Early Man

The Past

Paleolithic Age

Neolithic Revolution

River Valley Civilizations

World Religions

Evolution of Law

Early Man – Early Empires

Peopling of the World – Chapter 1Human Origins ~ Scientific Discovery

*Mary Leakey, archaeologist, in Tanzania, found

footprints of earliest humans

*Donald Johanson, anthropologist, in Ethiopia,

found LUCY, the oldest hominid found to date.

History – Science Terms*archeologists*anthropologists*paleontologists

Early Man

Anthropologists! Anthropologists!

Early Man – Early Empires OLD STONE AGE1. Paleolithic Age

2. Prehistoric Age

3. Culture

4. Ice Age

5. Hunter-Gatherer

6. Nomadic People

7. Primitive Tools

8. Primitive/Cave Art

9. Some evidence of

religious/traditional

ceremonies

NEW STONE AGE1. Neolithic Age2. Neolithic Revolution3. Slash and Burn4. Agricultural Revolution5. Farming6. Domestication of Animals7. Artisans8. Advanced Tools9. Surplus Crops10. Trade11. Scribes

Learning the Terms

Example.

PALEOLITHIC AGE

Prehistoric

Old Stone Age

Hunter-gatherer

Before written records

Nomadic

Cave Art

Simple Tools

Early Man – Early Empires

• Paleolithic• Old Stone Age• Prehistoric• Hunter-gatherer• Nomadic• Primitive tools• Cave art• Family groups – clans

Early Man

Neolithic

• New Stone Age • Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution• Began 10,000 years ago• From hunter-gatherer to farming• Permanent dwellings• Villages cities civilizations• Irrigation surplus trade• Artisans became part of society• Need for cooperation among groups• Social class systems developed• Religion became organized

Early Man – Early EmpiresChapter 1

1. Advanced Cities of Trade

2. Specialized Workers

3. Complex Institutions

4. Record Keeping

5. Advanced Technology

Characteristics of Civilization

Early Man – Early EmpiresPopulation Distribution

Migration of Early Man• Push Factors

• Natural Disasters• Depletion of Resources• Climate• Conflict/Conquest

• Pull Factors• Resources• Technological Advances• Climate• Cultural Diffusion

Key Terms – Chapter 1Explain the significance of the following terms in relationship to Early Man

Prehistory

Artifacts

Culture

Archeologists

Anthropologists

Paleontologists

Hominid

Homo Habilis

Homo Erectus

Homo Sapien

Neanderthal

Cro-Magnon

Nomad

Hunter-gatherer

Neolithic Revolution

Slash-and-burn

Domestication

Civilization

Artisan

Scribe

Civilization Mesopotamia Nile Indus Chinese

Geography

Characteristics

Fall of the Civilization

River Valley Civilizations

Construct the chart on notebook paper. Note three important facts under each category.

River Valley Civilizations

Chapter 2

CivilizationMesopotamia

NILEINDUS

CHINA

Geography

Fertile Crescent Tigris/Euphrates Rivers

N. Africa/Mediterranean

Nile River

Northern Indian SubcontinentIndus and Ganges Rivers

Eastern China

Yellow/YangtzeRivers

Characteristics + Fertile land between two rivers + Silt for crops

+ Desert+ Pyramids+ Divided by cataracts

+ Indus-Ganges Plain+ Monsoons+ Planned Cities

+ loess+ massive flooding+ dynastic rule

+ First civilization –Sumer+ Use of irrigation+ City states+ Cuneiform Writing+ Polytheistic

+ Lower Egypt= north+ Upper Egypt= south+ Divided Kingdoms+Hieroglyphics

+ Indoor Plumbing+ Few Weapons+ Toys+ Undeciphered Written Language+ Polytheistic

+ society based on family+ religion based on pleasing ancestors+ advanced technology

Fall Defeated by Sargon – 1st Empire Builder

Defeated by the Hyksos

Unknown –Invasion?Disease?

Warring Dynasties

Key Terms – Chapter 2

Fertile Crescent Loess

Silt Dynastic Cycle

City-state Oracle Bones

Dynasty Bronze working

Cultural diffusion Mandate of Heaven

Polytheism Feudalism

Sumer

Sargon

Hammurabi’s Code

Cataract

Delta

Menes

Pharaohs

Monsoons

Mohenjo-Daro

Grid System

Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent – silt = abundant crops Sumerians – First Civilization

– Irrigation = more crops = surplus = trade– Establishment of city-states– Trade = cultural diffusion– Polytheistic (worship of many gods)– Advanced civilization

• Number system• Bricks• Columns• Ramps• Cuneiform writing

– Sargon • Created first empire• United the people• Lasted about 200 yrs.

– Hammurabi• Babylonian ruler• First written code of laws

Nile River Valley Est. about 3,000 yrs. Ago Along Nile River Flooding/silt provided rich

soil Ruled by pharaohs Government = theocracy Pyramid builders Upper/Lower kingdoms

divided by cataracts Upper and lower kingdoms

united by Menes Hieroglyphic writing Social classes not locked

Indus River Valley Located on the Indian sub-continent Supported by the Indus-Ganges Rivers Protected by Hindu Kush & Himalaya Mts. Monsoons and river flooding = fertile soil Planned cities Houses alike indicate lack of social

divisions Indoor plumbing Toys indicate leisure time Few weapons – peaceful people Written language has not been

decoded

Chinese River Valley Civilization Belief in the power of ancestors to determine events in life Used oracle bones Writing system with no connection to spoken language Specialized in weapons, jewelry, bronze and silk Mandate of Heaven became central to the Chinese view

of government Advances in math

and technology

Migration of People and IdeasChapter 3

Early People – Migration of People and Ideas

Hittites – occupied Anatolia, developed an empire that dominated SW Asia for 450 years, adopted the language, art, legal principles of the Babylonians after conquering them, were

warlike conquering people who used iron chariots against their enemy.

Aryans – Indo-European invaders. Established foundations for Hinduism,divided invaded people by skin color and work performed, andcounted their wealth in cows.

Phoenicians – seafaring traders who extended their boundaries all along the Mediterranean Sea,not a unified country, a group of city-states, specialized in ship building and sailing

skills. They spread cultural through trade, used coin money, and developed an alphabet that would later be the foundation for both the Greek and English languages.

Assyrians – warring tribe that conquered Israel and Judah as well as the surrounding lands. They were known to be ruthless killers, showing no mercy for those they conquered and required tribute from those they did not attack.

Babylonians – empire of Mesopotamia, centered in Babylon. The Babylonians conquered the Assyrian Empire as well as surrounding lands. King Nebuchadnezzar was knownfor building the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and for leaving his name on the bricks

usedduring the construction. The Babylonians fell to the stronger Persians.

Hebrews – originally a group of 12 self-governing tribes. The Ten Commandments was the foundation of their legal code, the group eventually divided into two separate kingdoms, Israel, and Judah. Even after captivity, the Hebrews continued to practice Judaism.

Persians - led by Cyrus the Great conquered the Babylonian Empire and allowed 40 thousand Jewish exiles to return to Israel to rebuild the Temple.

Migration of People and Ideas

Indo-European Languages – foundation of modern language today

Indo-European Migrations – scattered language, cultural practices and roots of early religion, through out the regions

Hinduism• World’s oldest religion, belief in thousands of gods

• Has no single founder

• Developed from Aryan beliefs and practices including the Caste System

• Sacred literature – The Vedas and Upanishads

• Three main gods – Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

• Believe in reincarnation, the soul is continually reborn, enlightenment (moksha) comes for rejecting earthly desires, and freedom from earthly desires comes through worship, knowledge, and virtuous acts.

• Moral Code - Karma

• Led by gurus and other holy men

Migration of People and IdeasChapter 3

Buddhism Developed in the same region

as Hinduism Founder -Siddhartha Gautama No personal deity No one sacred book Believe – Nirvana, complete

peace and happiness is reached by eliminating the desire for earthly things, follow the Four Noble Truths, and follow the Eight Fold Path

Many division of Buddhist such as Jainism – believe all living things have a soul and should be protected

Moral Code – Eightfold Path Led by Buddhist monks and

priests

Judaism Monotheistic – one God Founder – Abraham Based on a covenant

between man and God Early Hebrews – Jews Sacred Text – Hebrew Bible/

Torah Believe – Only one God who

cares for individuals, God loves & protects people and holds them accountable for sins, and God is served through study of the Torah and living by its teachings

Moral Code – 10 Commandments

Led by Rabbis

Key Terms

Torah

Vedas

Caste System

Moksha

Reincarnation

Karma

Enlightenment

Nirvana

Canaan

Monotheism

Tribute

Covenant

Ten Commandments

Evolution of Law First Law

– Hammurabi’s Code• Before

– City states had individual laws– Need for a unified code of law

• Hammurabi– Collected individual laws from the empire– Combined to unified code for all people in the empire

• After– Laws engraved on stone and posted throughout the

empire– Meant to serve justice and to unify the people of the

empire

Evolution of Law Hammurabi’s Code*If any one steal the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death.

*If any one take a male or female slave of the court, or a male or female slave of a freed man, outside the city gates, he shall be put to death

* If conspirators meet in the house of a tavern-keeper, and these conspirators are not captured and delivered to the court, the tavern-keeper shall be put to death

*If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off.

What did the Mesopotamian’s value????

Evolution of Law

• Mosaic Law• Delivered to Moses by God, who led the

Hebrews out of Egyptian captivity.• Became the basis for civil and religious

law for the Hebrew people.

• Ten Commandments• (1) You shall have no other gods before

me• (6) You shall not commit murder• (7) You shall not commit adultery• (8) You shall not steal• (9) You shall not bear false witness

Evolution of Law

Hammurabi’s Code – Mosaic Law

What values are evident in each code of laws?

What do the codes have in common?

How are the codes different?

Are today’s values reflected in the laws? Explain.