Upload
naa-nyc-metro-chapter
View
716
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Slide 1
Drive Brain Development:Closing the GAP between your child’s developmental
age and their chronological age.
Presented by:
Michael A. Gruttadauria, DC, DACAN
Board Certified Chiropractic Neurologist
&
Diplomate of The American Chiropractic
Academy of Neurology
Slide 2
We have a serious problem…
As of now, 1 out of every 60-100 children will develop Autism…
What about next year?
Slide 3
Even Worse…underlying dysfunction in biochemical and
neurological systems is never identified in most children because their doctors are not looking for them!
Slide 6
Typical Development
Brain function develops in a baby secondary to sensory perception and movement. A baby starts to orient to sounds and his/her mother‟s voice and begins to look at objects. This is the beginning of sound and visual sensory perception.
At the same time, the baby starts to kick their feet and move their hands. This is the beginning of motor development.
Then the baby tries to hold their head up against gravity…this is the beginning of vestibular development.
These things translate into „developmental milestones‟ (sitting up, babbling, crawling, walking, etc.) that give us cues into the nervous system‟s growth. Appropriate development of these milestones is absolutely essential to the eventual „higher functions‟ like language and communication.
Slide 8
AUTISM : A Brain Disorder or A Disorder That Affects The Brain?
- Martha R. Herbert, MD, PhDClinical Neuropsychiatry - 2005
The encephalopathic features of autism may rest on chronic tissue abnormalities and maladaptive processing patterns, and may be treatable and even reversible.
Abnormalities in autism may come from sustained neuromodulator and/or processing and connectivity abnormalities that may be amenable to reduction by properly targeted interventions.
Slide 9
What Causes Autism?
Neurobiological data suggests that autism is caused by late disruption of the Central Nervous System (CNS) just prior to birth, perinatally, or postnatally. (Bachevalier, 1994; Kemper and Baumann, 1993).
When viewed from a neurodevelopmental perspective, this is very encouraging because it means that most all of the neurons have already been established and therefore very little neural tissue would be damaged or affected.
This certainly corroborates the findings by Tsai (1989) and Kemper and Bauman (1993) that there is no gross neuranatomic involvement in autism. It may also offer much greater hope for reversing the behavioral disturbances that occur with the syndrome of autism.
Slide 10
Autism: A Brain Disorder or A Disorder That Affects The Brain?
- Martha R. Herbert, MD, PhDClinical Neuropsychiatry – 2005
cont.
Treatment targets for metabolic changes in autism may point to pathway-related interventions such as enzyme cofactors (e.g. vitamins and minerals) that are GRAS (generally recognized as safe).
Improvement at any of these levels may alter system properties to improve brain functioning, behavior, health and quality of life for autistic individuals.
Slide 11
Autism is Not a Disease, But a Series of Dysfunctions.
It is NOT a psychiatric illness.
50% Neurological & 50% Biochemical
The few doctors that do treat kids with autism look only at their biochemistry, not their neurology.
Slide 12
Three ‘types’ of Autism
1. Baby is slow to develop from birth.
2. Baby is slow to develop, and has
regression.
3. Baby is developing typically, then has a
regression and loss of acquired skills.
Slide 13
Neurology Brief
Average number of neurons in the brain = 100 billion
Each with 1,000 – 10,000 synapses!
Slide 15
The Brain Has a ‘Central Integrative State’
The sum of all excitatory and inhibitory firing.
Any alteration of this CIS leads to brain dysfunction
Input and Output are balanced
Slide 17
We Experience the World Through Our Senses
They all converge to give
us our REALITY
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Balance
Slide 18
What is Actually Wrong?
“Likely that several functional neural loops are implicated and that all impinge on neurocognitive/social cognitive functions that are crucially impaired in autism.”
– (Gillberg 1999, Gillberg & Coleman 2000)
A „disconnect‟ between brain regions causingchanges in all cortical function.
Slide 19
NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION
SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDER(Multisensory Dysintegration)
FUNCTIONAL DISCONNECTION SYNDROME(Cortical Hemisphericity)
Sensory Processing Disorder means that the brain is having a hard
time taking in all of the senses and combining them to form
individual experiences or percepts. These kids usually have a mixed
sensory profile with some senses being over stimulated and some
that are understimulated. (ie. A child that ‘stims’, but also covers
their ears to block out noise)
Cortical Hemisphericity means that the two halves of the brain are
not communicating as much as they should with each other, and
usually one side is actually weaker than the other.
** These problems are changes in function not structure, so they are not seen on an MRI or CT Scan. They can be found by a trained clinician.
Slide 20
Sensory Issues
Picky eater - sensitive to taste or texture, maybe unable to feel the food around mouth - slowly
introduce different textures around the individual's mouth, eg flannel, toothbrush, foods, introduce
small portions, change texture of the food, purée it. Encourage activities that involve the mouth,
such as whistles, bubble wands, straw painting.
Chews on everything, including clothing and objects - may find this relaxing, enjoys the tactile
input of the item - latex-free tubes, straws, hard gums (chill in fridge).
Refuses to wear certain clothes - dislike the texture or pressure on their skin, turn items inside
out so there is no seam - remove any tags or labels; allow them to wear clothes that they are
comfortable in.
Difficulties getting to sleep - may have difficulty shutting down senses, in particular visual and
auditory - use blackout curtains, allow child to listen to music to cut out external sounds, weighted
blankets.
Finds concentrating in the classroom difficult - may have too many sensory distractions: too noisy
(talking, bells, chairs scraping the floor), lots of visual stimuli (people, pictures on the wall), may
also find holding a pencil uncomfortable (hard/cold) - position them away from the doors and
windows, use furniture in the room to create an area free from distraction or if possible an
individual workstation, try different textures to make the pencil more comfortable.
Slide 21
Sensory Dysfunction
Ermer, J., & Dunn, W. (1998). The Sensory Profile: A discriminant analysis of children with and without disabilities. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, 283-290.
In this study, we compared the children with autism, children with ADHD and children without disabilities to see whether we could sort them into separate groups based on their Sensory Profile scores. We found that we could identify children into their appropriate groups with 89% accuracy based on specific scores on the Sensory Profile. Children with autism were more likely to have oral sensory processing challenges, while children with ADHD were more likely to have distractibility.
Myles, B. S., Hagiwara, T., Dunn, W., Rinner, L., Reese, M., Huggins, A., & Stansberry, S. (2004). Sensory Issues in Asperger syndrome and autism. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, December.
In this study we compared 68 children with AS and 68 children with autism to determine whether there were differences in sensory processing patterns between the two groups. For the subtests of Emotionally Reactive and Inattention/Distractibility, individuals with AS received a lower score than their counterparts with autism. The authors discuss the possibility that sensory processing may be an area to identify differences in the 2 groups.
Slide 22
Sensory Dysfunction
Researchers found significant differences between children with autism and peers on the Sensory Profile scores. Watling, R., Dietz, J., & White, O. (2001). Comparison of Sensory Profile scores of young children with and without autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55(4), 416-423.
Children with autism had differences in sensory processing when compared to peers. Their differences occurred across all areas tested on the Sensory Profile.Kientz, M. A., & Dunn, W. (1997). Comparison of the performance of children with and without autism on the Sensory Profile. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 530-537.
Slide 24
Neurological Soft Signs
Patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses have an excess of minor neurological
abnormalities (neurological soft signs) of unclear neuropathological
origin. These include poor motor coordination, sensory perceptual
difficulties and difficulties in sequencing complex motor tasks. Neurological
soft signs seem not to reflect primary tract or nuclear pathology. It still has to be established whether
neurological soft signs result from specific or diffuse brain structural abnormalities.
We conclude that neurological soft signs are associated with regional grey matter volume changes and
that they may represent a clinical sign of the perturbed cortical–subcortical
connectivity that putatively underlies these disorders.
Slide 25
What is Dysfunction?
Electrochemical changes within the system that changes communication between brain-body and brain-brain.
Slide 27
NEUROPLASTICITY AND REHABILITATION
JRRD Volume 42 Number 4, July/August 2005By Mark Hallett, MD
CONCLUSION For the future, a variety of innovative methods may well emerge that take
advantage of brain’s plastic processes.
…other techniques may utilize brain stimulation methods to improve rehabilitation.
Slide 28
Where Do You Start?
BRAIN BALANCE
Use specific sensory training on
the side OPPOSITE the cortical
soft signs.
Light, Sound, Brushing, Deep
Pressure, Vestibular Training,
Balance Exercise, Mobilization,
Smell & Motor Planning.
Slide 29
MULTISENSORY TRAINING
Developmental Plasticity
Studies of neural connections indicate that afferent cells after
damage can produce new connections based upon a process
called synaptic reorganization. This discovery forms the bases for
brain plasticity.
Brauth,et al 1991; Gazzaniga,et al, 1979)
Multisensory Training requires the brain and supporting nervous
system to be externally stimulated in order for growth and
development to occur. This brain plasticity concept requires four
important factors to be present at all times:
1. Environmental Stimuli
2. Frequent Stimulation
3. Proper Duration of Stimulation
4. Consistency
Slide 30
Hebb’s Law:
“Neurons that fire together, wire together.” - Donald Hebb (1949)
Neuroplasticity: A phenomenon in which neurons react to changed conditions by making new connections or using existing connections in different ways.
Slide 33
A new study from Temple University researchers found that children
with autistic spectrum disorders who underwent sensory integration
therapy exhibited fewer autistic mannerisms compared to children
who received standard treatments.
Such mannerisms, including repetitive hand movements or actions,
making noises, jumping or having highly restricted interests, often
interfere with paying attention and learning.
Slide 34
Ongoing Cognitive Drive
Focused on the use of high-tech positive
reinforcement learning ‘games’ to engage a
child and help them learn and grow.
Slide 35
Interactive Metronome Training
The goal of Interactive metronome training is to bring about lasting improvements in an individual’s fundamental information processing, planning and sequencing and attention capacities.
With sufficient practice over sessions the trainee’s brain develops enhanced information processing capacity.
Slide 39
For More Information:
Contact Us
Long Island Spectrum Center, Inc.
100 Manetto Hill Road
Suite 106
Plainview, NY 11803
516-470-9525
www.lispectrum.com