PHAROS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ALLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMLMT-201

Dr. Tarek El Sewedy

Department of Medical Laboratory Technology

Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences

LECTURE 7

Diseases and disorders

&

Nomenclature of Cancer

By the end of this lecture, students will learn:

1. examples of medical terms used to describe some

diseases and disorders.

2. Nomenclature of Cancer

Intended Learning Outcomes

Lecture content

Common diseases and disorders.

Cancer terminology

Diseases and

disorders

Term Definitions

aplasia 1. Congenital absence of an organ or tissue.2. Incomplete or defective development of an organ3. Cessation of usual regenerative process in an organ

atresiadescribes the congenital absence of a

normal opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular

cystic fibrosisa genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities

of abnormally thick mucus

genetic disorder a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

functional disorderproduces symptoms for which no

physiological or anatomical cause can be identified

muscular dystrophy

the term used to describe a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of

the skeletal muscles that control movement

nosocomial infection a disease acquired in a hospital

Nasal Aplasia

Radial Aplasia (thumb)

Radial Aplasia

Ear atresia

The jejunum is the middle section of the small intestine

Cystic fibrosis

Term Definitions

leukaemiatype of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood forming tissues, circulating blood

megaloblastic anaemia

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal

thalassemiaan inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and few red blood cells than normal

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

the most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection

anaphylaxisa severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes

autoimmune disorderany of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues

carcinoma a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

Anaphylaxis

Term Definitions

carcinoma in situdescribes a malignant tumor in its original position

that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues

ductal carcinoma in situ

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

opportunistic infection

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

sarcoma a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues.

acute respiratory distress syndrome

(ARDS)

a form of sudden severe lung dysfunction affecting both lungs, making breathing extremely difficult

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the

ages of 2 weeks and 1 year

anorexia nervosa psychiatric illness, an eating disorder characterized by a false perception of body appearance

anorexia nervosa

sudden infant

death syndrome

(SIDS)

Term Definitions

botulismfood poisoning characterized by paralysis and often death; caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting

cirrhosisa progressive degenerative disease of the liver

salmonellosisan infectious disease of the intestines that is transmitted by food contaminated with feces

Terminology of cancer

Medical Terminology of cancer

• Neoplasia and neoplasm are the accurate, scientific

names for abnormal growths.

• Neoplasms can be benign or malignant.

• Cancer is a widely used word that is usually

understood as synonymous with malignant neoplasm.

• Because of its popularity relative to 'neoplasia', the

term Cancer is used frequently instead of 'neoplasia‘.

• Cancers are classified by the type of cell that

resembles the tumour and, therefore, the tissue

presumed to be the origin of the tumour.

• The following general categories are usually accepted:

1. Carcinoma: malignant tumours derived from

epithelial cells. This group represent the most

common cancers, including the common forms of

breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer.

2. Lymphoma and Leukaemia: malignant tumours

derived from blood and bone marrow cells.

3. Sarcoma: malignant tumours derived from

connective tissue.

4. Glioma: tumours derived from brain cells

5. germ cell tumours: tumours derived from germ

cells, normally found in the testicle and ovary.

6. Choriocarcinoma: malignant tumours derived

from the placenta.

• Hepatocarcinoma: a malignant tumour of liver cells.

• Liposarcoma: a malignant tumour of the fat cells.

• adenocarcinoma: carcinoma of glandular tissues.

• carcin(o)- (cancer causing).

• benign – tumor at a stage preceding malignant

• malignant – full blown cancer tumor

• hyperplasia –Excessive growing of a group of cells.

• Metastasis- Migration of cancerous cells from

origin to another tissue.

• un-differentiated cells (ex. stem cells):

typically differentiate to become a

specialized cell type (skin cells, blood cells,

etc)

• de-differentiation: refers to the apparent

reversal of this process (such that the cell

no longer appears to possess the properties

of a stem cell, blood cell, etc).

Students selected for assignments

بكر أبو جمعة كمال هدير

اللطيف عبد مسعد رحمة

Assignments

• Students on next slide are requested to prepare

a presentation (minimum of 5 slides) on any the

following topics:

1. Body parts and organization

2. Abbreviations used in medical fields

3. Cancer terminology

Assignments should be delivered by next week

Study questions• - Write the suffix and the meaning for the following words hat means

“condition of” in each of the following words:

• 1. egotism (exaggerated self-importance)

• 2. dysentery (intestinal disorder)

• 3. insomnia (inability to sleep)

• 4. parasitism (infection with parasites or behaving as a parasite)

• 5. thrombosis (having a blood clot in a vessel)

• 6. psoriasis (skin disease)

• 7. analgesia (absence of pain)

• 8. sclerosis (hardening)

Reference books

1 – Medical Terminology an illustrated Guide by Barbara

Jonson Cohen 2003

 2 – “Medical Terminology Simplified” F. A David 2009

 

3 – “Medical Terminology system : Approach Fifth

Edition” Barbara A Gylys 2004