15. Describe two guidelines for moral behavior provided in the Qur’an. Any two of the following are acceptable: Muslims are forbidden to eat pork or drink

alcoholic beverages; they must wash themselves before praying; they must not murder,

lie, or steal; they must struggle for or defend the faith, or jihad.

16. Describe the complex social systems that had been developed by Bantu-

speaking peoples by AD 900. By AD 900, there was a clear division of labor between women, who farmed, and men,

who tended cattle. Cattle had become the most important resource in society, and the

size of a person’s cattle herd determined his status. Cattle were used for food and for

ritual sacrifices.

17. What effects did Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca have in Europe? The pilgrimage and the wealth Musa displayed brought Mali to the attention of people in

Europe, and Mali was included on maps drawn in Europe for the first time. Within a

century, Europeans began to search West Africa for the source of Mali’s riches.