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Drones
Unmanned aircraft system
Unmanned aerial vehicle
Mark Holland Andrew Hamilton
SGSA Inspector Civil Aviation Authority
❖ Definition
❖ Legislation
❖ Guidance
❖ Risks
❖ Vulnerability assessment
❖ Mitigation - detectors and effectors
❖ Operational response
Introduction
Christmas Special !
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What is a Drone
Definition UAV / drones
• An aircraft which is intended to operate with no human pilot on board.
• Range in size from small devices through to devices the size of a light aeroplane.
• Used for recreational and commercial use – usually for photography, filming etc
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Legislation
• The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has lead responsibility for taking action
• The police can now prosecute directly through CPS (liaison with the CAA is recommended),
most likely for an offence under Article 94 & 95 of the Air Navigation Order 2016
• The person in charge must not fly the aircraft except in accordance with a permission issued by
the CAA
a. Over or within 150 metres of any congested area
b. Over or within 150 metres of an organised open-air assembly of more than 1000 persons
c. Within 50 metres of any vessel, vehicle, or structure which is not under the control of the
person in charge of the aircraft
d. Within 50 meters of any person
Effective from 30 November 2019
• A requirement for the registration of SUA operators
• A requirement for the competency of remote pilots to be tested
ANO 2016
• Smaller (<20kg)
• Via smartphone /tablet
• Remote viewing function
• GPS – pre programmable flight
• Can carry additional weight
• Flight time 20-40 mins
• Several hundred metres plus range
• Speeds vary – 60mph possible
• Highly available & cheap
Hobbyist
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The positives and professional use
• Used to film, photography, engineering inspection, emergency services etc
• Less likely to be used by potential terrorists as costly and less accessible
• Cost effective compared with traditional aerial surveillance, inspections,
deliveries
• More advanced than hobbyist
• Can be very expensive
4
5
6
Zone Ex
3
2
1
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Risk and threat – Classic Zone EX issue!
• CT threat by use as a weapon or delivery system
• Nuisance and disruption-flight over a venue to disrupt play or cause panic/evacuation
• Protest
• Live Streaming - use with camera mounting to live stream matches -courtsiders
• Malfunction of drone or operator error causing injury to persons /damage to property
• Hostile reconnaissance
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Terrorist use
• Is technology ahead of legislation, planning and mitigation?
• The DJI Agra has a 23kg payload……….
• Crop sprayer drones in commercial use……
• 2 Drones can be flown from one controller
• Ball bearing attack multi-lethal
• Firearm attack unlikely due to recoil
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Threat assessment
• Think CTSA’s
• Existing intelligence including local issues
• Police intelligence
• Open source information
• Use NDM
• Local community sources – eyes & ears
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Things to consider conducting a vulnerability assessment
• Weather
• Launch points, type of drone – capability in your landscape
• Fixed wing - less accurate but possibly longer flight time v. multicopter shorter
flight time but more accurate
• Who? Link back to intelligence/information
• Likely target points
• Platform and characteristics – waypoints or line of sight (RF)
• Crowded place?
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Think…
• Likely launch sites
• Don’t forget rivers and open water
• Bridges
• High ground
• High rise buildings (can also be your friend)
• Vehicles
• Attack using ‘waypoints’
• Escape routes
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VA cont.
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High rise launch
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No Drone Zone
• Display at likely launch
points
• Needs unique identifier
• Telephone number –to
who? (Zone EX
approach)
• Include comms to the
local residential and
business community
• Need to train staff
• However…..are
broadcasters or the
police using drones at
this location or event?
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Detection systems
Get an independent evaluation
Get an independent evaluation
Get an independent evaluation
• Radar
• Specially adapted
• Expensive
• Only works with moving not stationary objects
• Licensed, needs highly skilled operator
• Wide area detection
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Detection systemsAcoustic sensors
• Too noisy in stadiums
Electro-optical/IR
• Confirm sighting – size, payload etc.
• Expensive
RF capability
• Can detect pilot and/drone, each drone has specific frequency/signal. There is a need to have all signals for all drones in a library. Only as good as the library.
• Short range
• Blind spots in urban areas.
• Military systems don’t work great in urban areas even with full time experienced Military staff.
.
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Detection systemsGeofence
• Geofencing is a virtual barrier created using a combination of the GPS (Global Positioning System) network and LRFID (Local Radio Frequency Identifier) connections such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth beacons. This boundary is dictated by a combination of hardware and software which dictates the parameters of the geofence i.e. a drone app and an unmanned aircraft.
• DJI Aeroscope only picks up DJI drones.
Useful web site: www.heliguy.com/blog/2017/02/16/heliguys-guide-to-geofencing/.
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Other points to consider
Get an independent evaluation
Consider short term lease as tech moves on
Most systems are at best 50% effective and much less effective in urban environment (20%
probably best)
Is it legal to use (DTI)
Only 2 companies (1 since withdrawn) submitted an application to the CPNI invitation to
evaluate their system
If the police are using drones at an event this could be stated in communication plans to deter
other drone users
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Disruption - effectors• Legal minefield. Collateral damage. Wireless and Telegraphy Act
2006
• ConOps with all of them, when to use threat to life?
• Lots of systems with ‘side effects’
• Barrage jamming. Not targeted – can frazzle other systems
• Net gun requires a FA license
• Action needs to be proportionate and necessary
• Eagles…..
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Physical mitigation
• Assets far from perimeter
• Cover assets from view
• Assess impact of compromises
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Operational and procedural response
Actions on finding a Drone or controller – Threat assessment.
Are actions briefed to staff and stewards and in Ops Manual?
Media approach and messages. Pre/During/Post.
Post incident procedures, investigation, recovery, forensic
recovery.
THINK EVIDENCE.
CPNI can assist with a table top paper feed exercise
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Control room response – PL advice
• Consider if this is a nuisance or threat
• Broadcast to alert all stewards and to remain vigilant
• Immediate communication to 4th match official
• Direction for CCTV operators to capture drone on footage and monitor
• Deployment of stewards/security staff (and or police if in attendance) to predetermined search areas /
location (as identified in vulnerability assessment)
• Consideration for key messages to reassure and advise spectators
• Advise appropriate staff of actions to be taken in event of recovery of drone/ pilot located.
• Notification to Police and CAA as soon as practicable.
• Consideration / state of preparedness for implementation of other contingency plans that may be required.
Questions?
[email protected] 756399