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8/8/2019 Dyeing and Colour Fastness Properties of Silk and Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Eucalyptus Bark Extract
1/11
VOL. 1 NO. 1 May 2007
ISSN ............................
: 1
9
21
33
41
51
59
67
79
89
97
Special Articles :
RAJAMANGALA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY PHRA NAKHON : CASE STUDY ON THE
BANANA PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENT
Research Articles :
DEVELOPMENT OF THAI INSTANT CURRY PRODUCTS FOR EXPORT INDUSTRY
QUALITY CONTROL AND INSPECTION OF AUTO-PARTS IN QUALITY ASSURANCE (Q.A.)
SECTION OF VENDORS
DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS WITH OIL PALM ASH
DYEING AND COLOUR FASTNESS PROPERTIES OF SILK AND COTTON FABRICS DYED
WITH EUCALYPTUS BARK EXTRACT
THE LEARNING STYLES OF STUDENTS OF RIT, CHOTIWET CAMPUS
SURVEY ON FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA IN ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESSES IN
CONCENTRATED LATEX RUBBER AND SEAFOOD INDUSTRIES
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PACKAGES FOR BANANA FLOUR BAKERY
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STUDENTS ACHIEVEMENT RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SUBJECT,
RAJAMANGALA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY PHRA NAKORN, CHOTIWET CAMPUS
CREATING AND EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION
PROGRAM FOR COURSES OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM FOR HEAT BALANCE ANALYSIS AND BOILER COMBUSTION
EFFICIENCY CONTROL
Academic Articles:
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ON BANANA FLOUR AND FOOD PRODUCTS
SIMULATIONS IN SHEET METAL FORMING INDUSTRY FOR THE 21st CENTURY
THE ADMINISTRATION OF HOTEL BUSINESS FOR KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT :
FROM CONCEPT TO PRACTICE
Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon
RMUTP RESEARCH JOURNALRMUTP RESEARCH JOURNAL
.
ISSN 1906-0432
8/8/2019 Dyeing and Colour Fastness Properties of Silk and Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Eucalyptus Bark Extract
2/11
.
1.
1.
2.
3.
2.
2
3.
1.
3CD1
.
399.10300
2.
e-mail:[email protected]
4.
.
-
5.
6.
.
39910300
.
(RMUTPRESEARCHJOURNAL)
8/8/2019 Dyeing and Colour Fastness Properties of Silk and Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Eucalyptus Bark Extract
3/11
RMUTPResearchJournal,V
ol.1,No.1,May2007
41
9040
4
1:3060
Abstract
Thisresearchwasconcernedwithdyeextractionfromthebarkofeucalyptusand
a
pplicationforsilkand
cottonfabricdyeing.Silkandcottonfabricsw
eretreatedwithpre-
m
ordantingprocessbeforedyeingexperiments,inordertofacilitatedye
absorbencyoffabrics
suchassilkdyeingat90
Cfor40minutesand
pH4,cottondyeingat60Cfor40minutes
a
ndpHnoadjustment.Thebestresultwasachievedwhenliquorratiobetweenfabricanddyed
solutionas1:30wasemp
loyed.Silkdyedinthesolutionextractingfrom
thebarkofeucalyptus
w
ithmordantcompound
displayedyellowtobrowncolourexceptfabricusingfesrrous(Fe)
m
ordantexhibitingtheshadeofdarkbrowntogrey.Forcottonfabric,theshadeofyellowto
o
rangewasobtained,exceptfabricusingferrou
s(Fe)mordantdisplayingtheshadeofpale
g
reytogray.Silkandcottonfabricstreatedwithpre-mordantedanddyeingprocesshaspresented
thepropertiesofcolour
fastnesstowashing,waterandperspirationfromgoodtoverygood
levelwhereascolourfastnesstolightandrubbingwasfromfairtogoodlevel.
:
K
eywords:Naturaldye,Eucalyptus,Mordant,silk,Cotton
DyeingandColourFastnessProp
ertiesofSilkandCottonFabrics
DyedwithEucalyptusBarkExtr
act
1*,23
1DepartmentofTextileC
hemistry,FacultyofTextileEngineering,TechnicalU
niversityofLiberec.
2.10
110
3
.10110
*pholm123@yaho
o.com.085-833-0323
phranakhon41-49
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41
RattanapholMongk
holrattanasit*1,
2
3
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1.Introduction
Thenaturaldyesmayhave,awiderange
o
fshades,whichcanbeobtainedfromvarious
p
artsofplantsincludingroots,barks,leaves,
flowersandfruits(Allen,
R.M.L,1971).They
n
ormallyrequiremordants,whicharemetallic
saltsofaluminum,iron,chromium,copperand
o
thers,forensuringthereasonablefastnessof
thecolourtosunlightandwashing(Robertson,
S
.M.,1973).Themetalionscanactaselectron
acceptorstoelectrondonortoformco-ordinate
b
ondswithdyemolecules,whichareinsoluble
inwater.Lately,therehasbeenincreasing
interestinthenaturaldyes,aspublicbecomes
awareofecologicaland
environmentalpro-
b
lemsrelatedtotheuseo
fsyntheticdyes.As
theuseofnaturaldyescutsdownsignificantly
o
namountoftoxiceffluentresultingfromthe
syntheticdyeprocess.Thainativesstilluse
n
aturaldyesinhomeindustriesaswellasin
h
ansdicraftworks.InThailand,anumberof
d
ifferenttypesofplantsareemployedfor
d
yeing(MoeyesMarjo,19
93).Oneoftheplant
u
sesfordyeingiseucalyptus,although
eucalyptushasbeenusedinpaperindustry,
o
ileucalyptusandtextiledyeing.Inthisstudy,
theeffectoftemperature,time,pH,thekind
o
fmordantandcolourfastnessofsilkand
cottonfabricsdyedwithe
ucalyptusbarkwere
investigated.
2.Experimental
2
.1Materials
MultifiberD.W.type,silkandcotton
fabrics(StandardAdjacentFabricsforStaining
ofFastness:ISO105-F:1985)wereusedwith-
outfurtherpurification.Potassiumaluminium
sulphatehydrate(AlKO8S2.12H2O),Copper
sulphatehydrate(CuSO4.5H2O),Stannous
chlorinehydrate(SnCl2.2H2O),Iron(II)
sulphatehydrate(FeS
O4.7H2O),Sodium
carbonate(Na2CO3)(Italma(Thailand)Co,
Ltd).Aceticacid(CH3C
OOH)(LabScanAsia
Co,Ltd)andNonionicsoap(MataponX-
80)(IlinEnterpriseCo,Ltd).
2.2Extracting
Theeucalyptusbarkwascutintosmall
piecesbyblender.Theneucalyptusbarkwas
therawmaterialfordyeextractionwasat
100Cfor1hourandliquorratioofmaterial:
waterwas1:40.Theeucalyptusbarkextract
solution(naturaldyesolution)obtainedinthis
studywasreddishbrowncolour.
2.3DyeingMethod
Silkandcottonfabricsweredyedwith
thenaturalcolouringmatterextractedfrom
eucalyptusbarkatliquorratio1:30,washeated
atdifferentdurations(10-60minutes),and
differenttemperatures(30-100C).Thedyed
sampleswererinsedwithcoldwater,washed
inabathofliquorratio1:30using1g/lof
non-ionicsoapingagen
t(MatapponX-80)at
50Cfor10minutes,thenrinsedandfinally
driedatambienttem
perature.Theywere
measuredforK/Svalue
byspectrophotometer.
ThepHvalueswerere
cordedwithpHmeter
andadjustedwithdilu
tesolutionofsodium
carbonateandaceticacid,thenvaryingthepH
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v
aluesas4,5,6and7
respectivelythough
p
rocessat90Cand60Cforsilkandcotton
fabricsrespectivelyfor40minutes,theliquor
ratiowas1:30,whenfinished,measuredthe
K
/Svaluebyspectrophotometer.
2
.4MordantingMetho
d
Theoptimalconditionformordant
applicationonsilkandcottonwereinvestigated
w
hichinpre-mordantprocessat30Cfor
1
0minutesandthenquantityofmordant
substancewas0.1%owf.,thenpassedthought
d
yeingprocessat90C
and60Cforsilk
andcottonfabricsrespectivelyfor40minutes,
theliquorratiowas1:30.Theyweremeasured
forK/Svaluebyspectrophotometer.
2
.5ColourFastnessTest
Withregardtothedyestuffproperties
o
fthedyeingagent,theabilityofmordanting
agenttofixonafiberistheimportant
requirement.Obviously,
thisrelatestothe
colourfastnessproperties,whichnormallytest
accordingtoISOstandardtest.Thesetests
includingcolourfastnesstolightcolourfastness
towashing,colourfastnesstowater,colour
fastnesstoperspiration,andcolourfastnessto
rubbing.Thetestresultswereexpressedingrey
scaletermsinsteadoftheK
/Svalue.According
tothestandardgreyscaleforcolorchange
andgreyscaleforcolou
rstaining.
2
.6Characterization
Thereflectancevalueandthecorre-
spondingK/Svaluesforthedyedsampleswas
measuredusingaspectrophotometer(Spec-
traflashSF600Datacolor)interfacedtoa
digitalPCunderillum
inantD
65witha10
standardobserver.Colourstrength,K/S,was
calculatedfromthereflectancevaluesusing
Kubellka-Munkequationasfollows:K/S=
(1-R)2/2R.WhereRisthedecimalfraction
ofthereflectionofthedyefabric,Kisthe
absorptioncoefficientandSisscattering
coefficient(K.McLaren
,1976).Colourchange
andcolourstainingwereassessedusinggrey
scale.3.Resultsanddiscussion
3.1Factors
affecting
dyeing
ofsilk
and
cottonfabricwitheucalyptusbark
extract3.1.1Effectofte
mperaturefordyeing
onsilkandcottonfabrics
Fromtheexperim
enttofindtheoptimal
temperaturefordyeing
silkandcottonfabric,
theexperimentalresultisshowninTable1.
FromTable1,dyein
gsilkandfabricin
eucalyptusextractedfrombarkshowedthat
theincreasingtemperaturecanincreasetheK/
Svalueuntilreaching
90C.Theappearance
colourofsilkwhichdyedineucalyptusbark
extractwasbrowncolour.Thedyedcotton
fabricshowedthattheincreasingtemperature
canincreasetheK/S
valueuntilreaching
60CtheK/Svalue
wasconstant.The
appearancecolourofthedyedineucalyptus
barkextractwasyellow
ishorange.Theresult
fromTable1fabriccan
beplottedasFigure1.
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3.1.2Effectoftimefordyeingon
silkandcottonfabrics
Fromexperiment,thesuitabletimefor
dyeingsilkandcottonwerefoundtheresult
isshowninTable2.From
Table2,whenthe
timeindyeingsilkand
cottonfabricswas
increased,theK/Svalue
increased.After40
m
inutes,theK/Svaluewasconstant.Theresult
canbeillustratedasFigure2.
3.1.3EffectofpHvaluefordyeing
o
nsilkandcottonfabrics
Theexperimentis
tofindthesuitable
pHvaluefordyeingsilkandcottonfabric.
T
heresultofexperimentcanbeconcludedas
followingTable3.FromthepHvalueexperi-
m
ent,thepHvalueofeucalyptusbarkdyed
w
as6.2.FromTable3,pHvalueat4.0was
thebestresultfordyein
gsilkfabricwhen
comparedwiththeothe
rpHvalue.When
increasingpHvalue,K/S
valuewasdeclined.
W
ithoutadjustingpHvalu
ewhendyedcotton,
gaineddarkenhuevalue
thantheotherpH
value.TheK/SvaluedeclinedwhenpHvalue
increased,asseeninFigure3.
3
.2Effectofusingdifferencetypeofmor-
dantforsilkand
cottondyeing
Theexperimentis
tofindthesuitable
conditionforpre-morda
ntprocessandfor
dyeingprocessofcotton
andsilkfabric.The
resultsareshowninTable4.TheK/Sare
showninTable4.ItwasfoundthattheK/
S
valuesofpre-mordantsilkandcottonfabrics
w
erehigherthanthoseofu
n-mordantedfabrics
exceptpre-mordantedonsilkfabricwith
S
nCl2.TheK/Svaluesof
silkfabricincreased
intheorderofdyeingusingFe>Cu>Al>un-
mordant>Sn,however,theK/Svalueofthe
cottonfabricincreased
intheorderofdyeing
usingSn>Fe>Cu>Al>un-mordant.
3.3Colourfastness
Theratingoffastness(light,rubbing,
water,washing,andpe
rspirationfastness)of
pre-mordantandun-mordantcottonandsilk
fabricsdyedwitheucalyptusbarkareshow
inTable5toTable10respectively.Itwas
foundthatthepropertiesofcolourfastness,
washingwaterandperspirationingoodtovery
goodwhereascolour
fastnesstolightand
rubbingwasinfairto
good.
4.Conclusions
Thepurposeofthisstudyistoinvesti-
gatetheeffectoftemp
erature,time,pHand
mordanttypeondyeingpropertiesandcolour
fastnessofsilkandcottonfabricsdyedwith
eucalyptusbarkextract
solution.Itwasfound
thatsilkandcottonfabricweretreatedwith
pre-mordantingprocessbeforedyeingexperi-
ments,inordertofacilitatedyeabsorbency
offabricsuchassilkd
yeingat90Cfor40
minutesandpH4,cottondyeingat60Cfor
40minutesandpHno
adjustment.Thebest
resultwasachievedwhenliquorratiobetween
fabricanddyedsolution
as1:30wasemployed.
TheK/Svaluesofsilk
fabricincreasedinthe
orderofdyeingusingFe>Cu>Al>un-mordant>
Sn,however,theK/Svalueofthecottonfabric
increasedintheorderofdyeingusingSn>Fe>
Cu>Al>un-mordant.Silkdyedinthesolution
frombarkofeucalyptusshowedtheshadeof
yellow-brown,exceptingusingferrous(Fe)
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showingtheshadeofdarkbrown-grey.For
cottonfabricshowedtheshadeofyellow-
orange,acceptingusingferrous(Fe)showed
theshadeofpalegrey.Thefastnessproperties
ofsilkandcottonfabricaftertreatedwithpre-
m
ordantanddyeingprocess.Itpresentedthe
fastness,washing,water
andperspirationon
goodtoverygoodlevel
butthefastnessto
lightandrubbingonfairtogoodlevel.
Dyeing
Colourmeasurement(Silkfabric)
Temperature(C)
L*
a*
b*
K/S
for1Hour
30
-13.62
5.86
14.871.6038
40
-17.00
7.21
17.582.1647
50
-19.51
8.21
18.022.2658
60
-20.40
8.60
18.082.2720
70
-24.43
10.27
19.393.0013
80
-26.45
11.70
20.313.3310
90
-30.58
12.92
20.184.0187
100
-30.59
12.93
20.184.0169
Dyeing
Colourmeasu
rement(Cottonfabric)
Temperature(C)
L*
a*
b*
K/S
for1Hour
30
-14.89
8.39
19.191.0615
40
-15.79
8.56
19.071.0600
50
-16.85
9.33
18.721.0654
60
-16.35
9.83
18.801.0674
70
-17.73
7.81
17.331.0674
80
-13.98
7.94
15.950.7553
90
-14.30
7.92
15.980.7736
100
-14.68
7.59
15.640.8004
Remark:Lightsource=D65,Observedegree=10,K/
S
(=400nm)
T
able1The
L*,a*,b*
and
K/S
valueofdyedsilkandcottonfa-
bricsbyvaryingtemperatureof
dyeing
Figure1.K/Svaluedyedsilkandcotton
fabricsby
varyingtemperature
ofdyeing
Table2The
L*,
a*,b*
and
K/S
valueofdyedsilkandcottonfa-
bricsbyvaryingtimeofdyeing
Dyeingtime
Colourm
easurement(Silkfabric)
(minutes)
L*
a*
b*
K/S
(90Cforcotton)
10
-20.44
8.60
18.082.2720
20
-27.48
10.61
18.663.3477
30
-26.93
10.65
18.653.3563
40
-30.56
12.91
20.154.0180
50
-30.59
12.90
20.174.0160
60
-30.60
12.87
19.964.0157
Dyeingtime
Colourme
asurement(Cottonfabric)
(minutes)
L*
a*
b*
K/S
(90Cforcotton)
10
-11.86
5.51
13.490.5883
20
-12.00
6.58
15.220.6544
30
-13.59
7.68
16.650.8059
40
-16.30
9.81
18.801.0674
50
-16.85
9.33
18.721.0654
60
-15.79
8.56
19.071.0600
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F
igure2.K/Svaluedyedsilkandcotton
fabricsbyvaryingtimeofdyeing
DyeingpH
Colourmeasurement(Silkfabric)
value
L*
a*
b*
K/S
Noadjusted
-30.57
12.88
20.124.0157
4
-43.35
15.68
18.735.8372
5
-38.07
14.61
18.174.2163
6
-30.00
11.38
18.452.7612
7
-27.89
10.93
17.672.3321
DyeingpH
Colourmeasurement(Cottonfabric)
value
L*
a*
b*K/S
N
oadjusted
-16.33
9.85
19.121.0618
7
-14.89
8.30
19.101.0610
8
-14.68
7.59
15.630.8000
9
-14.30
7.92
15.900.7735
10
-13.98
7.90
15.900.7730
Remark:Lightsource=D65,Observedegree=10,K/
S
(=400nm)
T
able3The
L*,a*,b*
and
K/S
valueofdyedsilkandcottonfa-
bricsbyvarying
pH
valueofdyeing
SilkFabric
L*
a*
b*
K/S
Un-mordant
-43.35
15.68
18.735.7061
AlKO8S2orAl
-36.39
12.34
21.945.8372
CuSO4orCu
-38.68
8.00
21.356.4992
FeSO4orFe
-48.55
3.98
9.187.1239
SnCl2orSn
-23.48
9.09
22.223.6380
Cottonfabric
L*
a*
b*
K/S
Un-mordant
-16.33
9.85
19.121.0618
AlKO8S2orAl
-14.66
6.86
19.101.3222
CuSO4orCu
-20.27
8.70
18.791.5357
FeSO4orFe
-27.23
4.91
11.131.6502
SnCl2orSn
-25.94
5.75
28.124.4001
Remark:Lightsource=D65,
Observedegree=10,K/
S(=400nm)
Table4The
DDDDDL*,DDDDD
a*,DDDDDb*
and
K/S
valueforpre-mordantingand
dyeingofsilkandcottonfabrics
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T
able5Theresultof
colourfastnessto
light(Standard:ISO105-B02:
1994)
Colourstaining
WarpdirectionWeftdirection
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Silkfabric
Unmordant
4
3-4
4
3-4
Almordant
3-4
3
3-4
3
Cumordant
3-4
3
3-4
3
Femordant
3-4
3
3-4
3
Snmordant
3-4
3
3-4
3
Cottonfabric
Unmordant
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-5
Almordant
4-5
4
4-5
4
Cumordant
4-5
4
4-5
4
Femordant
4-5
4
4-5
4
Snmordant
4-5
4
4-5
4
Remark:Un=Unmordant,Al=
AlKO8S2,Cu=CuSO4,
Fe
=FeSO4andSn=SnCl2
T
able6Theresultof
colourfastnessto
rubbing(Standard:ISO105-X12:
2001)
Dyeingdescription
Colourchange
Silkfabric
Unmordant
4-5
Almordant
4-5
Cumordant
4-5
Femordant
4-5
Snmordant
4-5
Cottonfabric
Unmordant
3
Almordant
3
Cumordant
3
Femordant
3
Snmordant
3
Mordant
Silkfabric
Un
Al
Cu
FeSn
Colourchange
4-5
4-5
4
4-5
4
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
Cottonfabric
Un
Al
Cu
FeSn
Colourchange
3-4
3-4
4
3-4
4
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
Table7Theresultofcolourfastnessto
washing(Standard:ISO105-CO6
A1S:1994)
Table8Theresultofcolourfastnessto
water(Standard:ISO105-EO1:
1994)
Mordant
Silkfabric
Un
Al
Cu
FeSn
Colourchange
4-5
4-5
4
4-5
4
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
Dyeing
description
Dyeing
description
Dyeing
description
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8
5.Acknowledgements
Inaddition,myspecialthankfulnessis
forIntertekTestingServices(Thailand)Co.,
Ltd.inallowingtheauthorstoutilizelaboratory
facilities.Manythankgotomyfriendsand
colleagues,whosenam
esarenotmentioned
here,whohavecontributedsuggestionsand
courteousassistanceduringtheexperimentof
myresearch.
T
able8(Con.)Theresultofcolourfastness
towater(Standard:ISO
105-EO1:
1994)
Dyeing
Mordant
description
Cottonfabric
Un
AlCu
FeSn
Colourchange
4
4
4-5
4-54-5
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4
4-54-5
4-54-5
T
able9Theresultof
colourfastnessto
perspiration(acidsolution)(Stan-
dard:ISO105
-EO4:1994)
Mordant
Silkfabric
Un
AlCu
FeSn
Colourchange
4-54-54-5
4
4
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
Cottonfabric
Un
AlCu
FeSn
Colourchange
4
4-54
4
4-5
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-54-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4
4-54-5
4-54-5
Table10Theresult
ofcolourfastness
toperspiration(alkalinesolution)
(Standard:ISO105-EO4:1994)
Mordant
Silkfabric
Un
Al
Cu
FeSn
Colourchange
4-5
4
4-5
4
4-5
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-5
4-5
4
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-5
4-5
4
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-5
4-5
4
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-5
4-5
4
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-5
4-5
4
4-54-5
-Wool
4-5
4-5
4
4-54-5
Cottonfabric
Un
Al
Cu
FeSn
Colourchange
4
4
4
4
4
Colourstaining
-Acetate
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Cotton
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Nylon
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Polyester
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Acrylic
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
-Wool
4-5
4-54-5
4-54-5
Remark:Un=Unmordant,Al=AlKO
8S2,Cu=CuSO4,
Fe=FeSO
4andSn=SnCl2
Dyeing
description
Dyeing
description
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6
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