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Draft Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) and Critical Habitat Assessment (CHA)

Project Number: 50156-001 July 2016

INO: Muara Laboh Geothermal Power Project

Prepared by PT Greencap NAA Indonesia for PT Supreme Energy Muara Laboh (PT SEML)

This biodiversity action plan and critical habitat assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Term of Use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

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BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

Geothermal Development of

M uara Laboh Power Plant

Solok Selatan Regency,

West Sumatra Province

25 July 2016

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... i

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ iv

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF M AP ................................................................................................................................ vi

ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... vii

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Project Background ................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 Rationale for this Report ....................................................................................... 1-1

1.3 General Approach .................................................................................................. 1-1

1.4 Project Description ................................................................................................ 1-2

1.4.1 Explorat ion Stage.......................................................................................... 1-2

1.4.2 History of Project .......................................................................................... 1-2

1.4.3 Project Schedule ........................................................................................... 1-3

1.4.4 Project Configurat ion.................................................................................... 1-3

1.4.5 Analysis of Alternat ives................................................................................. 1-8

1.5 Structure of this Document.................................................................................... 1-8

2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Project Scope ......................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2 Scope of This Report .............................................................................................. 2-1

2.3 Aim and Objectives ................................................................................................ 2-1

3 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAM EWORK ........................................................................ 3-1

3.1 International Regulation ........................................................................................ 3-1

3.1.1 Ramsar Convent ion (1971) ........................................................................... 3-1

3.1.2 World Heritage Convent ion (1972) ............................................................... 3-1

3.1.3 Convent ion on Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild

Fauna and Flora (1975) ................................................................................. 3-1

3.1.4 Convent ion on Conservat ion of M igratory Species of Wild Animals............... 3-2

3.1.5 United Nat ions Convent ion on Biological Diversity (1992) ............................. 3-2

3.1.6 Regional Regulat ions .................................................................................... 3-2

3.2 National Regulation ............................................................................................... 3-3

3.3 Third Party Requirements ...................................................................................... 3-6

3.3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 3-6

3.3.2 Internat ional Finance Corporat ion (IFC) Standards and Guidance ................. 3-6

3.3.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Standards .................................................... 3-7

4 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE .................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 M ethodology ......................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Study Area .................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.2 Desktop Informat ion..................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.3 Field Surveys ................................................................................................ 4-2

4.1.4 Species Habitat M apping .............................................................................. 4-3

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 ii

4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement on Biodiversity Values ........................................... 4-3

4.2 Environmental Setting ........................................................................................... 4-3

4.2.1 Biodiversity Study Year 2008 ........................................................................ 4-3

4.2.2 Species of Conservat ion Value ...................................................................... 4-9

4.2.3 Nat ional and Internat ional Protected Areas ................................................ 4-37

5 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSM ENT ...................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Background Information ........................................................................................ 5-1

5.2 Expert Adjustment Approach................................................................................. 5-1

5.3 Discrete M anagement Unit and Assessment of Critical Habitat ............................. 5-2

5.3.1 Crit ically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global

and/ or nat ional level; Endemic and/ or restricted-range species; and

M igratory and/ or congregatory species ........................................................ 5-3

5.3.2 Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems ............................................... 5-3

5.3.3 Legally Protected and Internat ionally Recognized Areas ............................... 5-4

5.4 Priority Biodiversity Features .............................................................................. 5-13

5.5 Potential Biodiversity Features ............................................................................ 5-13

6 IM PACT ASSESSM ENT AND M ITIGATION ......................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Impact Evaluation .................................................................................................. 6-1

6.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Priority Species and Associated Habitats ....................... 6-3

6.2.1 M igratory and/ or congregatory species and crit ically endangered

and/ or endangered species at global and nat ional level ............................... 6-3

6.2.2 Evaluat ion of Impacts on Protected Areas ..................................................... 6-3

6.2.3 Evaluat ion of Impacts on Ecosystem Service ................................................. 6-3

6.3 Strategy for Additional M itigations ....................................................................... 6-3

6.3.1 Avoidance..................................................................................................... 6-3

6.3.2 M inimizat ion ................................................................................................ 6-3

6.3.3 Restorat ion ................................................................................................... 6-3

6.3.4 Offsets .......................................................................................................... 6-3

6.4 Impacts on Priority Habitats .................................................................................. 6-6

6.5 Impacts on Priority Species .................................................................................... 6-6

6.5.1 Plants ........................................................................................................... 6-6

6.5.2 M ammals ..................................................................................................... 6-6

6.5.3 Birds ............................................................................................................. 6-6

6.5.4 Amphibians and Rept iles .............................................................................. 6-7

6.5.5 Summary of Impacts ..................................................................................... 6-7

7 BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN ............................................................................................ 7-1

7.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 7-1

7.1.1 BAP Object ives ............................................................................................. 7-1

7.1.2 Priority Species and Associated Habitats ....................................................... 7-1

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 iii

7.2 External Engagement and Consultation ................................................................. 7-2

7.3 Activity Plans ......................................................................................................... 7-2

7.3.1 AP 1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats

surrounding the Project area ....................................................................... 7-3

7.3.2 AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the Nat ional Park area

surrounding the Project area ........................................................................ 7-6

7.3.3 AP3: Collaborat ion with stakeholders to protect the landscape

surrounding the Project area ........................................................................ 7-8

7.3.4 AP4: Socializat ion to community for endangered species awareness .......... 7-10

7.4 Role and Responsibilities ..................................................................................... 7-12

7.5 M onitoring, Evaluation and Reporting ................................................................. 7-15

7.5.1 M onitoring during Construct ion.................................................................. 7-15

7.5.2 Post Construct ion M onitoring ..................................................................... 7-15

7.5.3 Report ing ................................................................................................... 7-15

7.5.4 Evaluat ion .................................................................................................. 7-16

8 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 8-1

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Project Schedule ................................................................................................. 1-3

Table 1-2 Land Requirements for Project ........................................................................... 1-7

Table 3-1 Indonesia Regulat ions regarding Biodiversity ...................................................... 3-3

Table 4-1 Datasets Used in Biodiversity Assessment........................................................... 4-1

Table 4-2 Land Cover Classificat ion .................................................................................... 4-3

Table 4-3 Area of Habitat Type on Project Footprint on 2016 ............................................. 4-4

Table 4-4 List of Natural Vegetat ion Species before Explorat ion ......................................... 4-4

Table 4-5 Aquat ic Biota on River (Survey 2008) .................................................................. 4-6

Table 4-6 Raptor Species in Study Area ............................................................................ 4-16

Table 4-7 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species ........................................................................ 4-23

Table 4-8 Primates Species Found in PT SEM L Working Area and Conservat ion Status. .... 4-25

Table 4-9 Individual of Siamang Presence in Study Area ................................................... 4-26

Table 4-10 Individual of Surili Presence and Finding M ethodology ..................................... 4-27

Table 4-11 Individual of Agile Gibbon Presence in Study Area ............................................ 4-28

Table 4-12 Individual of Southern Pig-tailed M acaque Presence in Study Area ................... 4-28

Table 4-13 Camera Trap Locat ions ..................................................................................... 4-30

Table 4-14 Wildlife Species Recorded by Camera Trapping. ................................................ 4-33

Table 4-15 Populat ions of IBA Trigger Species .................................................................... 4-40

Table 5-1 Gradient of Crit ical Habitat for Tier 1 and 2 Crit ical Habitat Criteria 1 to 3. .......... 5-2

Table 5-2 Legally Protected and Internat ionally Recognized Areas Overlapping DM U ......... 5-4

Table 5-3 Crit ical Habitat Assessment for Criteria 1 to 3 ..................................................... 5-6

Table 5-4 Biodiversity Features M eet ing Threshold for Crit ical Habitat of DM U ................ 5-13

Table 6-1 Biodiversity Features Which M eet the Threshold for Crit ical Habitat that

Found Around Project Area ................................................................................ 6-2

Table 6-2 Biodiversity Impact Assessment for M igratory and/ or congregatory species

and Crit ically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and nat ional

level ................................................................................................................... 6-4

Table 7-1 Detailed Act ion Plan for M onitor IUCN Endangered Species and their

Habitats surrounding the Project area (AP1) ....................................................... 7-4

Table 7-2 Detailed Act ion Plan for Cooperate with KSNP to help protect Nat ional Park

area surrounding the Project area (AP2) ............................................................. 7-7

Table 7-3 Detailed Act ion Plan for Collaborat ion with Stakeholders to Protect the

Landscape surrounding the Project area (AP3) .................................................... 7-9

Table 7-4 Detailed Act ion Plan for Socializat ion to community for endangered species

awareness (AP4) ............................................................................................... 7-11

Table 7-5 Summaries of Detailed Act ion Plan and Responsibilit ies ................................... 7-12

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Facilit ies Layout ..................................................................................................... 1-4

Figure 3-1 Flow Line of Indonesia Regulat ions Development .................................................. 3-3

Figure 4-1 Study Area of Field Survey and Literature Review .................................................. 4-1

Figure 4-2 Ecosystem Types of KSNP ...................................................................................... 4-9

Figure 4-3 Vegetat ion Taxonomic Families Recorded in Secondary Forest ............................ 4-10

Figure 4-4 Vegetat ion Families Found in Primary Forest ....................................................... 4-10

Figure 4-5 Deforestat ion on Surounding Project Area .......................................................... 4-11

Figure 4-6 Routes of M igratory Raptor Bird on Southeast Asia (source: Raptor Indonesia) ... 4-15

Figure 4-7 Black thighed falconet (M icrohierax fringillarius) perching .................................. 4-16

Figure 4-8 Indian black eagle (Ict inaetus malayensis) hunt ing over the canopy .................... 4-17

Figure 4-9 Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) perched for hunt ing .............................. 4-17

Figure 4-10 Ruffous bellied eagle (Hiraaetus kienerii) flies over the Office area ...................... 4-18

Figure 4-11 Oriental Honey Buzzard ....................................................................................... 4-18

Figure 4-12 Changeable Hawk-eagle perched on bridge area ................................................. 4-19

Figure 4-13 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle perched on Wellpad A Area .............................................. 4-19

Figure 4-14 Fight scene of Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Against Black Eagle (left ) and Breeding

Scene (right) ..................................................................................................... 4-20

Figure 4-15 Peregrine Falcon ................................................................................................. 4-20

Figure 4-16 Blyth’s Hawk-eagle perched close Wellpad B ....................................................... 4-21

Figure 4-17 Number of Species of Birds for Each Family ......................................................... 4-22

Figure 4-18 Other Bird Species Encountered During Field Visit .............................................. 4-22

Figure 4-19 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species that captured on Camera Traps ......................... 4-25

Figure 4-20 Siamang migrat ion by walking on the access road to Wellpad A. ......................... 4-26

Figure 4-21 Sumatran Surili (Presbyt is melalophos) ................................................................ 4-27

Figure 4-22 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) ............................................................................ 4-27

Figure 4-23 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina) .............................. 4-28

Figure 4-24 Percentage of Camera Trap Findings ................................................................... 4-30

Figure 4-25 Species Curve Area .............................................................................................. 4-31

Figure 4-26 Community Act ivit ies in Forest Area .................................................................... 4-31

Figure 4-27 Endangered Species Encountered During Survey ................................................. 4-32

Figure 4-28 Camera Traps Photos .......................................................................................... 4-32

Figure 4-29 M ontane Rain Forests in Study Area .................................................................... 4-39

Figure 4-30 Landscape Features in KNSP ................................................................................ 4-40

Figure 6-1 Locat ion of the Project and the Zonat ion of KNSP.................................................. 6-1

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 vi

LIST OF M AP

M ap 1 Habitat M ap before Explorat ion Stage ...................................................................... 4-8

M ap 2 Habitat M ap on Development Stage ....................................................................... 4-12

M ap 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem M ap ..................................................................................... 4-13

M ap 4 Distribut ion of Primate Groups ............................................................................... 4-29

M ap 5 Locat ion of Terrestrial M ammals Species Recorded in the Study Area. ................... 4-35

M ap 6 Distribut ion of Raptor Bird Sight ings. ...................................................................... 4-36

M ap 7 Discrete M anagement Unit....................................................................................... 5-5

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 vii

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank

AM DAL Analisis M engenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup

(Environmental Impact Assessment)

AP Act ion Plan

APL Area Penggunaan Lain (Other use Area)

BAP Biodiversity Act ion Plan

BM EP Biodiversity M onitoring and Evaluat ion Program

CITES Convent ion on Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

DM U Discrete M anagement Unit

EBA Endemic Bird Area

EOO Est imated Extent of Occurrence

ESHIA

GoI

Environmental, Social, and Health Impact Asessment

Government of Indonesia

IBA Important Bird Area

IFC Internat ional Finance Corporat ion

IUCN Internat ional Union for Conservat ion of Nature and Nature Resources

KBA Key Biodiversity Area

KSNP or

TNKS

Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park (Taman Nasional Kerinci Seblat )

KTPB

M oEF

Kepala Teknik Panas Bumi (Geothermal Technical Head)

M inistry of Environment and Forestry

PLTP

PT SEM L

Pembangkit Listrik Panas Bumi (Geothermal Power Plant)

PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh

PS6 IFC’s Performance Standard 6

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 1-1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh (PT SEM L) plans to develop a Geothermal Power plant project in

M uara Labuh in Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province (the ‘Project ’). The Project is

expected to support the Indonesian government 's policy of energy diversificat ion and reduct ion in

the consumption of fuel oil (BBM ), reduct ion of electricity and fuel subsidies, as well as ut ilizat ion

of geothermal resources, which have high economic potent ial in M uara Laboh.

Based on the AM DAL document , the geothermal development plans generally include

construct ion and operat ion of the geothermal power units, construct ion of support ing

infrastructure, and electricity distribut ion. These act ivit ies have potent ial to cause environmental

impacts such as reduced air quality and water quality, changes in land use and biodiversity,

improved transportat ion, increased job and business opportunit ies, and modified public

percept ion.

The Project site is direct ly adjacent to Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park (KSNP) or Taman Nasional

Kerinci Seblat (TNKS) and to Protect ion Forest . KNSP is one of the important habitats on the Island

of Sumatra. Some protected species use KSNP area as a major habitat , one being the Sumatran

Tiger. Project act ivit ies potent ially provide edge effects in the KSNP area.

A Biodiversity Act ion Plan (BAP) was prepared for the Project in accordance with Internat ional

Finance Corporat ion (IFC) Performance Standards Guidelines and Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Safeguards, so as to assess whether the Project meets relevant internat ional environmental

standards.

1.2 Rationale for this Report

Land status of PT SEM L geothermal project is located in other use area (APL). Although its locat ion

is not a protected area, but biodiversity study -- both literature review and detailed field data

collect ion -- showed that on the site were found species and their habitats that become a crit ical

habitat t rigger. Therefore, the development of the BAP document is necessary to describe

Project ’s potent ial impacts and direct mit igation efforts, as well as the overall efforts to control

the impact of the Project .

The BAP will be used as a reference in managing biodiversity in the Project area of PT SEM L. The

BAP is a plan that includes a set of act ions that lead to the conservat ion or enhancement of

biodiversity for the Project site. The report is not rigid and can be improved in accordance with

exist ing condit ions in the area of study.

1.3 General Approach

This Project will be approached using field recognit ion, biodiversity studies, literature study, and

workshops to maximize the ut ility of the BAP for PT SEM L.


1.4 Project Description

1.4.1 Exploration Stage

In the pre-construct ion stage covers land use permit process, socializat ion act ivit ies, land

acquisit ion and land measurement that planned for explorat ion act ivit ies in the area of

geothermal WKP Liki Pinangawan M uara Laboh South Solok.

Construct ion stage is preparat ion act ivit ies include land (land clearing), civil construct ion,

manufacture and repair of access roads, preparat ion of drilling site and other support ing facilit ies.

The total t ime required for the construct ion phase is about 6.5 months.

The operat ional stage and product ion test is comprised of rig mobility act ivit ies, explorat ion well

drilling and well test ing. Time required of stages of drilling and product ion test reached ± 6

months.

Post operat ion stage is covering rig demolit ion act ivity, demobilizat ion, closure of wells

temporarily or permanent ly, and well locat ion clearence. Post operat ion stage act ivity may take

durat ion up to 4 months and specifically for demolit ion rig and mobilize to another locat ion within

the same prospect area takes about 10 days.

1.4.2 History of Project

PT SEM L is a Joint Venture of Supreme Energy, Engie, and Sumitomo to develop a Geothermal

Power Plant in M uara Labuh, Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatera Province, approximately 150

km from Padang, the capital city of West Sumatra (the ‘Project ’).

The Geothermal Working Area (Wilayah Kerja Panas Bumi, WKP) of Liki Pinangawan M uaralaboh

is located in Pauh Duo and Sangir Kecamatans, Solok Selatan Regency, West Sumatera Province. It

lies at alt itudes from 450 to 1,560 meters above sea level (asl), having an area of approximately

56,000 hectares (ha) stated on the Geothermal Permit (Izin Panas Bumi, IPB). The Project borders

the KSNP on the west and south.

Explorat ion commenced in 2012, short ly after signing the Purchase Power Agreement (PPA). By

2013, a total of 6 wellpads (WP A to E and WP H) had been constructed, approximately 2 to 3

hectares in size each, and 6 wells were drilled (M L-A1, M L-B1, M L-C1, M L-E1, M L-H1, and M L-H2).

For Phase 1 of Project development, Wellpads A and H will be used as production wellpads;

wellpads D and E will be used as brine inject ion wellpads; and Wellpad B will be used for

condensate inject ion. Future development act ivit ies include developing Wellpad F as a product ion

wellpad and drilling a total of 13 wells (including 2 cont ingency wells in case the first 11 wells

provide insufficient steam).

Phase 1 of Project development is to develop a power plant (PLTP) with a design capacity of 80

M W using dual flash technology, a proven technology with reliability close to 100% and its

support ing facilit ies that include pipelines (product ion, re-inject ion, and fresh water); access

roads; office buildings and storage yard; switchyard, substat ions (built and operated by PLN); and

water t reatment facilit ies.

The Project aims to address some of the electricity needs of the Sumatra region, which will be

supplied through the Indonesian Government ’s Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) t ransmission lines

and grid.


To meet the country’s increasing energy needs, the Government of Indonesia init iated “ fast-

t rack” power generat ing programs. PT SEM L is included in the President ial Decree no 4 / 2010 for

2nd

fast t rack program of 10,000 M W and listed in Decree of M inister of M ines and Energy no 21 /

2015. PT SEM L is one of the pioneers to capitalize the opportunity under the new regulat ion.

Developing geothermal energy is also of strategic importance to the Government of Indonesia

(GOI) which targets to generate a total of new 35,000 M W by 2025 of which 23% (8,100 M W) are

aimed to be from renewable resources. Of the total renewable energy by 2025 it is expected that

geothermal energy will contribute about 80% (or 7,150 M W).

1.4.3 Project Schedule

The PLTP is planned to be ready for operat ion in 2019. Physical construct ion for the development

phase will start by early 2017. The current Project schedule depicted in Table 1 assumes that

there are no delays in further Project act ivit ies, in EPC contracts, or in provision of funds for

Project implementat ion.

Table 1-1 Project Schedule

Activity Current Expected Date

Permit s & Agreement s August 2016

Financing Apri l t o November 2016

EPC & Development Dri l l ing December 2016

COD Apri l 2019

1.4.4 Project Configuration

The M uara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant taps into a hydrothermal system; inject ion wells are to

be drilled to re-inject brine and condensate water.


Figure 1-1 Facilities Layout

1.4.4.1 Capacity

The proposed power plant has an ult imate total capacity of 250 M W. Based on init ial evaluat ion

of explorat ion results and numerical modeling of the reservoir, init ial power plant capacity will be

of 80M W in total, using dual flash steam cycle technology.

The largest part of the total capacity, or 65M W, will stem from high pressure (HP) steam and

15M W from low pressure (LP) steam.

Capacity will be increased in accordance with the harvest ing of the addit ional wells.

1.4.4.2 Dual Flash Power Plant as Preferred Option

The select ion of technology will largely depend on the total proven heat energy and its variat ion

of produced geothermal fluid (steam and brine) and well product ion capacit ies. Other factors will

also influence technology select ion: topography and land availability, availability of equipment,

and economic considerat ions (e.g., required capital and operat ing costs). The select ion of

technology will aim to balance costs and benefits.

With results obtained from the init ial explorat ion act ivit ies, a dual flash steam cycle is being

considered. Steam entering the steam turbine is delivered from two sources of different pressure:

high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) steam. M ost of the LP steam is generated from the HP

brine, supplemented by one explorat ion well that produces LP steam.


Figure 1-2 Illustration of Dual Flash Power Plant

1.4.4.3 Project Components

The main project components of the M uara Laboh Geothermal Power Plant are:

Production Wells, Injection Wells, and Wellpads

It is est imated that about 27 product ion wells are required for operat ion of the Geothermal

Power Plant at future full capacity of 250M W (PLTP). The Phase 1 power plant capacity is 80 M W

using dual flash technology will need addit ional 9 product ion wells and 4 addit ional inject ion

wells.

Inject ion (or reinject ion) wells are required to discharge brine and condensate back to the

format ion. This will avoid brine pollut ion to the surrounding environment as well as providing

closed water cycle to the geothermal system. The inject ion wells will be located outside the target

hydrothermal zone, to minimize risk of product ion wells cooling.


Source: Energy Informat ion Administ rat ion, Geot hermal Energy in the Western United Stat es and Hawaii: Resources and Project ed

Elect ricity Generat ion Supplies, DOE/ EIA-0544, Washingt on DC, 1991

Figure 1-3 Illustration of Geothermal Energy Production.

The geothermal drilling process will use water-base mud (WBM ) to prevent boreholes from

collapsing during drilling and also to protect the environment. Water demand for drilling is

matched by surface water and/ or collected runoff water, amount ing to up to 30 – 100 l/ sec, a

very small amount compared to river discharges, which can reach more than 1,000 l/ sec. This

water will be taken from a river that is not used by its surrounding populat ion, or taken in limited

amounts from a river that is used by the populat ion for irrigat ion and other purposes.

Pipelines

Pipeline consists of pipes for wet steam, dry steam, and for draining brine and condensate to

inject ion wells as well as pipes for fresh water supply.

The product ion piping system consists of two-phase fluid pipes from wellheads to separator and

three different single-phase fluid pipes: steam, brine and condensate. The steam pipes will divert

steam from the separator stat ions to the Power Plant, the brine will be rerouted to the inject ion

well, while the condensate will be diverted from the Condenser of the Power Plant to the

condensate inject ion well.

The pipeline route will follow exist ing roads or dedicated corridors to facilitate construct ion and

maintenance during product ion operat ion. Cut and fill are necessary in some sect ions of the

pipeline corridors to provide stable slopes and safe operat ing condit ions.

Drainage channels will be built parallel to the pipeline in addit ion to inspect ion roads. At some

sect ions, structures to cross roads, rivers, or other features are to be built .

Power Plant

Steam from the welheads will enter separator to separate steam phase from liquid phase (brine).

Brine will be reinjected to the format ion, while the separated steam will then enter a scrubber to

purify the steam from impurit ies such as silica.


The purified steam then enter a turbine blades so as to spin them, which in turn rotates the

turbine shaft to produce mechanical energy and the generator converts this mechanical energy

into electricity energy that is then channeled to a switchyard and then to PLN's t ransmission

network cable after its voltage is increased from 11 kV to 150 kV using a step-up transformer unit .

Switchyard and Transmission Line

The PT SEM L switchyard is located within the Power Plant area, and is provided to allow

connect ion of future units and to include the Revenue M eters. The interface between PT SEM L

and PLN is at the high voltage gantry of the switchyard, which is used for connect ion to the PLN

transmission line. The switchyard is est imated to occupy 3,500 m2 of land.

The switchyard is the end point of connect ion at a voltage of 150 kV to the PLN transmission and

distribut ion network. Then from this switchyard, PLN will connect a 3.2 km transmission line to

the PLN substat ion at Batang Sangir, which also receives electricity from other power plants. From

this Batang Sangir substat ion, the 150 kV transmission line will be connected to Sungai Rumbai

substat ion, approximately 71.5km away. At the Sungai Rumbai substat ion, the voltage will be

stepped up to 275 kV and then joins the Sumatra 275 kV transmission line.

Access Roads

Access roads and wellpads have been most ly constructed in the explorat ion phase. Improvement

of roads to wellpads and construct ion of new roads for t ransportat ion of equipment and materials

needed in preparing the new wellpad (i.e. Wellpad F) and conduct ing operat ional well drilling will

be carried out as needed.

Additional Supporting Facilities

PT SEM L also build domest ic water supply and treatment, waste water t reatment plant , chemical

storage, warehouse, workshop, firefight ing system, emergency power system, office buildings,

and accomodat ion complex.

1.4.4 Land Requirements

PT SEM L required 140 hectares for the establishment of power plant, wellpads, access roads,

pipeline systems, and support ing facilit ies.

Table 1-2 Land Requirements for Project

Item Area (m2)

Access Road 215,465

Wellpad 186,852

Service Water System 8,333

Soil Disposal 139,564

Other Facilit ies 34,379

Stage 1 Development Facilit ies 125,194

Total Facilities 709,787

Total Land Acquired 1,418,444

Total Land Acquired Not Utilized 708,657


1.4.5 Analysis of Alternatives

PT SEM L have considered feasible project alternat ives in the preliminary site assessment and

subsequent Project design, to avoid or minimize economic displacement while balancing

environmental, social, and financial costs and benefits.

The alternat ives to this geothermal Development Phase are:

Do nothing

Choose an alternate site.

The do nothing alternat ive means that the opportunity to reduce reliance on greenhouse gas

intensive thermal energy is lost and the Indonesian Government ’s init iat ive is not achieved. The

use of coal is the common alternat ive in Indonesia to generate electricity. Since geothermal plants

do not burn fuel to generate electricity, their emission levels are relat ively low, releasing 1/ 30 or

4% of the carbon dioxide emissions of a coal-fired plant of similar capacity. Geothermal plants

also emit 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds than are emit ted by fossil fuel plants.

The choice of an alternate site alternat ive is impract ical given current access to part icular

geothermal resources in Indonesia. Therefore the project is the best choice of the two

alternat ives.

PT SEM L have also considered the best alternat ive in regards to environmental, social and

economy, e.g.:

The use of Dual Flash technology instead of Single Flash permits a more efficient energy

extract ion from the same amount of steam

The relocat ion of power plant from Administrat ion Complex to near Wellpad A makes it

further away from community and will use less length of pipes and less land area opened for

pipeline corridors.

1.5 Structure of this Document

This report is structured as follows:

Chapter 2 presents the scope, aim, and general object ives of the PT SEM L BAP;

Chapter 3 summarises the legislat ive and policy frameworks at internat ional and nat ional

levels together with the PT SEM L AM DAL process and its key findings with regard to

biodiversity;

Chapter 4 describes the biodiversity baseline and includes informat ion on ecoregions, nature

conservat ion areas, habitats, flora and fauna within the study area;;

Chapter 5 includes a Crit ical Habitat Assessment to establish which IFC PS6 requirements are

applicable to this project ;

Chapter 6 describes impact assessment analysis of PT SEM L Geothermal project and

mit igation;

Chapter 7 is the Biodiversity Act ion Plan, object ives include informat ion on the mit igat ion

ranking, BAP implementat ion, monitoring, and report ing.

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan 250716-M AT 2-1

2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 Project Scope

Chapter 1.4 is the Project descript ion of the PT SEM L M uara Laboh Geothermal Project .

2.2 Scope of This Report

The development of the PT SEM L BAP follows IFC Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012b). It is important to

recognize that a BAP is not just the product ion of a single document that details act ions needed

for the conservat ion and management of biodiversity. A BAP is a process from which a BAP

document is formulated, through the review of previous studies and from consultat ion with local

stakeholders. The AM DAL and ESHIA are parts of this process in that the ecological assessments of

those studies provide the baseline upon which the BAP object ives and conservat ion priorit ies are

based. A BAP should include eight specific tasks:

Task 1: Determinat ion of the legal, regulatory, planning, permit t ing, and third party requirements

Task 2: Desktop assessment of the project

Task 3: Baseline survey of the biodiversity

Task 4: Biodiversity impact assessment

Task 5: Preparat ion of the BAP

Task 5.1 Establishment of priorit ies for conservat ion

Task 5.2 Ident ificat ion of conservat ion act ions

Task 6: Implementat ion of the BAP

Task 7: M onitoring, evaluat ion and improvement

Task 8: Report ing, communicat ion, and verificat ion of BAP performance

2.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of the PT Supreme Energy M uara Laboh (PT SEM L) Biodiversity Act ion Plans (BAP) is to

achieve “ no net biodiversity loss” as a result of the Project by ensuring that the biodiversity is

protected and enhanced where possible. The BAP has been developed in consultat ion with the

stakeholders and biodiversity experts.

The General object ive of the BAP is to provide a comprehensive strategy and specific,

implementable act ions aimed at the protect ion and conservat ion of biodiversity during the

construct ion and operat ion of the geothermal power plant. The specific object ives of the PT SEM L

BAP are to:

Review exist ing biodiversity baseline informat ion and legislat ive/ policy frameworks for the

Study Area;

Implement a consultat ion process with relevant stakeholders and biodiversity experts to

inform priorit ies and act ions for biodiversity conservat ion;

Undertake a Crit ical Habitat Assessment to determine the IFC PS6 requirements for the

Project ;


Ident ify priorit ies and act ions for biodiversity conservat ion, in consultat ion with stakeholders

and biodiversity experts;

Ident ify inst itut ional partnerships for implement ing the BAP;

Provide awareness raising and capacity building for the relevant stakeholders including local

communit ies and organizat ions involved in BAP implementat ion;

Establish a monitoring and evaluat ion program for biodiversity allowing for the success of the

BAP intervent ions to be assessed;

Develop monitoring and evaluat ion plan to ensure that the measures out lined in the BAP are

implemented;

Ensure no-net loss or a net gain in affected biodiversity.

This BAP includes both long-term biodiversity conservat ion act ions and on-site mit igat ion

measures linked to the construct ion and operat ion act ivit ies of the Project . The biodiversity

baseline, conservat ion act ions, and mit igat ion in this BAP supplement the informat ion in the PT

SEM L AM DAL, ESHIA, and Biodiversity Reports. Addit ional conservat ion opportunit ies/ act ions will

be ident ified during the BAP process, following a comprehensive desktop review and consultat ion

with stakeholders and biodiversity experts.

The biodiversity act ion plan covers no net loss/ net gain measures as defined in the IFC PS6. The

net reduct ion is analyzed based on project impacts on individual species with conservat ion

significance. No net loss/ net gain measures are quant ified based on project adaptat ion and

mit igation efforts in minimizing impacts.

The conservat ion act ions have been established with the aim of achieving ‘no net loss’ to

biodiversity in accordance with IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a, 2012b). IFC PS6 requires evidence that the

mit igation hierarchy has been applied, that avoidance is priorit ized, and that offsets are

measurable and only applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable


3 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAM EWORK

3.1 International Regulation

Indonesia has rat ified various internat ional laws and convent ions in conservat ion and biodiversity,

as described below.

3.1.1 Ramsar Convention (1971)

The Ramsar Convent ion also known as the Convent ion on Wetlands is an internat ional t reaty for

the conservat ion and sustainable use of wet lands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran,

where the Convent ion was signed in 1971. The Convent ion’s mission is conservat ion and wise use

of all wet lands through local and nat ional act ions and internat ional cooperat ion, as a contribut ion

towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world. The Convention uses a broad

definit ion of wetlands. It includes all lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and

marshes, wet grasslands, peat lands, oases, estuaries, deltas and t idal flats, mangroves and other

coastal areas, coral reefs, and all human-made sites such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs

and salt pans.

3.1.2 World Heritage Convention (1972)

The World Heritage Convent ion (WHC) adopted in the General Conference of UNESCO on 16

November 1972 aimed to protect the world’s cultural and natural heritage. The “ natural heritage”

defined in the WHC may be in line with biodiversity conservat ion, which should have (Art icle 2):

“ Natural features consist ing of physical and biological format ions or groups of such

format ions, which are of outstanding universal value from the aesthet ic or scient ific point of

view;

Geological and physiographical format ions and precisely delineated areas that const itute the

habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of outstanding universal value from the

point of view of science or conservat ion;

Natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of outstanding universal value from the

point of view of science, conservat ion, or natural beauty.”

The WHC addresses that each State Party should be commit ted to the conservat ion of its

respect ive heritage sites. Heritage sites located within a State Party’s sovereignty will be the

responsibility of the State. The State is commit ted to the protect ion and conservat ion of their

heritage sites, to the utmost of its own resources, and where appropriate, with internat ional

assistance and cooperat ion

3.1.3 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(1975)

Convent ion on Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, also

known as the Washington Convent ion. The convent ion is a mult ilateral t reaty to protect

endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolut ion adopted in 1963 at a

meet ing of members of the Internat ional Union for Conservat ion of Nature (IUCN). The

convent ion was opened for signature in 1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim

is to ensure that internat ional t rade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten

the survival of the species in the wild.


3.1.4 Convention on Conservation of M igratory Species of Wild Animals

The Convent ion on the Conservat ion of M igratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the

Convent ion on M igratory Species (CM S), aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory

species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental t reaty, concluded under the aegis of

the United Nat ions Environment Program, concerned with the conservat ion of wildlife and

habitats on a global scale. The CM S covers a great diversity of migratory species. The Appendices

of CM S include many mammals, including land mammals, marine mammals and bats; birds; fish;

rept iles and one insect. Among the instruments, AEWA covers 255 species of birds that are

ecologically dependent on wet lands for at least part of their annual cycle. EUROBATS covers 52

species of bat, the M emorandum of Understanding on the Conservat ion of M igratory Sharks

seven species of shark, the IOSEA M arine Turt le M oU six species of marine turt le and the Raptors

M oU 76 species of birds of prey.

3.1.5 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)

United Nat ions Convent ion on Biological Diversity Flora, also known as the Biodiversity

Convent ion, was signed by 157 country leaders in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Indonesia is the 8th

country to have rat ified this regulat ion. The Convent ion has three main goals:

Conservat ion of biological diversity (or biodiversity);

Sustainable use of its components; and

Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genet ic resources.

In other words, its object ive is to develop nat ional strategies for the conservat ion and sustainable

use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable

development.

3.1.6 Regional Regulations

Asia Plant Protect ion Agreement for the Asia and Pacific Region (1955)

Indonesia is a member of the Asia and Pacific Plant Protect ion Commission. The Plant Protect ion

Agreement for Asia and Pacific Region is an intergovernmental t reaty administered by the Asia

and Pacific Plant Protect ion Commission. The Plant Protect ion Agreement for the Asia and Pacific

Region (formerly the Plant Protect ion Agreement for South-East Asia and Pacific Region) was

approved by the 23rd Session of the FAO Council in November 1955 and entered into force on 2

July 1956. The FAO Council approved amendments to the Agreement in 1967, 1979, 1983, and

1999. This agreement aims to prevent the introduct ion into and the spread within the Asia and

Pacific Region of destruct ive plant diseases and pests. Introduct ion of exot ic species is considered

to as a threat to biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

ASEAN Declarat ion on Heritage Parks and Reserves (1984)

M ember States of ASEAN established the ASEAN Heritage Parks to generate greater awareness

and conservat ion of the ASEAN region’s natural heritage. The declaration was issued after

M ember States proposed criteria and guidelines for the establishment and management of

protected areas in the ASEAN region. The declarat ion’s contextual message is declared as:

“ Recognizing that conservat ion areas should be managed to maintain ecological processes

and life support systems, preserve genet ic diversity; ensure sustainable ut ilizat ion of species


and ecosystems; and maintain wilderness that are of scenic, cultural, educat ional, research,

recreat ional and tourism values;”

Similar to the WHC, this declaration addresses that M ember Part ies are responsible for the

conservat ion and management of heritage parks located in its sovereignty.

Agreement on the Conservat ion of Nature and Natural Resources (1985)

Apart from the establishment of ASEAN heritage parks, ASEAN M ember States also have agreed

upon conserving nature and natural resources. This agreement addresses, among others,

integrat ing conservat ion and development, species and ecosystem protect ions, and

environmental planning.

3.2 National Regulation

Indonesia legislat ion comprises the Const itut ion, environmental laws, internat ional agreements,

subordinate legislat ion, normat ive acts, president ial orders and governmental decrees, ministerial

orders, instruct ions and regulat ions. Along with the nat ional regulat ions, Indonesia is signatory to

a number of internat ional convent ions, including those related to environmental protect ion (see

Table 1).

Figure 3-1 Flow Line of Indonesia Regulations Development

Table 3-1 Indonesia Regulations regarding Biodiversity

No Regulation Substance

1. President ial Decree No. 43 of

1978 on Convent ion Internat ional

Trade in Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora

Indonesia Government had rat if ied Convent ion on

Internat ional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna And

Flora. This convent ion also known as the Washington

Convent ion. Washington Convent ion is a mult ilateral t reaty

to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a

result of a resolut ion adopted in 1963 at a meeting of

members of the International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN). The convent ion was opened for signature in

1973 and CITES entered into force on 1 July 1975. Its aim is to

ensure that internat ional t rade in specimens of wild animals

and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the

wild. Restrict ions, prohibit ion and monitoring of species of

f lora and fauna, especially endangered.



2. Law No. 5 of 1990 on Biological

Natural Resources Conservation

and its Ecosystems

Stressing safeguards such as buffer system protect ion,

preservat ion of biodiversity, prohibited act ivit ies and

sanct ions. The Act also gives a description of the nature

reserve zone, community and conservation area. Emphasizes

land conservat ion.

3. President ial Decree No. 48 of

1991 on the Ratification of the

Convent ion on Wet lands

(Ramsar)

The provisions on the conservation of wet lands. Determining

wet land sites that have international interest.

4. Law No. 5 of 1994 on Rat if ication

United Nat ions Convent ion on

Biological Diversity

Regulate the conservat ion and sustainable use, equitable

benefit sharing and t ransfer of technology.

The protect ion of traditional knowledge and biosafety.

5. Government Regulation (GR)

No. 68 of 1998 on Wildlife

Reserve and Natural

Conservat ion Zones

The aim of this regulat ion is to managing of Wildlife Reserves

and Nature Conservation Zones, to establish and foster the

protection of biological resources and ecosystem balance, so

that efforts to raise the prosperity and quality of life of the

community can be supported.


No. 7 of 1999 on Flora And Fauna

Species Conservation

The conservat ion of f lora and fauna has the following

object ives: to avoid ext inct ion of f lora and fauna species; to

safeguard genet ically purity and species diversity of f lora and

fauna; to conserve the equilibrium and stability of the

ecosystem so as to be useful for the sustainable well-being of

mankind.


No. 8 of 1999 on Exploitation of

Wild Animals and Plants

The exploitation of plants and wildlife’s can be done in the

following form of activit ies: Study, research and

development ; Breeding; Sports Game; Trade; Exhibit ion;

Exchange; Cultivat ion of plants for its medical properties; and

Pets.

8. Law No. 25 of 2000 on the

Nat ional Development Program

(PROPENAS 2000 to 2004)

Include a variety of ecosystem management plan, but did not

specify biodiversity

9. Law No. 19 of 2004 on forest ry Set the function, planning and management of forests,

including the role of the wider community, and set up a

regional forest protect ion comparison as ecosystem

10. President ial Inst ruct ion (IP)

No. 4 of 2005 on the Accelerat ion

of Actions to Combat Illegal

Logging

Inst ruction to 18 state inst itutions to take action in

accordance with the authority and give priority to efforts to

combat illegal logging.

The establishment of a nat ional labor force (nat ional task

force) which consists of echelon I officials from all agencies

that given the instruction under the coordinat ion of

Coordinating M inister for Polit ical, Legal, and Security.

The establishment of a team of co-ordinat ion, monitoring

and evaluation as a working unit of a joint task force whose

members include government officials and NGOs.

11. Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spat ial

Planning

M anagement of protected areas, the area of cult ivat ion and

conversion, and management of protected areas

12. Law No. 32 of 2009 on

Environmental Protect ion and

M anagement

Set the principles, objectives, and goals of environmental

management in Indonesia, the rights and obligat ions of the

community, authority for environmental management ,



environmental conservat ion, environmental planning

requirements, supervisory, administ rat ive sanct ions,

environmental audit ing, environmental dispute resolut ion

The M inistry of Environment and Forestry (M oEF) is responsible for regulat ing the natural

environment. The M oEF part icipates in the development of environmental state policy and

implements all policies designed for the protect ion and conservat ion of the environment and for

the sustainable use and management of Indonesia’s natural resources. This includes controlling

act ivit ies that have a potent ial adverse impact on the environment and natural resources and

issuing environmental licenses and permits.

The Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy and Act ion Plan 2015 -2020 (IBSAP) was prepared by Ministry

of Nat ional Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS) in corporat ion with M oEF and Indonesian

Inst itute of Sciences (LIPI). Target from IBSAP 2015-2020 following Aichi Targets (AT) and adapted

with Indonesia condit ion. IBSAP targets following:

1. Awareness and part icipat ion of various part ies through formal and informal educat ion

programs (AT-1);

2. Implementat ion of management sustainable biodiversity on planning and implementat ion

nat ional and local development for increasing economic community (AT-2);

3. Realizat ion incent ives and disincent ives system in the effort and management of biological

resources (AT-3);

4. Increased availability and implementat ion support ing regulat ions for sustainable product ion

and consumption (AT-4);

5. Develop ex situ conservat ion area for protect local species (AT-5);

6. Implement regulat ion for sustainable management and harvest ing (AT-6);

7. Increasing area for agriculture, plantat ions and farms with sustainable management (AT-7);

8. Decrease pollut ion levels that damage biodiversity resources and funct ions of ecosystem (AT-

8);

9. Prevent ion and eradicat ion invasive alien species (AT-9);

10. Decrease anthropogenic pressure level for coral reef and others endanger ecosystem effected

by climate change (AT-10) ;

11. Sustainable preservat ion and increasing conservat ion area (AT-11);

12. Implementat ion of effort to protected endangered species populat ions as nat ional

conservat ion priority species (AT-12);

13. Develop seeding systems, genet ic breeding, and domest icat ion of wildlife species, as well as

breeding of wildlife species (AT-13);

14. Increasing funct ion of integrated ecosystem to ensure increasing important services (water,

health, livelihood, tourism) (AT-14).

15. Realizat ion of conservat ion and restorat ion of ecosystems in degraded areas (AT-15).


16. Implementat ion and rat ificat ion of Nagoya Protocol and derivative instruments with

regulat ions and Inst itut ional forms for central and local execut ives (AT-16);

17. Implementat ion new IBSAP in various stage (AT-17);

18. Develop innovat ion of local wisdom and increasing of bioprospect ing capacity for

conservat ion and ut ilizat ion sustainable biodiversity (AT-18);

19. Increasing of science and technology capacity to biodiversity management as sustainable (AT-

19);

20. Ident ificat ion resources and effect ive budget ing in implemented management sustainable

biodiversity (AT-20);

21. M apping data and informat ion biodiversity as comprehensive and integrated;

22. Implementat ion of conflicts resolving related to biodiversity management as comprehensive.

3.3 Third Party Requirements

3.3.1 Overview

The Project is required to meet the internat ional standards of the IFC, which is part of the World

Bank Group. The internat ional environmental and social safeguard policies of these organizat ions

are out lined below.

3.3.2 International Finance Corporation (IFC) Standards and Guidance

The IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a) and Guidance Note 6 (IFC, 2012b) have been used on the Project as best

pract ice and internat ional standards. In accordance with IFC PS6, habitats are divided into

modified, natural, and crit ical habitats. Crit ical habitats can be either modified or natural habitats

support ing high biodiversity value, including:

Habitat of significant importance to crit ically endangered and/ or endangered species (IUCN

Red List);

Habitats of significant importance to endemic and/ or restricted-range species;

Habitat support ing globally significant concentrat ions of migratory species and/ or congregator

species;

Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems; and/ or

Areas associated with key evolut ionary processes.

A BAP is required for all projects located in crit ical habitat (IFC, 2012a) and is recommended for

projects that have the potent ial to significant ly impact natural habitat (IFC, 2012b). The PT SEM L

Project Biodiversity Study has highlighted the potent ial presence of crit ical habitats within the

zone of influence of the Project . A Crit ical Habitat Assessment is included in Sect ion 5 of this

document.

Specific reference has been made to the following IFC environmental standards and guidance:

IFC General Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines (2007)

IFC EHS Guidelines for Geothermal Power Generation (2007)


3.3.3 Asian Development Bank (ADB) Standards

The ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 sets out policy principles and out lines the

delivery process for ADBs safeguard policy in relat ion to environmental safeguards. The ADB has

adopted a set of specific safeguard requirements that borrowers/ clients are required to meet in

addressing environmental and social impacts and risks. ADB staff will ensure that

borrowers/ clients comply with these requirements during project preparat ion and

implementat ion.

The safeguard policies are operational policies that seek to avoid, minimize, or mit igate the

adverse environmental and social impacts of projects including protect ing the rights of those

likely to be affected or marginalized by the development process. ADBs safeguard policy

framework in the SPS consists of three operat ional policies on the environment, indigenous

people and involuntary resett lement. ADB has developed Operat ional Procedures to be followed

in relat ion to the SPS policies and these are included in the ADB Operat ions M anual.

Requirements for assessing and addressing biodiversity effects of projects are set out within ADB

Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment, Sect ion D8 ‘Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable

Natural Resource M anagement ’. This document is included as an appendix to the SPS.

Sect ion D8 requires the environmental assessment process to focus on the major threats to

biodiversity and for the borrower/ client to ident ify measures to avoid, minimize, or mitigate

potent ially adverse impacts and risks and, as a last resort , propose compensatory measures, such

as biodiversity offsets, to achieve no net loss or a net gain of the affected biodiversity.

Obligat ions on the borrower/ client differ depending on whether the habitat is classified as

modified, natural, or crit ical. For areas of crit ical habitat the requirements state that no project

act ivity will be implemented in areas of crit ical habitat unless:

There are no measurable adverse impacts, or likelihood of such, on the crit ical habitat which

could impair its high biodiversity value or the ability to funct ion.

The project is not ant icipated to lead to a reduct ion in the populat ion of any recognized

endangered or crit ically endangered species or a loss in area of the habitat concerned such

that the persistence of a viable and representat ive host ecosystem be compromised;

For any lesser impacts, mit igat ion measures will be designed to achieve at least no net loss of

biodiversity. They may include a combinat ion of act ions, such as post-project restorat ion of

habitats, offset of losses through the creat ion or effect ive conservat ion of ecologically

comparable areas that are managed for biodiversity while respect ing the ongoing use of such

biodiversity by Indigenous Peoples or t radit ional communit ies, and compensat ion to direct

users of biodiversity.

When the project involves act ivit ies in a crit ical habitat , ADB requires the borrower/ client to

retain qualified and experienced external experts to assist in conduct ing the assessment.


4 BIODIVERSITY BASELINE

4.1 M ethodology

4.1.1 Study Area

The main purpose of the study is to ident ify the home range and habitats of wildlife, especially

endangered species. The biodiversity study focused on the buffer area between KSNP and the PT

SEM L Project area. The study area for the biodiversity study is shown on Figure 4-1 and is defined

as a 1 – 2 km buffer from the closest Project act ivit ies. A grid method with dimensions 1 km x 1

km (1 kilometer square) was used to posit ion camera t raps. Object ive of the study is to assess the

diversity within the Project footprint and surrounding areas, and in KNSP, focusing on endangered

species.

The study area is located in Sumatran montane rain forest ecosystem. Based on data from AM DAL

study, forest types in the Project area are dominated by mature secondary forest .

Figure 4-1 Study Area of Field Survey and Literature Review

4.1.2 Desktop Information

The following data sets listed in Table 4-1 were consulted for the biodiversity assessment.

Table 4-1 Datasets Used in Biodiversity Assessment

Id Dataset Year Source

1 Global Biodiversity Hotspots 2011 IBAT

2 WWF Terrest rial Ecosystems 2015 WWF

3 RAM SAR Wet lands 2015 IBAT

4 UNESCO M AB 2015 UNESCO


Id Dataset Year Source

5 World Heritage Sites 2015 UNESCO

6 Key Biodiversity Areas 2015 IBAT

7 Endemic Bird Areas 2015 IBAT

8 World Database of Protected Areas 2015 IBAT

9 IUCN Threatened Species Grid 2014 IBAT download

10 IUCN Red list of threatened species 2015 IUCN Red List

11 Global Biodiversity Information Facilit y (GBIF) 2015 GBIF

12 Bird database 2016 Cornell University

13 Land cover 2011 M inist ry of Forest ry

4.1.3 Field Surveys

In general, the survey focused on habitats used by the target species, part icularly in the affected

area and KNSP areas potent ially impacted by act ivit ies of PT SEM L. To achieve the goal, studies

used observat ional approaches, point count methods, and camera traps.

The study area for large mammals focused on forest and adjacent habitats. The study ident ified

home range using signs of the existence of species, such as exist ing photos/ video, feces,

footprints, feathers, scratches, and sounds. For primate t roops, the survey focused on forest edge

habitats.

The survey area for raptors is open high places, forest edges, and areas with diverse habitats. The

focus of the survey was ident ifying raptor habitat for hunt ing and foraging.

4.1.3.1 Point Count and Line Transect

The study was conducted using two main methods: Concentrat ion Counts and Explorat ion

methods.

Concentrat ion counts were carried out in strategic places for the species that emit sound such as

Siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), Agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis), and raptor bird.

Explorat ion methods were conducted for all species in every route of observat ion. Transects were

adjusted to the geomorphologyy of the study area, part icularly ridges (punggung bukit ).

Explorat ion methods applied were direct encounter method and indirect methods through the

footprints, t races, and marks of the presence of wildlife.

4.1.3.2 Camera Traps

Camera traps are classified as concentrat ion count methods. Camera traps were installed and

distributed purposively using a grid method. Camera traps target large mammals’ data, such as

tapir, t iger, and other species. Camera traps were installed in the field from February 27, 2016 to

M ay 31, 2016 (3 months) at 13 locat ions.

4.1.3.3 Habitat Classification and Analysis

Habitats were classified as natural and modified habitat . Analysis of habitats was done using land

cover approach, field ground checks, and vegetat ion study literature.


Land cover informat ion was obtained using remote sensing and spat ial analysis. High-resolut ion

satellite image data were downloaded from Google Earth (2014) combined with Landsat 8

(acquisit ion year 2016). Analysis of satellite image acquisit ion using visual interpretat ion method

with the results guiding ground checks in the field. Field observat ions were used to divide land

cover into five classes (Table 4-2).

Table 4-2 Land Cover Classification

Species Habitat Type Description

Forest Natural Habitat Areas dominated by tree cover, with dense canopy

cover, and sparse cover ( formerly logged).

Shrub Natural Habitat Natural areas dominated by ground vegetation

cover. In the field, vegetat ion was recorded in

seedling and sapling growth stages.

Shrub Swamp Natural Habitat Area has a shrub cover with puddles whether

temporary or permanent. Shrub swamps confirmed

from the results of f ield visits.

Dry-land Agriculture

mix with shrub

M odified

Habitat

Areas with lower vegetat ion cover that have

part icular pat terns that indicate the work of

humans.

Paddy field/ wetland

Agriculture

M odified

Habitat

Areas with lower vegetat ion cover, with terraced

regular pat terns and look inundated with water type

colors.

4.1.4 Species Habitat M apping

Species habitat mapping is developed based on the species encountered locat ions, both direct

and indirect findings. Analysis will be based on data from habitat type maps, land cover, and

expert adjustment.

4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement on Biodiversity Values

Stakeholder engagement is accomplished using workshops. The workshop part icipants are species

experts, NGOs, Universit ies, Regional and Local Governments, and other companies around the

study area.

4.2 Environmental Setting

4.2.1 Biodiversity Study Year 2008

A biodiversity assessment study for the explorat ion stage was conducted in 2008 and focussed on

wellpads and access roads.

4.2.1.1 Habitat

The project area is most ly primary forest sub-mountains ecosystem. Habitat maps of the area

before explorat ion began is presented on M ap 1 and habitat areas mapped for year 2016 is

shown in Table 4-3.


Table 4-3 Area of Habitat Type on Project Footprint on 2016

No Habitat Type Area (Hectares) Percentage

1 Primary Forest 21.4 46.6

2 Secondary Forest 10.9 23.8

3 Shrub 2.2 4.8

4 Dryland Agriculture 0.5 1.2

5 Paddy Field 6.0 13.1

6 Open Area 2.0 4.4

7 Road 2.8 6.1

Total 45.9 100

M ap 1 is the land cover analysis of satellite imagery acquisit ion in 2008. Compared to year 2016

primary forest was the most affected land cover type with 46% affected, followed by secondary

forest (23%).

4.2.1.2 Vegetation Community

Based on M ap 1, the project will have an impact on natural and modified habitats. On modified

habitat , vegetat ion studies recorded as many as 28 species of cultivated plant species. Cinnamon

numerically dominated, followed by coffee, areca, coconut, banana, durian, mango and surian.

Plant species commonly grown in home gardens as ornamental planta include Euphorbia species

and Paper Flower (bunga kertas).

In the wellpad plan area, natural vegetat ion species recorded during field surveys were

predominant ly Shorea sp, Litsea glut inosa, Aglaia sp and Peronema sp.

Shrubs included Euphatorium odoratum (Krynyuh), Lantana camara and M imosa pygra. Grasses

had relat ively less coverage. Species with wide cover included Blechnum sp and Nephrolepis sp.

Table 4-4 List of Natural Vegetation Species before Exploration

No Scientific Name Local Name Life Form

1. Litsea glut inosa M adang kaladi T

2. Shorea sp M arant iah T

3. Disoxylum sp - T

4. Diospyros sp Ribu-ribu T

5. Lithocarpus sundaicus Paniang-paniang T

6. M acaranga javanica Sapek-sapek T

7. Aglaia sp Kalek T

8. Artocarpus elast icus Tarok T

9. Eugenia sp Kalek abu T

10. Piper aduncum Sirih-sirih T

11. Sauraia sp - T

12. Cyathea sp Paku t iang GC

13. Ficus pandana Baliak angin T

14. Alstonia sp Pulai T

15. Syzigium sp Jambu T

16. Albizia sp - T


No Scientific Name Local Name Life Form

17. Peronema sp Sungkai T

18. Ficus variegata Gilabuak T

19. Glichodion sp - T

20. Euphatorium odoratum Krinyuh GC

21. Lantana camara - GC

22. Saccharum spontanium - GC

23. Imprerata cylindrica Ilalang GC

24. M imosa pygra Put ri malu besar GC

25. Sida acuta - GC

26. Borreria alata - GC

Sources: UKL/ UPL, 2009. Not e: T = Tree; GC = Ground Cover vegetat ion

4.2.1.3 Fauna

Study recorded 31 species of birds from 16 families and 7 orders, as well as four mammal species

from 3 taxonomic families and 3 orders in year 2008. Nectariniidae or honey group birds and

Alcenidae (Kingfisher Bird) are protected by Indonesian Laws at family taxonomic level.

No Ordo Family Scientific Name English Note

Bird

1 Passeriformes Ploceidae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow

2 Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia

3 Lonchura st riata White-rumped Munia

4 Lonchura maja White-headed M unia

5 Ploceous philippinus Baya Weaver

6 Nectariniidae Anthreptes malacensis Plain-throated Sunbird Protected

7 Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Protected

8 Sylviidae Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird

9 Prinia familiaris Bar-winged Prinia

11 Dicaeidae Dicaeum t rigonostigma Orange-bellied

Flowerpecker

12 M otacillidae M otacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail M igrant

13 Lanidae Lanius schah Long-tailed shrike

14 Lanius t igrinus Tiger Shrike

15 Dicruridae Dicrutus leucophaeus Ashy drongo

16 Turdidae Copsychus saularis The oriental magpie-robin

17 Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped shama

18 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul

19 Pycnonotus at riceps Black-headed bulbul

20 Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed bulbul

21 Apodiformes Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy swift let


No Ordo Family Scientific Name English Note

Bird

22 Collocalia maxima Black-nest Swift let

23 Columbiformes Columbidae St reptopelia chinensis Spot ted dove

24 M acropygia unchall Barred cuckoo-dove

25 Piciformes Picidae Picus miniaceus Banded Woodpecker

26 Coraciiformes Capitonidae M egalaima aust ralis Blue-eared Barbet

27 Alcedinidae Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher Protected

28 Halcyon smyrnensis white-throated kingfisher Protected

29 Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon bittern

30 Bubulcus ibis Cat t le egret Protected

M ammals

1 Primata cercopithecidae M acaca fascicularis Long tailed M acacaques

2 Presbyt is melalophos Sumatran Surili

3 Rodentia Sciuridae Sciurus notatus Squirrel

4 Art riodactyla Suidae Sus vit tatus Boar

4.2.1.4 Aquatic Biota

Based on interviews, the 2008 study recorded 11 species in Liki River, 9 species in Pulakek River

and 12 species in the Sapan M alulung River.

Fish reportedly st ill abundant in river is small fish and no economic value, such as Silarian

(Nemacheilus fasciatus), Kapareh (Punt ius binotatus) and Siluang (Rasbora sp), and fish like

condit ion of the river is rather muddy as Rut iang (Ophiocephalus/ Channa striatus), Baluik

(M onopterus albus) and Limbek (Clarias batracus).

Some of the fish that have economic value is Garing (Labiobarbus tambroides), Barau (Hampala

bimaculata), Kulari (Grassocheilus sp). Populat ion seemed to have started to decline in the river

surveyed.

Table 4-5 Aquatic Biota on River (Survey 2008)

No. Local Name Scientific Name Study Lokasi

Liki River Pulakek River Sapan River

1 Ikan ameh Cyprinus carpio - - +

2 Ikan baluik M onopterus albus ++ ++ ++

3 Ikan barau Hampala bimaculata + - -

4 Ikan baung Hemibagrus nemurus/

M icrones nemurus + - +

5 Ikan bakok/ rut iang Ophiocephalus st riatus /

Channa striatus ++ ++ ++

6 Ikan kapareh Punt ius binotatus +++ +++ +++

7 Ikan kulari Grassocheilus sp - + -


No. Local Name Scientific Name Study Lokasi

Liki River Pulakek River Sapan River

8 Ikan Garing Labiobarbus tambroides ++ + +

9 Ikan Limbek Clarias spp ++ - +

10 Ikan nila Oreochromis nilot icus - - ++

11 Ikan Siluang Rasbora sp +++ +++ +++

12 Ikan Silarian Nemacheilus fasciatus +++ +++ ++

13 Ikan silanjiang M astacembelus sp + + +

14 Udang Cambarus sp + + ++

Sources: Field Study (2008); Not e: - No + not abundant , ++ Abundant , +++ very abundant


M ap 1 Habitat M ap before Exploration Stage

101°9'0"E

101°9'0"E

101°8'0"E

101°8'0"E

101°7'0"E

101°7'0"E1

°35

'0"S

1°3

5'0

"S

1°3

6'0

"S

1°3

6'0

"S

1°3

7'0

"S

1°3

7'0

"S

1°3

8'0

"S

1°3

8'0

"S

Legend

Existing Project Footprint

Landcover on Exploration Stage

Primary Forest

Secondary Forest

Shrub; Shrub Swamp

Road

Dryland Agriculture Mixed Shrub

Dryland Agriculture

Open Area

Paddy Field

Settlement


4.2.2 Species of Conservation Value

4.2.2.1 Vegetation

Laumonier (1994) has conducted ecosystems study and divided KSNP ecosystems into nine types.

Figure 4-2 illustrates ecosystem types of KSNP and M ap 3 is ecosystem map of study area.

Figure 4-2 Ecosystem Types of KSNP

According to the data of forest cover in the Project area, there are two types of ecosystems, the

natural ecosystems and modified ecosystems. In general, the natural ecosystems around the

Project site are dominated by sub-montane forest format ions.

Based on succession processes, the forest ecosystem is divided into secondary forests and

primary forests. Secondary forests are damaged forests current ly undergoing natural succession.

Pioneer species are commonly found in these ecosystems. In vegetat ion, the survey recorded 28

species of 20 families. Clusiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Rubiaceae are flora families with the

highest numbers of species.

Some species recorded as dominant are Quercus sp (oaks). Although rare and found in small

number, Quercus sp and the conifer Dacrydium elatum were found with large diameters (Figure

4-3). Evergreens Calophyllum pulcherrimum and Calophyllum inophyllum were recorded abundant

with wide distribut ion.


Figure 4-3 Vegetation Taxonomic Families Recorded in Secondary Forest

Surveys recorded 27 flora species of 18 families. Clusiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae and

Phyllanthaceae were recorded as families with the highest number of species found. The numbers

of species per family can be seen in Figure 4-4.

Cratoxylon ligustrinum is the most dominant species. This species was found abundant and

widespread. Other dominant species are Calophyllum inophyllum and Schima wallichii. Although

rarely found and growing clumped, individuals of Schima walichii were found with large

diameters.

Figure 4-4 Vegetation Families Found in Primary Forest

Sub-M ontane Forest, Sub-montane forest is located on ranges with elevat ions between 800 and

1400 m asl. Differences in vegetat ion structure were found in the woods on the west side

compared to the east side of Bukit Barisan, and between the south side and the north side. Range

canopy heights of 35-45 m and 25-30 m is st ill common. M yrtaceae and Fagaceae are the

numerically dominant family taxa in this forest ecosystem. Two variat ions of forests types exist in

sub-montane forest ; bamboo and Garcinia forest .


Results show this ecosystem type has high species diversity. Numerically dominant vegetat ion are

puspa (Schima wallichii), kasiah baranak (Rhodoleia champiomii), paniang-paniang (Quercus sp.),

M adang (Litsea sp.), Barangan (Lithocarpus sp.) and Kalek (Eugenia sp.).

In disturbed areas, some plant cult ivat ion is found, including kandis (Garcinia sp.), Albizia, jackfruit

(Artocarpus sp.), Coffee (Coffea sp.), M ahogany (Switonia macrophila). Some pioneer plant

species are found in secondary forests due to logging such as Indarung (Trema orientalis), sapek

(M acaranga triloba), bodi (M allotus paniculatus) and jirak (Eurya acuminata).

Lower M ontane Forest, the elevation range for lower montane forest is 1400-1900 asl. Epiphytes

and moss grow well with increasing humidity. Lit ter on the topsoil becomes thicker due to

decreasing speed of the decomposit ion process. Dominant t ree families are Fabaceae, Lauraceae,

M yrtaceae, Theaceae, and Sapotaceae. Abundant ground cover vegetat ion is M yrsinaceae.

Generally, this area is primary forest with low species diversity, dense cover, smaller diameter

t rees and moss. The most common species are paniang-Paning (Quercus sp.), kayu ambun

(Podocarpus imbricatus) and sapek (M icrocos saccifera).

4.2.2.2 Habitat

M ap 2 shows a land cover analysis map based on high resolut ion satellite imagery acquired in

2013 and updated with Landsat 8 imagery acquired in 2016.

Land cover change has occurred in the study area, including deforestat ion. Deforestat ion has

occure not only in the project area but also surrounding areas. Local communit ies clear forest for

agricultural. Deforestat ion from explorat ion to development stage is presented in Figure 4-5.

Figure 4-5 Deforestation on Surounding Project Area

Legend

Deforestat ion

Secondary Forest change to non forest area

Primary Forest to non forest area


M ap 2 Habitat M ap on Development Stage

101°9'0"E

101°9'0"E

101°8'0"E

101°8'0"E

101°7'0"E

101°7'0"E

1°3

5'0

"S

1°3

5'0

"S

1°3

6'0

"S

1°3

6'0

"S

1°3

7'0

"S

1°3

7'0

"S

1°3

8'0

"S

1°3

8'0

"S

Legend

Landcover on Exploration Stage

Project Footprint

Primary Forest

Secondary Forest

Shrub; Shrub Swamp

Road

Dryland Agriculture Mixed Shrub

Dryland Agriculture

Open Area

Paddy Field

Settlement


M ap 3 Terrestrial Ecosystem M ap


4.2.2.3 Birds and Raptors

There are about 292–313 species of diurnal raptor from the taxonomic order Accipit riformes

distributed widely in the world (Ferguson-Lees & Christ ie 2001), and about 67% of them are found

in t ropical areas, of which 30% of t ropical raptors are endemic (Bildstein et al. 1998). The 71

species are listed of diurnal raptor in Indonesia (Sukmantoro et al., 2007), and Gill and Donsker

(2014) believes that there are 72 species of diurnal raptor in Indonesia islands. All these species

are protected by Indonesia law (Noerdjito & M aryanto 2001). And according to Zulkifli et al.

(2012), there are 34 raptor species found in Sumatera.

Raptors are indicators of good environmental quality, because they are sensit ive to human

disturbance and environmental contaminat ion (Lewis et al, 2004; Rodríguez-Estrella et al. 1998).

In natural habitats, raptors are recognized as keystone species (Sergio et al. 2008),

environmentally sensit ive (Poirazidis et al. 2007), and also as indicators of the ecosystem health

(Rodríguez-Estrella et al. 1998; Poirazidis et al. 2007). Hiraldo et al. (1995) said that people believe

that raptors play an important role in controlling disease. Their populat ion is threatened by illegal

t rade, hunt ing, habitat destruct ion, and the use of pest icides (Bildstein et al. 1998; Rodríguez-

Estrella et al. 1998; van Balen et al. 2000; Nijman et al. 2006; Supriatna 2012). According to

Bird¬Life Internat ional in Gunawan et al. (2016), major threats are the increase in human

populat ion, weak law enforcement, and low public awareness about raptors conservat ion.

a. M igratory Raptors

M igrat ion is one of some animals’ behaviors as their adapt ion to environmental condit ions,

especially against season change in their habitat (Clark & Newton 1990). This condit ion makes

them move to areas with enough resources for support ing their lives (Clark & Newton, 1990;

Higuchi et al., 2005; Bildstein, 2006; Yamazaki et al. 2012; Pramono, et al., 2015). One type of

migratory animal is the raptor, which migrates from frozen breeding areas to warmer areas in the

t ropics (Clark & Newton 1990; Higuchi et al. 2005; Bildstein 2006). Indonesia is a t ropical country

that is periodically passed by huge number of migratory raptors. This country also serves as one of

their dest inat ions (Higuchi et al. 2005). Ash said that first discovery of migrat ion of raptors in large

number across Java and Bali happened in 1982; then in 1998, 1999, and 2001 it cont inued with

intensive monitoring in some locat ions in Java and Bali (Germi, 2005; Nijman, 2001). They usually

were using forest and mountain areas as flyways, stop-overs, or migrat ion dest inat ions, because

these areas have good habitat . They were soaring ut ilize thermal updrafts and gliding to save their

energy (Spaar, 1996; Bildstein, 2006). Sometimes migratory raptors were soaring in huge

numbers.


Figure 4-6 Routes of M igratory Raptor Bird on Southeast Asia (source: Raptor Indonesia)

One of entry points of migratory raptors to Indonesia region is Rupat Island in Riau province

(Sukmantoro et al., 2006; Iqbal, 2000; Syart inilia et al., 2013; Pramono et al., 2015). According to

Zalles and Bildstein in Germi (2005), there are 55 species of migratory raptor in Asia, and 42 of

them have been recorded as passed or stopped-over in Indonesia areas.

There are many records of migratory raptor in Java, but lit t le information is found of these groups

in Sumatera. Based on Sukmantoro (2006), the newest record of 100 migratory raptors in

Sumatera are passing across in Lambaro Village (Aceh Province) in December 2007; of which 8

Oriental honey buzzard is found in Jambi province, and 15 Chinese ghosthawk is recorded in

Bintan Island, Riau Island province. There is also 1,145 Oriental honey buzzards recorded in 2005,

t ravelling from Rupat Island (Riau province) to M alaka (M alaysia). M onitoring act ivity of migratory

raptors in 2001 shows that the migrat ion route is from M alaka to Riau passing through Riau

Islands, Jambi Province, Lampung Province, and cont inuing to Java Island. Small groups come

through Aceh. Report of Higuchi (2006) demonstrated that one Oriental honey buzzard with a

satellite t racking unit on it was found in Sumatera during their wintering migrat ion. M akalew et al

(2015) said that the habitat select ion of wintering migrat ion routes for Oriental honey buzzard

was highly influenced by the availability of thermal winds and food.

b. Diversity of Raptor Birds in Study Area

During the first survey, the weather was misty and cloudy. According to Spaar (1996) and Bildstein

(2006), it is not the good condit ion to find raptor, since this species likes to soar ut ilizing thermal

and gliding to save their energy. M ost of recorded raptors were seeing when they do their

act ivit ies a few minutes after the mist and drizzle. There is only one raptor (Crested serpent eagle)

seen perching on the top of dead tree during the drizzle. Open area is the best locat ion to watch

them flying/ soaring. Raptors usually use secondary forest, farm land, or open areas for hunt ing

their prey. The table below lists the raptor species found in the study area (Table 4-6).


Table 4-6 Raptor Species in Study Area

No Indonesia English Scientific Activity

1 Alap – alap capung Black-thighed falconet M icrohierax fringillarius Perching, hunt ing

2 Elang hitam Indian black eagle Ict inaetus malayensis Soaring, hunt ing

3 Elang ular bido Crested serpent eagle Spilornis cheela Perching

4 Elang perut karat Ruffous bellied eagle Hiraaetus kienerii Soaring

5 Sikep madu asia Oriental honey buzzard Pernis pt ilorhynchus Hunt ing, soaring

6 Elang Brontok Changeable Hawk-eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus Perching

7 Elang Walaceae Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Nisaetus nanus Perching

8 Elang Gunung Blyth’s Hawk-eagle Nisaetus alboniger Perching, hunt ing

9 Alap alap kawah Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Soaring

c. Black-thighed Falconet

One of the smallest raptor species, the Black thighed falconet likes to carry out most of its

act ivit ies in the open areas of forest edges or villages and farm land (M acKinnon et al (1998).

Their prey is insects, small birds, and lizards (Ferguson-Lees & Christ ie 2001; Wells 2007). It is their

nature to stay perched on the tops of dead trees, flying to catch prey and returning to the same

perch locat ion to eat. They tend to repeat these act ivit ies before moving to another dead tree.

Sometimes the species hunt and eat their prey under the canopy. This species also uses the holes

in dead trees for nest ing.

photo: Gunawan photo: Aji

Figure 4-7 Black thighed falconet (M icrohierax fringillarius) perching

d. Indian Black Eagle

The Indian black eagle is one of the biggest forest raptors in Indonesia. It has a large wingspan

that is not suitable for hunt under the forest canopy. It is the reason for them to hunt their prey in

the open area or on the top of the canopy. Li YD (2011) said that this species supported by forest

in the higher elevat ion. Their preys are monkeys, lizards, and small mammals. During the survey,

this species was seen soaring or flying over the forest for hunt ing. In some locat ion, this species

was found soaring with the juvenile. It meant they just past their breeding season, because they

will shoot the juvenile when it grown up.


photo: Aji photo: Gunawan

Figure 4-8 Indian black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis) hunting over the canopy

e. Crested Serpent Eagle

According Prawiradilaga et al (2003), Crested serpent eagle is one of the common species in

Indonesia. This species is most widely distributed (Amadon 1974, Stepanyan 1992) among

Spilornis genus that only found in the Indo-M alay zoogeographical region (Thiollay 1994,

Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001). Their prey is rept ile such as lizard and snake. They also can eat

birds or frogs. This species liked to hunt ing in open area, under the canopy or forest floor. They

can walk or running on the branches to catch the prey. During the survey, the team only found

one individual of this species perching on the dead tree in the paddy field. Probably, this bird is

wait ing to hunt for its prey. Walther et al (2014) said that this species more often using degraded

and semi-open mix forest .

photo: Aji photo: Wilson

Figure 4-9 Crested serpent eagle (Spilornis cheela) perched for hunting

f. Ruffous Bellied Eagle

The other raptor species found in the survey is Ruffous bellied eagle. This is a colorful raptor and

one of the most expensive raptor which offered in illegal t rading through social media. The

species adapted to hunt ing over or under the canopy. The Rufous-bellied Eagle is a resident

species of southern Asia, covering from India to Southern M yanmar and Peninsular M alaysia,

cont inue to the Philippines and Indonesia, and reached to as far east as Flores in the Lesser

Sundas (Thiollay 1994; Coates & Bishop 2000). In the Greater Sundas, it is known as uncommon

forest resident species and can fly extending up to 1,500 m above sea level (M acKinnon et al.

1998). First breeding in Sumatera was recorded in 2007 (Iqbal et al, 2011). During the survey, this


species was seen soaring alone or in a pair. In the survey locat ion, the team saw a pair of this

species soaring together with a pair of Indian black eagle over Wellpad-B.

photo: Gunawan photo: Dedy Istant o/ www.sat uharapan.com/

Figure 4-10 Ruffous bellied eagle (Hiraaetus kienerii) flies over the Office area

g. Oriental Honey Buzzard

This species is most often seen in the survey area. It was seen fly over the Administrat ion area

alone and in a group consists of 2-3 individual in other locat ions. Oriental honey buzzard has

many color body variat ions and it also belongs to migratory and resident. The resident-type color

body is dark brown with 2-3 crested feathers. The nature of Oriental honey buzzard likes to at tack

the bee or wasp nests in order to eat the flyblow and drink the honey. The individual species that

was found in the survey area probably as the individual migration, considering its color that is

brighter, has no crested and the species usually migrates in a big flock and using the same path in

every migrat ion seasons. However, there is no literature that recorded the raptor migrat ion in the

survey area (Sumatera area).

The migrat ion season is from February to M ay during autumn migrat ion and from August to

November during spring migrat ion. M igratory raptor will stay during their winter migrat ion in the

dest inat ion locat ion.

photo: Aji photo: Gunawan

Figure 4-11 Oriental Honey Buzzard


h. Changeable Hawk-eagle

Changeable Hawk-eagle with scient ific name Nisaetus cirrhatus is protected species by Indonesia

Regulat ion with Least Concern conservat ion status from Red List Book IUCN. This species has an

extremely large range, the distribut ion of this species from India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, the M alay

Peninsula, the Philippines, Indonesia (Sumtera, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, and Nusa Tenggara).

The foods for this species are birds, rept iles and mammals. This species was found perched on a

dry t ree around the bridge and intersect ion Wellpad D.

Figure 4-12 Changeable Hawk-eagle perched on bridge area

i. Wallace’s Hawk-eagle

This species is protected by Indonesia regulat ion. IUCN categorized it into Vulnerable species. It is

resident in evergreen forests, chiefly in the lowlands and on lower hill-slopes, but has occasionally

been reported up to 1,000 m. It may tolerate some habitat degradat ion, having been recorded in

heavily logged forest in Kalimantan and Sumatra, and logged forest in M alaysia. However, a study

in M alaysia recorded it in primary forest prior to select ive logging, but not subsequent ly (IUCN,

2016).

Figure 4-13 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle perched on Wellpad A Area

This species also has a wide range distribut ion from Brunei, M yanmar, Thailand, M alaysia,

Sumatera, and Kalimantan. Their main preys are small birds, bats, and rept iles.


During field observat ion, this species was found perched near a lake near Wellpad D and the path

to Wellpad A. At another area at coffee plantat ion not far from Wellpad B, they were seen flying

and fight ing with the Black eagle.

Figure 4-14 Fight scene of Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Against Black Eagle (left) and Breeding Scene

(right)

j. Peregrine Falcon

Scient ific name of this species is Falco peregrinus. Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and

Arct ic parts of its range, moving from North America to South America, Europe to Africa, and

northern Asia to southern Asia and Indonesia. Those breeding at lower lat itudes or in the

Southern Hemisphere tend to be resident (del Hoyo et al. 1994). M igrat ing birds leave their

breeding sites between August and November, and return between M arch and M ay (Snow and

Perrins 1998). M igrants readily fly over sea and ocean. M ost birds t ravel singly or in pairs, even on

migration (Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001). It inhabits an extreme variety of habitats, tolerat ing

wet and dry, hot and cool climates, from sea level up to 4,000 m (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Birds

make up most of its diet , principally pigeons and doves (del Hoyo et al. 1994). In breeding site

eggs are usually laid in a scrape or depression in a rock face, with no nest being built (del Hoyo et

al. 1994).

This species is the fastest predator bird in the world's. There are about 19 sub-species spreading

almost all over the world, and migratory species. The main prey is birds, but they also prey small

mammals, lizards, bats, insects, and fish. Observed flies over the forest near Wellpad H, but not

certain migratory or resident species.

Figure 4-15 Peregrine Falcon


k. Blyth’s Hawk-eagle

This is protected species with conservat ion status of IUCN is Least Concern. This species has an

extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the

range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuat ing

range size, habitat extent/ quality, or populat ion size and a small number of locat ions or severe

fragmentat ion). Areas of distribut ion are M alay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatera and Kalimantan.

M ain preys of this species are bird, rept ile and small mammals.

Figure 4-16 Blyth’s Hawk-eagle perched close Wellpad B

On study area, this species found perched in Wellpad B and flew in pairs around Wellpad H.

l. Other Bird Species

Besides collect ing data of raptor species on the area, the team also compiled data of other bird

species. The monitoring results show that are 89 birds species of 39 families were found in the

survey area (Appendix 1):

a. 17 of them are protected by Indonesia law

b. 18 of them are included in Red-list Book of IUCN

c. 10 of them are included in CITES Appendix

d. 7 of them are migratory birds.

Accipit ridae (eagle groups) is a commonly found family with seven species, followed by

Campephagidae (6 species) and Pynonot idae (6 species).

Apart from Accipit ridae that has been discussed in Chapter b, other raptor family that is found in

the study area is Falconidae. Falconidae is a kestrel bird group.


Figure 4-17 Number of Species of Birds for Each Family

M igrant bird: Chest nut-w inged Cuckoo, phot o: Aji M igrant bird: Grey Wagtail, photo: Gunawan

Protect ed bird: Wreathed Hornbill, phot o: Wilson Protect ed bird: Bushy-crested Hornbill, photo: Aji

Figure 4-18 Other Bird Species Encountered During Field Visit

Figure 4-18 shows migratory and protected species birds that were encountered in the study

locat ion. Survey recorded two species of Hornbill groups; both species are part of the Bucerot idae

family. Indonesia Regulation protects the Bucerot idae family bird.

7

2 2

1

2

6

1

2

5

1

5

1 1

2

1

2 2 2 2

5

1

5

1

3

1 1 1

2

3

1 1

6

1

2

1

3

1 1

2

Accip

itridae

Alce

din

idae

Bu

cero

tidae

Ch

loro

pse

idae

Co

lum

bid

ae

Cu

cu

lidae

Dic

rurid

ae

Eu

ryla

imid

ae

Hiru

nd

inid

ae

Leio

thric

hid

ae

Mo

tacillid

ae

Mo

tacillid

ae

Parid

ae

Passe

ridae

Pic

idae

Psitta

cid

ae

Rallid

ae

Sittid

ae

Tu

rdid

ae

Zo

stero

pid

ae


m. Endemic Bird and Restricted-range Species

Survey was found four Sumatran’s endemic bird species, three of them were captured by camera

trap (Figure 4-19). A general descript ion the ecology of each of endemic species were found are

presented in the Table 4-7.

Table 4-7 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species

No Name Scientific Name Potential Habitat and Distribution Estimated extent of Occurrence

1 Salavadori's

Pheasant

Lophura

inornata

This species can be found at alt iudes

between about 650 and 2,200 m

(2,130 and 7,220 ft). There are two

subspecies; L. i. inornata being

relatively common and known from

many locations in the cent re and

south of the Barisan M ountains,

while L. i. hoogerwerfi, Hoogerwerf 's

pheasant , is rest ricted to the

northern part of the mountains and

has been seen infrequent ly.

The populat ion is est imated to

number 5,000-19,999 mature

individuals based on an assessment

of known records, descript ions of

abundance and range size. This is

consistent with recorded populat ion

density est imates for congeners or

close relatives with a similar body

size, and the fact that only a

proport ion of the est imated Extent

of Occurrence is likely to be

occupied. This est imate is roughly

equivalent to 7,500-30,000

individuals

(http:/ / www.iucnredlist .org/ , 2016)

Estimated extent of occurrence

(EOO) – 71,400 km2.

2 Red-billed

Part ridge

Arborophila

rubrirost ris

Occupants of the mountains forest at

an alt itude of 900-2500m. Shy bird

and stayed on the ground in small

groups. M ore like a moat moss and

dense undergrowth on a ridge.

The global population size has not

been quantified, but the species is

described as probably locally quite

numerous

(http:/ / www.iucnredlist .org/ , 2016).


(EOO) – 69,500 km2.


No Name Scientific Name Potential Habitat and Distribution Estimated extent of Occurrence

3 Bronze-

tailed

Peacock-

pheasant

Polyplect ron

chalcurum

Occupants of primary forest and

logged-over forests which are

common in Bukit Barisan, between

alt itudes of 800-1700 m. Commonly

have 2 eggs that incubate for 22

days.



reported to be fairly common in

places (del Hoyo et al. 1994).


(EOO) – 83,200 km2.

4 Cream-

st riped

Bulbul

Pycnonotus

leucogrammicus

Inhabit ing the primary forest ,

lowland and hill dipterocarp forest ,

also st ill be found in the peat swamp

forests and secondary forests,

mangrove, coastal vegetat ion, moor

/ t reeless f ields and cocoa

plantat ions, usually at an alt itude of

under 750-900 m, although it is st ill

found in alt itude of 1500 m in Sabah.

Less available information regarding

the feed and behavior. But it

estimated similar to C. hayii

consuming large sized fruits. One

t ree is used by three or more pairs of

nesting that is generally close to

st reams. Nesting developed in t ree

holes former termite and ant nests

around 1-10 m from the ground.



described as fairly common in mid-

elevat ion forests, although generally

uncommon in north Sumatra (del

Hoyo et al. 2005).


(EOO) – 63,000 km2.

Salvadori is found widespread in the study area; it is seen from the results of camera traps in

Table 4-14. The study noted 9 of 13 locat ions to capture its existence with high intensity.

Peacock-pheasant Salavadori's Pheasant


Red-billed Part r idge

Figure 4-19 Sumatran Endemic Bird Species that captured on Camera Traps

n. Potential Threat

Based on conversat ions with our local guide, some people enter the area to catch birds for pets,

t rading, and consumption. Usually they catch birds by glue trapping and mist-nett ing. The local

guide said that the main target is the Banded Pit ta (Pitta guajana) which is protected by Indonesia

Law and is also in CITES.

4.2.2.4 Large M ammals

a. Arboreal M ammals

Species and Distribution

Five species of primates were recorded in the study area, Siamang gibbon (Hylobates

syndactylus), Ungko (Dark-handed) gibbon (H. agilis), Simpai leaf-monkey (Presbyt is melalophos),

and Pig-tailed macaque (M acaca nemestrina). Long-tailed macaque was reported by people

inhabitant in study areas, but was not encountered during the field survey.

Table 4-8 Primates Species Found in PT SEM L Working Area and Conservation Status.

Name Conservation Status

Indonesian English Scientific name GOI IUCN CITES

Siamang Siamang gibbon Hylobates syndactylus P EN I

Ungko Dark-handed gibbon H. agilis P EN II

Simpai Sumat ran surili Presbyt is melalophos P EN II

Beruk Pig-tailed macaque M acaca nemest rina - VU II

M onyet ekor panjang Long-tailed macaque M . fascicularis - LC II

Note: IUCN: EN = Endangered, CR = Crit ical Endangered, CITES: I = Appendix I, II = Appendix II, GOI = Indonesia law

under PP 7/ 1999: P = Protected

The locat ions where primate groups were seen or heard is shown in M ap 4.

Species Description

Siamang (Hylobates syndactylus)

Siamang (H. syndactylus) was recorded as relat ively abundant in the PT SEM L Project area and

surroundings. Siamang was present at 19 locat ions in the study area based on observat ions from


M arch to June 2016 (Figure 4-20). Based on these findings, approximately 11 groups are predicted

to include this region within their home range. However, more research is required to improve

the accuracy of this est imate.

Based on direct encounters, the number of group members ranged from 2 to 4 individuals.

Group size was not determinable from vocalizat ions alone (indirect encounters).

Figure 4-20 Siamang migration by walking on the access road to Wellpad A.

Field observat ions showed that Siamangs are generally located in primary forests and hillsides,

especially at the edges of KSNP. Siamang is an arboreal species (always living up in t ree canopies).

Observat ions of Siamang walking on the ground crossing roads indicates this species has the

ability to adapt to habitats fragmented by roads or agriculture (Table 4-9).

Table 4-9 Individual of Siamang Presence in Study Area

No Observed Area Groups Name Individual Number

1 WP-D areas Hs-1 3

2 WP-D areas Hs-2 2

3 M ess areas Hs-3 2 (* )

4 M ess areas Hs-4 2

5 WP-B areas Hs-5 3 (* )

6 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-6 3

7 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-7 3 (* )

8 Danau kering areas (shrub swamp) Hs-8 3

9 Between WP-B and WP-A Hs-9 2 (* )

10 WP-F proposed areas Hs-10 3

11 WP-F proposed areas Hs-11 4

Not e: (* ) ident ified by great call and predict ed group size

Simpai / Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)

Sumatran surili was found to be a relat ively abundant species. The surveys ident ified 10 locat ions

where it was present. The number of members in each group ranged from 2 to 6 individuals.


Figure 4-21 Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos)

Sumatran surili is a species that easily adapts to habitat changes. In the study area, Simpai were

found in primary forest, secondary forest and scrub land around agricultural fields (Table 4-10).

Table 4-10 Individual of Surili Presence and Finding M ethodology


1 WP-H areas na (* )

2 WP-H areas na (* )

3 WP-B areas na (* )

4 WP-B areas na (* )

5 Road to WP-B areas na 6 - 8

6 Road to WP-D areas na > 10

7 WP-D areas na 6

8 WP-D areas na (* )

9 Office areas na 4

10 Office areas na 6

Note: (* ) identified by call as different groups; na : no group name

Ungko / Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)

Agile gibbon (H. agilis) is the sympatric gibbon species of Siamang in the working area of PT SEM L,

but its abundance is not high. Their presence was recorded at six locat ions, and only one group

was observed direct ly. Similar to Siamangs, Agile gibbon is an arboreal species that lives in

primary forests and hillside areas.

Figure 4-22 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis)


Table 4-11 Individual of Agile Gibbon Presence in Study Area


1 WP-E areas Ha-1 2 (* )

2 Office areas Ha-2 3

3 Office areas Ha-3 2 (* )

4 WP-B areas Ha-4 2 (* )

5 Danau kering areas Ha-5 3

6 WP-H areas Ha-6 2 (* )

Note: (* ) identified by call as different groups;

Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina)

Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M . nemestrina) was direct ly observed during field surveys. Two

encounters were made with a total of 8 individuals in one group. Southern Pig-tailed M acaque is a

primate species that is highly adapt ive to land cover changes. Their habitat is wide spread ranging

from primary forest up to resident ial areas.

Figure 4-23 Beruk or Southern Pig-tailed M acaque (M acaca nemestrina)

Six of the thirteen camera traps recorded this species on the ground which indicates that this

species has a wide distruibut ion range in the study area.

Table 4-12 Individual of Southern Pig-tailed M acaque Presence in Study Area

No Observed area Groups Name Individual Number

1 Office areas - 8

2 Camera t rap - 6


M ap 4 Distribution of Primate Groups


b. Terrestrial M ammals

Survey was performed using 10 camera traps at 13 locat ions. Camera trapping started

February 27, 2016 and cont inued unt il M ay 31, 2016. A total of 280 animal photos were

obtained. The camera trap locat ions are shown in Table 4-13.

Table 4-13 Camera Trap Locations

No. Camera ID Coordinate Elevation

Habitat Closed Location Longitude Latitude m asl

1 CT 1 736383 9819338 1658 Hill forest Wellpad I

2 CT 2 736489 9818790 1825 M ontane forest Wellpad F

3 CT 3 736440 9818220 2020 M ontane forest KSNP

4 CT 4 736292 9819809 1526 Hill forest Wellpad J


6 CT 6 737682 9819384 1473 Shrub swamp Wellpad B



9 CT 9 735635 9820191 1599 Hill forest KSNP


11 CT 11 738561 9818643 1448 Shrub swamp Wellpad B



Camera traps recorded 23 species i.e. 17 mammal species, four bird species, one rept ile

species and one amphibian species. The number of recorded mammals is about 20% of all

mammals in the KSNP area which totaled 85 species. M ammals found can be categorized as a

species that inhabit the forest edge unt il the forest interior, except Capricornis sumatraensis

(Serow), relat ively prefer forest cover area with steep topography. Complete list of found

mammals can be seen in Figure 4-24.

Figure 4-24 Percentage of Camera Trap Findings


The analysis results of the abundance of each species showed that the most abundant

mammal group is Rats (Rattus spp), followed by monkey apes and masked palm-civet .

Southern Pig-tailed M acaque is a primate species found on the ground relat ively more than

other primates that are usually arboreal and live in groups. M acaque groups inhabits forest

edge habitat, secondary forest and primary forest up to an alt itude of 2,000 m asl.

The graph below plots the correlat ion between effort (Traps Days) and number of species. The

number of species is increasing linearly with t rap days and does not yet shown indicat ions of

levelling off which suggests that species richness is higher st ill (Figure 4-25). M ore camera

trapping days are required to improve the est imate of total species richness.

Figure 4-25 Species Curve Area

Using camera traps species richness appears to be low. This may be due to habitat type, study

area size, methodology and study durat ion. Additionally, low species richness could be due to

high human act ivity in the study area. Field surveys show places around the Project site that

have been recent ly cleared for cult ivat ion. There are also indicat ions that hunt ing is taking

place as shown in camera trap photos (Figure 4-26).

Figure 4-26 Community Activities in Forest Area


Figure 4-27 Endangered Species Encountered During Survey

Camera trapping did not record the existence of t igers and tapirs, which were the primary

focus of this study. For t igers, based on the informat ion from locals, no presence has been

reported in this area. Neither was tapir encountered nor recorded in the camera traps; but it s

footprints were found in the study area. Another t rigger for crit ical habitat is the Sumatran

serow (Capricornis sumatransis) which was recorded in camera trap 3 (CT 3).

Sambar Deer

M asked Palm Civet

Bearded Pig

Golden Cat

M alayan Sunbear

Figure 4-28 Camera Traps Photos

SEM L-Biodiversity Act ion Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-33

Table 4-14 Wildlife Species Recorded by Camera Trapping.

No. Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Name Indonesia

Name English Name Number ER

Conservation

Status

1

Aves

10 11 12 13 2 3 5 7 9 Lophura inornata Sempidan

Sumatra

Salavadori's Pheasant 134 47.9 NT, Endemic of

Sumat ra

2 12 13 5 Arborophila rubrirost ris Puyuh

Gonggong

Sumatera

Red-billed Part ridge 3 1.1 LC, Endemic of

Sumat ra

3

2

M yoponus glaucinus Ciung Batu

Sumatra

Javan Whistling-thrush 7 2.5 LC, Endemic of

Sumat ra

4 13 Polyplect ron chalcurum Kuau Kerdil

Sumat ra

Peacock-pheasant 1 0.4 LC, Endemic of

Sumat ra

5 Herpeto-fauna

4 Varanus salvator Biawak Common Water M onitor 1 0.4 LC

6 4 Bufo sp. Kodok 1 0.4

7

M ammalia

1 2 5 Sus barbatus Babi Jenggot Bearded Pig 6 2.1 NT

8 1 10 2 4 7 5 Paguma larvata M usang

Bertopeng

Palm Civets 12 4.3

9 2 Hyst rix brachyura Landak M alayan Porcupine 2 0.7 LC

10 10 3 4 7 Catopuma teminckii Kucing Emas Asiat ic Golden Cat 10 3.6 NT, I , Protected

11 11 12 2 3 8 M unt iacus munt jack Kijang Common Barking Deer 10 3.6 Protected

12 13 2 4 9 M ydaus javanensis Teledu M alayan St ink Badger 9 3.2 Protected

13 11 5 Cervus unicolor Rusa Sambar Sambae Deer 2 0.7 Protected

14 11 12 3 4 Rat tus sp. Tikus 37 13.2

15 11 5 8 Tupaia montana Tupai Gunung 9 3.2 II

16 11 2 4 7 Prionodon linsang Linsang 5 1.8 II, Protected

17 10 2 Pardoffelis marmorata Kucing Batu M arble Cat 7 2.5 NT, I , Protected

18 2 M artes f lavigula M usang Leher

Kuning

Yellow-throated M arten 4 1.4 LC

19 4 Arcticit is binturong Binturong Binturong 1 0.4 PP7/ 1999

20 10 11 13 3 6 9 M acaca nemest rina Beruk Piq-tailed M acaque 12 4.3 Vu

SEM L-Biodiversity Act ion Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 4-34

No. Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Species Name Indonesia

Name English Name Number ER

Conservation

Status

21 13 4 Helarctos malayanus Beruang M adu M alayan Sunbear 3 1.1 Vu, I, Protected

22 4 9 Canis familiaris Anjing Kampung Domestic Dog 3 1.1

23 3 Capricornis sumatransis Kambing Hutan Sumatran Serow 1 0.4 EN, I, Protected

Total 280 100.0


M ap 5 Location of Terrestrial M ammals Species Recorded in the Study Area.


M ap 6 Distribution of Raptor Bird Sightings.


4.2.3 National and International Protected Areas

4.2.3.1 Project Location Eco-region

The Project and KNSP locat ions are shown in M ap 2-1. Project boundary of PT SEM L spans on two

ecoregions of Sumatra, the Sumatran Lowland Rain Forest and Sumatran M ontane Rain Forest .

Characterist ic of ecoregion types are described on www.panda.org.

a. Sumatran Lowland Rain Forests

This ecoregion is the largest on Sumatra Island, including the small islands of Simeulue, Nias, and

most of Bangka.

Climate: Based on the Köppen climate zone system, Sumatra falls in the t ropical wet climate zone

(Nat ional Geographic Society 1999). The lowland rain forests to the west of the Barisan Range

receive more rainfall (~6,000 mm/ year) than the lowland rain forests to the east (~2,500+

mm/ year). The Barisan Range blocks much of this rainfall. However, most of Sumatra experiences

less than three consecut ive months of dry weather (less than 100 mm rainfall/ month) (Whit ten et

al. 2000).

Vegetation: Sumatra's rain forests are quite diverse and contain levels of species diversity

comparable to those of the richest forests in Borneo and New Guinea and are much richer than

Java, Sulawesi, and other islands in the Indonesian Archipelago. Large, buttressed trees

dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae family characterize Sumatra's lowland rain forests. Woody

climbers and epiphytes are also abundant (Whit ten et al. 2000). The lowland rain forests of

Sumatra support 111 dipterocarp species, including 6 endemics. The emergent t rees, which can

reach 70 m tall, are also dipterocarps (Dipterocarpus spp., Parashorea spp., Shorea spp.,

Dryobalanops spp.) and, to a lesser extent, species in the Caesalpiniaceae family (Koompasia spp.,

Sindora spp., and Dialium spp.). Dipterocarps dominate the canopy layer as well. Other canopy

and understory t ree families that are common include Burseraceae, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiacae,

Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Lauraceae, and M yrist icaceae (Whit ten et al. 2000). Ground vegetat ion

usually is sparse-mainly small t rees and saplings of canopy species-and herbs are uncommon.

Figs (M oraceae) are also common in the lowland rain forest . There are more than 100 fig species

in Sumatra, and each species usually is pollinated exclusively by a single fig-wasp (Agaonidae)

species. Figs may produce (mast) from 500 to a million fruits twice a year and are important food

sources for many forest animals (M acKinnon 1986). Dipterocarps also use mast fruit ing, perhaps

to escape seed predat ion, by sat iating the appet ites of seed-predators and leaving the remaining

seeds to germinate (Whit ten et al. 2000). Sumatra once contained pure stands of rot- and insect-

resist ing ironwood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) forests. Ironwood is a member of the laurel family and

is distributed throughout southern Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Philippines. Ironwood forests

are dominated by Eusideroxylon zwageri but may have also contained Shorea, Koompasia, or

Intsia species as emergents (Whit ten et al. 2000).

b. Sumatran M ontane Rain Forests

This ecoregion represents the montane forests (>1,000 m) along the Barisan M ountain Range of

Sumatra. This region is located in the western part of the island of Sumatra, and rows of act ive

mountains, ranging from Aceh to Lampung Province.


Climate: Based on the Köppen climate zone system, Sumatra falls in the t ropical wet climate zone

(Nat ional Geographic Society 1999). The montane rain forests of the Barisan Range receive more

rainfall on their western slopes than their eastern slopes, which are in a rain shadow. However,

most of Sumatra experiences less than three consecut ive months of dry weather (less than 100

mm rainfall/ month), and rainfall in the montane rain forests averages more than 2,500 mm/ year

(Whit ten et al. 2000).

Sumatra's montane rain forests can be separated into three major forest zones: lower montane

forest , upper montane forest , and sub-alpine forest . Temperature and cloud level are the major

factors determining these forest zones. The lower montane zone forests are similar to lowland

rain forests but begin to get smaller. The canopy height typically is no more than 35 m high.

Emergents may extend to 45 m, but buttresses are rare. Lianas usually are absent, and epiphytes

such as orchid begin to increase in abundance. The upper montane zone sharply changes from

lowland rain forests. The canopy becomes even and rarely exceeds 20 m. Emergents may extend

to 25 m, but buttresses usually are absent. Trees rarely have compound leaves or lianas. Orchids

and other epiphytes such as moss, lichen, and liverworts are very common. Beyond this forest lies

the sub-alpine forest , a complex of grass, heath, and bog areas. Small, stunted trees may reach 10

m high, orchids become very rare, but moss, lichen, and liverworts are very abundant (Whit ten et

al. 2000).

Vegetation: The montane flora of Sumatra originates from two sources: local sources

(autochthonous) and areas that have a center of origin outside of Sumatra (allochthonous). The

local source can be divided into two categories: species that are characterist ic of lowland rain

forest , such as Dipterocarpaceae, Bombacaceae, and the genus Ficus (figs), and those that have a

large global latitudinal distribut ion such as pines, Cruciferae (e.g., mustard), Theaceae (e.g., tea),

and tree ferns. The allochthonous flora belong to genera whose species are found only in cold

climates, not near equatorial rain forests. These species in the t ropics are never found below

1,000 m and usually dominate the sub-alpine flora. Genera include Rhododendron, the pret ty

herbs Gent iana, and grass Deschampsia. M ost of these species dispersed from Asia or Australia

during cooler glacial periods when the Sunda region was a single landmass. Forest zones were all

350-400 m lower than their present height, providing numerous stepping stones (Steenis 1950).

The characterist ic vegetat ion in lower montane forests changes from Dipterocarpaceae, the

dominant lowland family, to Fagaceae (oaks) and Lauraceae (laurels). Lithocarpus, Quercus, and

Castanea are common genera in the Fagaceae family, and Cinnamomum burmansea, Persea

americana, and Litsea spp. are common Lauraceae species. Other families common to the lower

montane region include Cunoniaceae, M onimiaceae, M agnoliaceae, and Hamamelidaceae (FAO

1981; Whit ten et al. 2000). Tree ferns in the genus Cyathea are also common in the lower

montane forests. The upper montane forest is characterized by conifers (pines and related trees),

part icularly by the Ericaceae (Rhododendron, Vaccinium) and M yrtaceae (Eucalyptus, M elaleuca)

families. Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Leptospermum flavescens are also abundant in these

forests, which because of their smaller stature are called elfin forests. Lichens are common to the

drier parts of this zone, whereas mosses and liverworts are common in the moister parts of this

zone that coincide with where clouds form and are commonly called cloud or moss forests. The

sub-alpine zone is characterized by smaller specimens of the montane forest . There is also an

increased abundance of grasses (Agrost is and Festuca), rushes and sedges (Juncus, Carex, Scirpus,

and Cyperus), and small, colorful herbs (Whit ten et al. 2000).


Steep slope montane rain forest ecosystem

Shrub on accessed area

Vegetat ion types on t op of t he hill

Figure 4-29 M ontane Rain Forests in Study Area

Five of the sixteen species of the parasit ic Rafflesia plant are found in Sumatra and have been

recorded as high as 1,800 m on M t. Lembuh, Aceh province. Rafflesia arnoldii, which produces the

largest flower in the world, is found in this ecoregion. Its large brown-orange and white flowers

can reach 1 m in diameter. Rafflesia have no leaves, instead deriving all their energy from the

t issues of its host, the ground vine Tetrast igma. Large buds emerge from the vine and have five

large, flowery petals surrounding spikes, which smell like rot t ing meat and at t ract pollinat ing

insects (Whit ten et al. 2000; M acKinnon 1986).

4.2.3.2 Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP)

Kerinci Seblat was declared Nat ional Park based on Decree of M inister of Forestry (SK M enhut)

No. 736/ X-1982 and in 1996 the status was strengthened by SK. M enhut No. 192/ Kpts-II/ 96 on 5

January 1996 (1,368,000 ha) (www.birdlife.org). KSNP is located in four provinces: West Sumatra,

Jambi, Bengkulu, and South Sumatra. M ost of nat ional park area is located in South Bukit Barisan

mountain landscape.

KNSP Park was announced as an ASEAN Heritage Site and Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of

Sumatra by UNESCO in 2005, because it has a complete ecosystem and high biodiversity. KSNP is

the habitat of more than 85 recorded mammal species, 5 endemic and 23 listed threatened (4 CR,

3 EN, and 6 VU). KSNP is also designated as an important Bird Area by Birdlife Internat ional where

370 species of birds are listed, 13 being endemic and 58 threatened (1 CR, 1 EN, and 7 VU).


4.2.3.3 Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra and Asean Heritage Park

The 2.5 million hectares Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra site comprises three nat ional

parks: Gunung Leuser Nat ional Park, KNSP, and Bukit Barisan Selatan Nat ional Park. The Tropical

Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra holds the greatest potent ial for long-term conservat ion of the

diverse biota of Sumatra, including many endangered species.

View of M ount Kerinci (16 km away) from Project Field

Office

Unnamed Wat erfall

Figure 4-30 Landscape Features in KNSP

Besides being crit ical habitat for several threatened species, KSNP is designated as rainforest

heritage because of Gunung (mount) Kerinci (3,805 m asl) along with many other physical

features of except ional natural beauty, including; Lake Gunung Tujuh (the highest lake in

Southeast Asia), numerous other volcanic and glacial high-alt itude lakes, fumaroles, waterfalls,

cave systems, and steep rocky backdrops.

4.2.3.4 Important Bird Area (IBA)

KSNP is important habitat for Sumatran mountain species birds. Nine species of bird became the

trigger species for this Important Bird Area (Table 4-15).

Table 4-15 Populations of IBA Trigger Species

Species Season Period Population

Estimate

IBA

Criteria

IUCN

Category

Lophura inornata resident 2004 present A1 Near

Threatened

M asked Finfoot (Heliopais

personatus)

non-

breeding

2004 present A1 Endangered

Sumatran Ground-cuckoo

(Carpococcyx viridis)

resident 2004 present A1 Crit ically

Endangered

Javan Trogon (Apalharpactes

reinwardt ii)

resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable

Alcedo euryzona resident 2004 present A1 Crit ically

Endangered

Schneider's Pit ta (Pit ta schneideri) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable

Graceful Pit ta (Pit ta venusta) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable

Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa beccarii) resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable


Species Season Period Population

Estimate

IBA

Criteria

IUCN

Category

Large-billed Blue-flycatcher (Cyornis

caerulatus)

resident 2004 present A1 Vulnerable

Sources: www.birdlife.org

An IBA criteria A1 site is known or thought regularly to hold significant numbers of a globally

threatened species, or other species of global conservat ion concern. A site qualifies if it is known,

est imated or thought to hold a populat ion of a species categorized by the IUCN Red List as

Crit ically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable. In general, the regular presence of a Crit ical or

Endangered species, irrespect ive of populat ion size, at a site may be sufficient for a site to qualify

as an IBA. For Vulnerable species, the presence of more than threshold numbers at a site is

necessary to t rigger select ion. Thresholds are set regionally, often on a species by species basis.

The site may also qualify if holds more than threshold numbers of other species of global

conservat ion concern in the Near Threatened, Data Deficient and, formerly, in the no-longer

recognized Conservat ion Dependent categories. Again, thresholds are set regionally.


5 CRITICAL HABITAT ASSESSM ENT

5.1 Background Information

Desktop reviews and the biodiversity study trigger crit ical habitat criteria based on GN55, IFC PS6,

2012. Crit ical habitat is a descript ion of the most significant and highest priority areas of the

planet for biodiversity conservat ion. It takes into account both global and nat ional priority-set t ing

systems and builds on the conservat ion biology principles of 'vulnerability' (degree of threat) and

'irreplaceability' (rarity or uniqueness) (M ott M acDonald, 2013). Crit ical habitat assessment is

analysis of the significant areas for biodiversity and conservat ion.

Crit ical habitat criteria following form the basis of any crit ical habitat assessment:

Criterion 1: Crit ically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or

nat ional level

Criterion 2: Endemic and/ or restricted-range species

Criterion 3: M igratory and/ or congregatory species

Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems

Criterion 5: Key evolut ionary processes

The determinat ion of crit ical habitat is not necessarily limited to these criteria, however. Other

recognized high biodiversity values might also support a crit ical habitat designat ion, and the

appropriateness of this decision would be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Key examples are:

Criterion 6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II; and

Criterion 7: Internat ionally Recognized Areas.

GN58-GN62 of IFC PS6 describes the gradient of crit ical habitat . The gradients of crit ical habitat,

or the cont inuum of degrees of biodiversity value associated with crit ical habitats, are based on

the relat ive vulnerability (degree of threat) and irreplaceability (rarity or uniqueness) of the site.

5.2 Expert Adjustment Approach

The lack of detailed informat ion is a limitat ion of the CHA (Crit ical Habitat Analysis). This study

used species taxa experts for deliberat ion of crit ical habitat:

Dr. Wilson Novarino

Dr Wilson is biodiversity expert with vast experience. He is head of ecology laboratory on Biology

Faculty of Andalas University, Padang-West Sumatra. He is a representat ive of the Asian Tapir

group and registered on Felidae Specialist groups with IUCN. In addit ion, he is act ive in the

Indonesian bird community. He is one of the assessors for bird banding licenses in Indonesia.

Dones Rinaldi, M ScF

M r Dones is lecturer of wildlife ecology and behaviour on Forest Natural Resources Conservat ion

and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry - Inst itut Pertanian Bogor. He is a primates and spat ial analysis

expert and has over 20 years experience studying the ecology of primates, especially the gibbon.


Gunawan

Gunawan is the director of the Eagle Sanctuary Foundat ion. He is an expert in the field of raptor

and animal rescue and release. He became part in the study Endangered species to groups of

birds.

5.3 Discrete M anagement Unit and Assessment of Critical Habitat

A Discrete M anagement Unit (DM U) is defined in paragraph GN65 of GN 6 (IFC; 2012) as “ an area

with a definable boundary within which the biological communit ies and/ or management issues

have more in common with each other than they do w ith those in adjacent areas” . The concept is

central to the evaluat ion of crit ical habitat for Criteria 1 to 3, as the DM U is the geographical area

within which a species population is assessed for significance against the thresholds and criteria

used to determine if crit ical habitat is present.

Basic delimitat ion basis DM U is the est imate of the range area of key species, the Sumatran tiger.

Some literature describes the cruising area Sumatran t igers, according to a study Priatna (2011),

The home range size of each individual t iger est imated using 100% minimum convex polygon

(M CP) varies between 67.1 km2 and 400 km

2 for males while for the female was 610.3 km

2.

Priatna est iamated the range using satellite based, all t igers were fit ted with global posit ioning

system (GPS) collars. The collars were set to fix 24-48 locat ion coordinates per day.

The DM U boundary, defined based on the management boundary of Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park

(KSNP) Sect ion IV is presented on M ap 7. Total area of the DM U is about 672 km2.

Table 5-1 Gradient of Critical Habitat for Tier 1 and 2 Crit ical Habitat Criteria 1 to 3.

Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2

Crit ically Endangered

(CR)/ Endangered

(EN) Species

(a) Habitat required for sustaining ≥ 10 percent of the global population of

a CR or EN species/ subspecies where

there are known, regular occurrences

of the species and where that habitat

could be considered a discrete

management unit for that species.

(b) Habitat with known, regular

occurrences of CR or EN species

where that habitat is one of 10 or

fewer discrete management sites

globally for that species.

(c) Habitat that supports the regular

occurrence of a single individual of a CR

species and/ or habitat containing

regionally important concentrat ions of a

Red-Listed EN species where that

habitat could be considered a discrete

management unit for that species/

subspecies.

(d) Habitat of significant importance to

CR or EN species that are wide-ranging

and/ or whose population dist ribut ion is

not well understood and where the loss

of such a habitat could potentially

impact the long-term survivability of the

species.

(e) As appropriate, habitat containing

nat ionally/ regionally important

concentrat ions of an EN, CR or

equivalent nat ional/ regional listing.

2. Endemic/

Restricted Range

Species

(a) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 95 percent of the global population of an

endemic or rest ricted-range species

where that habitat could be

(b) Habitat known to sustain ≥ 1 per ent but < 95 percent of the global

populat ion of an endemic or restricted-

range species where that habitat could


Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2

considered a discrete management

unit for that species (e.g., a single-site

endemic).

be considered discrete management

unit for that species, where data are

available and/ or based on expert

judgment .

3. M igratory/

Congregatory Species

(a) Habitat known to sustain, on a

cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥ 95 percent of the global population of

a migratory or congregatory species

at any point of the species’ lifecycle

where that habitat could be

considered a discrete management

unit for that species.

(b) Habitat known to sustain, on a

cyclical or otherwise regular basis, ≥ 1 percent but < 95 percent of the global

populat ion of a migratory or

congregatory species at any point of the

species’ lifecycle and where that habitat

could be considered a discrete

management unit for that species,

where adequate data are available

and/ or based on expert judgment.

(c) For birds, habitat that meets BirdLife

Internat ional’s Criterion A4 for

congregations and/ or Ramsar Criteria 5

or 6 for Ident ifying Wet lands of

Internat ional Importance.

(d) For species with large but clumped

dist ributions, a provisional threshold is

set at ≥5 per ent of the glo al populat ion for both terrest rial and

marine species.

(e) Source sites that contribute ≥ 1 percent of the global population of

recruits.

To determine whether the project is located in crit ical habitat , a comprehensive literature review

and consultat ion with stakeholders and biodiversity specialists was undertaken. In addit ion,

biodiversity surveys were undertaken as part of the AM DAL and BAP for the Geothermal Project .

The following potent ial crit ical habitat features are known or likely to be present in the DM U:

Criterion 1: Crit ically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or

nat ional level

Criterion 2: Endemic and/ or restricted-range species

Criterion 3: M igratory and/ or congregatory species

Criterion 4: Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems

Criterion 6: Legally Protected Areas in IUCN Categories I-II;

5.3.1 Critically Endangered (CR) and/ or Endangered (EN) species at global and/ or national

level; Endemic and/ or restricted-range species; and M igratory and/ or congregatory

species

Crit ical Habitat Assessment for criteria 1, 2, and 3 are presented in Table 5-3.

5.3.2 Highly threatened and/ or unique ecosystems

Kerinci Seblat has a landscape with a unique ecosystem. Inside the park there is a unique

ecosystem in Rawa Bento, Ladeh Long and Lake Gunung Tujuh. Rawa Bento is a freshwater


swamp dominated by grass Bento (Leersia Hexandra), located at an alt itude of about 1,300

meters above sea level. Long Panjang is a peat swamp in the highlands of M ount Kerinci

(approximately 1,600 meters above sea level), the highest peat swamp in Southeast Asia. Lake

Gunung Tujuh (Approximately 1,600 meters above sea level) is a crater / hole volcanic explosion

in the surrounding ridge / ridge of the seven hills.

A unique ecosystem can not be found on the project site PT SEM L. Therefore, criterion 4 is not

applicable to the project site

5.3.3 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas

The DM U overlaps with KNSP; however, the Project footprint is not located within a legally

protected area as specified in IFC PS6 and Guidance Note 6. KNSP was announced as an ASEAN

Heritage Site and Tropical Rain Forest Heritage of Sumatra by UNESCO in 2005. KSNP is also

designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Birdlife Internat ional.

Based on the map of West Sumatera forest and water areas (at tachment to M inister of Forestry

Decree No SK.304/ M enhut-II/ 2011 and No. 422/ Kpts-II/ 1999 regarding Designation of Forest

Areas), the Project is located direct ly adjacent to Protect ion Forest and KSNP. Land status of the

Project sites is categorized as ‘other usage’ or Area Penggunaan Lain (APL) according to the

categorizat ion by the Indonesian Forestry M inistry.

As noted above, KSNP was inaugurated by the M inister of Agriculture in 1982 with Declaration

Letter No. 736/ M entan/ X/ 1982 as well as M inister of Forestry Decree of No. 192/ Kpts-II/ 1996.

Table 5-2 Legally Protected and Internationally Recognized Areas Overlapping DM U

Protected area Designation Area (ha) Overlap with DM U

(ha)

Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park 1,375,000 67,200

Kerinci Seblat Nat ional Park ASEAN Heritage 1,386,000 67,200

Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site 2,595,125 67,200

Kerinci Seblat Important Bird Area 1,484,650 67,200


M ap 7 Discrete M anagement Unit


Table 5-3 Critical Habitat Assessment for Criteria 1 to 3

No Species Distribution and

Conservation Status Description and Rationale

Critical Habitat Criterion Tier 1 Tier 2

1 2 3

A Bird

1 Red-billed Partridge

(Arborophila rubrirost ris)

Endemic of Sumatra From the DM U landscape, Table 4-6 is show the area of DMU approximately 1% of EOO area. The global populat ion size has

not been quant ified, but the species is reported to be fairly common in places (del Hoyo et al. 1994).

Based on expert adjustment , this species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for rest ricted-range species

(criterion 2), which means the habitats in the DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global populat ion.

Yes Yes

2 M asked Fin foot (Heliopais

personatus)

IUCN Crit ical

Endangered This species was not found in the Project area and study area. Based on community interviews, the communit ies have not

seen any presence of this species in the study area. However, based on expert judgement, presence of this species has a

low potent ial for occurrence.

In literature, populat ions are apparent ly in steep decline throughout its range, such that its populat ion is now thought to

number in the low thousands at most , and possibly fewer than 1,000 mature individuals (J. C. Eames in lit t. 2007). The last

records from Sumatra date back to 1996.

Yes

3 Salvadori's Pheasant

(Lophura inornata)

Endemic of Sumatra

Island Salvadori's Pheasant is endemic to Sumatera, Indonesia, where the nominate is known from at least ten localit ies in the

central and south Barisan mountain range and L. i. hoogerwerfi is found in northern Sumatera. Of the former, there are

recent records from Gunung Kaba and Gunung Kerinci, both within Kerinci-Seblat National Park, where it remained

relatively common during surveys in the late 1990s and early 2000s (F. Lambert in lit t . 2008) and was camera t rapped

multiple t imes (31 records) in 2004-2006 (Yoan Dinata et al. 2008), and Bukit Barisan Selatan Nat ional Park (where it has

also been camera t rapped [N. Winarni in lit t . 2004]). It was described as fairly common around Kerinci in the early 1900s. L.

i. hoogerwerfi is known historically from two females (both collected) and a male (glimpsed), in the Gayo Highlands, Aceh

province, within what is now the Gunung Leuser National Park.

The populat ion is est imated to number 5,000-19,999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records,

descript ions of abundance, and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or

close relat ives with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to

be occupied. This est imate is roughly equivalent to 7,500-30,000 individuals. Camera traps captured the existence of the

species is 9 of 13 camera traps locations.

This species is likely to meet the threshold under Tier 2 sub-criteria for rest ricted-range species (criterion 2), which means

the habitats in the DM U may support between 1 and 95% of the global populat ion.

Yes Yes

4 Sumatran Ground-cuckoo

(Carpococcyx viridis)

IUCN Crit ical

Endangered

Endemic of Sumatra

Island

This species is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is only known from eight specimens and a recent series

of sight ings, the majority of which have come from the Barisan M ountains in the southern half of the island (BirdLife

Internat ional 2001).

The population is estimated to number 50-249 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records, descriptions

of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or close relat ives

with a similar body size, and the fact that only a proportion of the est imated Extent of Occurrence is likely to be occupied.

This est imate is equivalent to 75-374 individuals in total, rounded here to 70-400 individuals.

Surveys did not record the existence of this species in either the study area or the Project footprint area.

Yes Yes

5 Sumatran

Trogon (Apalharpactes

mackloti)

Endemic of Sumatra

Indonesia Protected This species is mentioned on list of Important Bird Area (IBA) t rigger species for KSNP. This species is endemic to Sumatra

Island. The surveys did not record existence of this species both in study area or project foot print area.

Yes Yes





1 2 3

6 Schneider's Pit ta (Pit ta

schneideri)

Endemic of Sumatra

Island

Indonesia Protected

Pit ta schneideri is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where its known range spans a large part of the Barisan

range (from Gunung Sibayak, North Sumatra, to Gunung Dempo, South Sumatra) (BirdLife Internat ional 2001). Historically it

was very common in the Gunung Kerinci area, but a period of over 70 years followed before it was rediscovered on the

mountain in 1988 (Hurrel 1989). Camera t rapping at Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park has recorded the species as often

as Banded Pit ta (Pit ta guajana), which is not considered to be a rare species. However, camera t rapping at KSNP in west -

central Sumatra failed to record the species (Dinata et al. 2008). True dist ribut ion and abundance remain poorly

understood, owing primarily to a lack of survey effort in many areas of potent ially suitable forest , but improved knowledge

of its call may lead to further sites being discovered in the future.


descript ions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or


be occupied. This est imate is equivalent to 3,750-14,999 individuals, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals.


Yes Yes

7 Graceful Pit ta (Pit ta

venusta)

Endemic of Sumatra

Island

Indonesia Protected

Pit ta venusta is endemic to the highlands of Sumatra, Indonesia (BirdLife Internat ional 2001). Records are infrequent , and

the species was thought to be rare or very local, occurring in pockets. The apparent paucity of records and known sites may

largely reflect a lack of widespread survey coverage. Increasing knowledge of the species' call led to records at a number of

new sites, suggest ing that it may not be as rare as previously thought (N. Brickle in lit t. 2007). Given the destruct ion of

lowland and lower-montane forest in Sumatra, it must have declined.


descript ions of abundance, and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or




Yes Yes

8 Sumatran Cochoa (Cochoa

beccarii)

Endemic of Sumatra

Island

Cochoa beccarii is endemic to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, where it is known from just four specimens and a few sight

records (from five sites) along the Barisan M ts. However, observer coverage in likely areas across the remainder of the

range has been extremely low. Lit t le is known about its populat ion status, but it appears to occur at low densit ies, in

common with its congeners, and was considered very rare by collectors in the early 20th century. It is very unobtrusive, but

is recorded regularly in suitable habitat once calls are known (N. Brickle in litt . 2007). It may be declining owing to loss of

habitat in the lower portion of its alt itudinal range, although the majority of populat ions should be relatively secure.


descript ions of abundance and range size. This is consistent with recorded populat ion density est imates for congeners or




Yes

9 Black-thighed Falconet

(M icrohierax fringillarius)

Indonesia Protected This species is abundant and widespread with distribution in Brunei Darussalam; Indonesia; M alaysia; M yanmar; Singapore

and Thailand. Indonesia protects all species in family of Falconidae. This is a resident species with habitats in agriculture

areas and forest edges.

The population is est imated to number in the tens of thousands (IUCN, 2016). Surveys recorded the existence of this

species on Wellpad D and adjacent to the National Park area.

It is considered that habitat containing regionally important concentrat ions. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2

threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes Yes

10 Peregrine Falcon (Falco

peregrinus)

Indonesia Protected

M igratory bird Birds are highly migratory in the temperate and Arct ic parts of its range, moving from North America to South America,

Europe to Africa, and northern Asia to southern Asia and Indonesia. Those breeding at lower lat itudes or in the Southern

Hemisphere tend to be resident (del Hoyo et al. 1994). M igrat ing birds leave their breeding sites between August and

November, and return between M arch and M ay (Snow and Perrins 1998). M igrants readily fly over expanses of sea and

ocean. M ost birds t ravel singly or in pairs, even on migrat ion (Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001). It inhabits an ext reme

variety of habitats, tolerating wet and dry, hot and cool climates, from sea level up to 4,000 m ASL (del Hoyo et al. 1994).

The species was found once during the survey in June 2016. This species was recorded flying close to the top of M ount

Kerinci and in a forest area.

It is considered that the habitat characteristics and wide range dist ribut ion, the DMU area does not support nationally or

Yes Yes





1 2 3

globally important concentrat ions of this protected. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical

habitat in the DM U.

11 Tiger Shrike (Lanius

t igrinus)

M igratory bird The global populat ion size has not been quant ified, but the species is described as rare in China and Russia, relat ively

common in Korea, uncommon in Japan and locally uncommon to common throughout its non-breeding range (Harris and

Franklin 2,000). Brazil (2009) estimates that there are: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migrat ion

in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migrat ion in Korea; < c.100 breeding pairs and < c.50

individuals on migrat ion in Japan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil

2009).

There is no record of the abundance of this species nat ionally. However it is certain this species does not meet with the

criteria of t ier 1. Based on expert adjustment , the DM U area is more than 1% of the global populat ion of a congregatory

species as criterion A4 of Global IBA criteria. In the DM U it meets the t ier 2 threshold.

Yes Yes

12 Chestnut-winged Cuckoo

(Clamator coromandus)

M igratory bird The global populat ion size has not been quant if ied, but the species is reported to be fairly common (del Hoyo et al. 1997),

while the populat ion in China has been est imated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migrat ion

(Brazil 2009).

There is no record of the abundance of this species nat ionally. However it is certain this species does not meet the criteria

of t ier 1. Based on expert adjustment , the DM U area is more than 1% of the global populat ion of a congregatory species as

criterion A4 of Global IBA criteria. DMU may support between 1 and 95% of the global population, so it meets the t ier 2

threshold.

Yes Yes

13 Collared Kingfisher

(Halcyon chloris)

Indonesia Protected The Kingfisher bird groups are protected by Indonesian law. Nat ional and global populat ion size has not been quantif ied,

but the species is reported to be very widespread and common to abundant .

M ain habitats of this species are rivers and water bodies. Nationally, the dist ribution of this species is very wide and

commonly found throughout Indonesia. Therefore, this species does not meet the criteria for either t ier-1 or t ier-2.

Yes

14 Changeable Hawk-eagle

(Nisaetus cirrhatus)

Indonesia Protected The habitat of this species ranges over grasslands, forests, orchards, water bodies, tea plantat ions, forest near villages, even

up on the edge of urban areas. Generally it lives in elevat ions below 1,500 m above sea level although it somet imes has

been found up to an altitude of 2200 m above sea level.

In the Project area is recorded on surrounding wellpad, secondary forest and agriculture area. DM U may suitable for

regional important habitat concentration of protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2 threshold for

crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes Yes

15 Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle

(Nisaetus alboniger)

Indonesia Protected This species was recorded around wellpad and forest area, both primary and secondary. According to the IUCN, the global

dist ribution of this species only on the island of Sumatra, the northern part of the island of Borneo, M alaysia, Laos and

Thailand.

DM U may be suitable as a regionally important habitat concentration for protected species. Therefore, this species does

meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes Yes

16 Black Eagle (Ict inaetus

malayensis)

Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad distribution. Nat ionally, this species can be found in almost all areas of Indonesia. This species

was frequently recorded during the biodiversity study.

It is considered that the habitats in the DM U do not support nat ionally important concentrat ions of this protected species.

Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes

17 Rufous-bellied Eagle

(Hieraaetus kienerii)

Indonesia Protected The populat ion is est imated to number 1,000-10,000 individuals, roughly equating to 670-6,700 mature individuals (IUCN,

2016). This species is widely dist ributed from the western part of Indonesia to Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei Darussalam;

Cambodia; China; India; Lao People's Democrat ic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Nepal; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Viet

Nam.

In the study area, this species was recorded close to the Office area when perching to hunt prey. It is considered that the

habitats in the DMU do not support nat ionally important concentrat ions of this protected species. Therefore, this species

does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes

18 Crested Serpent Eagle

(Spilornis cheela)

Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad dist ribut ion. In Indonesia, this species was recorded throughout the island of Sumatra, Borneo

and Java.

Based on expert adjustment , It is considered that the habitats in the DM U do not support nat ionally important

Yes





1 2 3

concentrat ions of this protected species. Therefore, this species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the

DM U.

19 Wallace’s Hawk-eagle

(Nisaetus nanus)

Indonesia Protected The populat ion size is preliminarily est imated to fall into the band 2,500 to 9,999 mature individuals. This equates to 3,750-

14,999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3,500-15,000 individuals. Nationally, no record of species numbers exist.

It is resident in evergreen forests, chiefly in the lowlands and on lower hill-slopes, but has occasionally been reported up to

1,000 m. It may tolerate some habitat degradation, having been recorded in heavily logged forest in Kalimantan and

Sumatra, and logged forest in M alaysia. However, a study in M alaysia recorded it in primary forest prior to select ive

logging, but not subsequently. In Indonesia, it can only be found in Sumatra and Borneo. This species was recorded in the

wellpad area and forest edge area.

Considered in terms of habitat containing nationally important concentrations of a protected species, DM U may be suitable

as a regionally important habitat concentrat ion of a protected species. Therefore, this species does meet the Tier 2

threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes Yes

20 Bushy-crested Hornbill

(Anorrhinus galeritus)

Indonesia Protected Hornbill species are protected by Indonesian Law. This species is only dist ributed on Sumatra and Borneo Islands. The global

populat ion size has not been quant ified, but the species is reported to be widespread but only locally common (del Hoyo et

al. 2001).

The population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction (del Hoyo et al. 2001) and poaching.

Generally, this species is found in forest edges and primary forests that have abundant fruit ing trees.

Considered in terms of habitat containing nationally important concentrations of a protected species, DM U may be suitable

for designation as a regionally important habitat for a concentration of a protected species. Therefore, this species does

meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes Yes

21 Wreathed Hornbill

(Rhyt iceros undulates)

Indonesia Protected This species has a wide range, dist ributed across Central Asia and South East Asia, including Bangladesh; Bhutan; Brunei

Darussalam; Cambodia; India; Indonesia; Lao People's Democrat ic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Thailand; Viet Nam.

In Indonesia, this species is more widespread than Bushy-crested Hornbills. There are no records about the populat ion and

habitat distribution. The populat ion is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentat ion

and, locally, hunt ing for food (del Hoyo et al. 2001). However, based on expert adjustment , this species does not meet the

criteria for t ier 1 or t ier 2.

Yes

22 Pied Fantail (Rhipidura

javanica)

Indonesia Protected This species has a very broad dist ribution. Globally it is spread across Australia; Brunei Darussalam; India; Indonesia;

M alaysia; M yanmar; New Caledonia; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Timor Leste; and Vanuatu. This species can be

found throughout the islands of Indonesia.

There is no record of research or other literature that explains the abundance and dist ribut ion of habitat. Based on expert

adjustment , areas of the DM U do not support nat ionally important concentrat ions of this protected species. Therefore, this

species does not meet the Tier 2 threshold for crit ical habitat in the DM U.

Yes

23 White-throated Fantail

(Rhipidura albicollis)

M igratory bird The global populat ion size has not been quant ified, but the species is described as common (del Hoyo et al. 2006). The

populat ion is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substant ial threats.

This species has a very broad distribution, through Bangladesh; Bhutan; Cambodia; China; India; Indonesia; Lao People's

Democratic Republic; M alaysia; M yanmar; Nepal; Thailand; and Viet Nam. In Indonesia, this species has been recorded in

the mountainous areas of the western part of Sumatra Island.

This species is widespread and there are no records of the populat ions and habitat dist ribut ion. Based on expert judgment ,

DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populations of some of the migratory

raptor species listed above. This part of the DM U is likely to meet the crit ical habitat Tier 2 criterion.

Yes Yes

24 Asian Brown Flycatcher

(M uscicapa latirost ris)

M igratory bird There is evidence to suggest that the European population (200,000-510,000 pairs, occupying 50-74% of the global

breeding range) has declined by up to 30% over ten years (three generat ions), but this may reflect shifts in breeding

populat ions, populat ions in Asia are not thought to be declining and wintering populat ions in Africa appear to be

increasing.

The populat ion size is unknown, but the species is described as common to locally common in much of its range (del Hoyo

et al. 2006), while nat ional population estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on

migration in China; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and < c.50 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-100,000

breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Korea; c.100-100,000 breeding pairs and c.50-10,000

individuals on migrat ion in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia

Yes Yes





1 2 3

(Brazil 2009).

Indonesia has no records for the habitat dist ribut ion and populat ions of this species. This species can be found on Sumatra,

Java, Kalimantan, and East Nusa Tenggara. Indonesian is used as a non-breeding area when wintering, while the breeding

areas are in Africa.

Based on expert judgment , DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populat ions

of this migratory species. This part of the DM U is likely to meet the crit ical habitat Tier 2.

25 Crested Honey Buzzard

(Pernis pt ilorhynchus)

Indonesia Protected

M igratory bird Birds in the northern part of its range are migratory, arriving at breeding grounds in April and M ay and leaving again

between August and October. Further south the species is sedentary (del Hoyo et al. 1994). It migrates by flapping as well

as soaring, enabling it to cross expanses of water. Small groups generally form on migration, but otherwise the species is

generally seen singly or in pairs (Ferguson-Lees and Christ ie 2001).

It inhabits woodland of various climatic types, preferring broad-leaved forests; it is recorded up to 1,800 m (del Hoyo et al.

1994). Diet Bees and wasps (usually larvae) form the main part of its diet (del Hoyo et al. 1994). Breeding site The nest is

built in the fork of a tree (del Hoyo et al. 1994). The species requires forest , although not necessarily old growth: it has been

recorded to move back into irrigated forest plantations in Pakistan (del Hoyo et al. 1994).

The global population is est imated to number c.100,000-1,000,000 individuals (Ferguson-Lees et al. 2001), while nat ional

populat ion estimates include: c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in China; < c.100

breeding pairs, c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migrat ion and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.10,000-100,000

breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migrat ion in Korea; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000

individuals on migrat ion in Japan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia

(Brazil 2009).

In Indonesia, there are no records for the habitats distribution and populations of these species. This species can be found

on Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan. In this study, this species was recorded in agriculture and forest areas.

Based on expert judgment , DM U may sustain on a cyclical basis more than 1% and less than 95% of the global populat ion,

so this part of the DM U is likely to meet the crit ical habitat criteria for Tier 2.

Yes Yes

26 Cream-striped Bulbul

(Pycnonotus

leucogrammicus)


not been quantif ied, but the species is described as fairly common in mid-elevat ion forests, although generally uncommon

in north Sumatra (del Hoyo et al. 2005).



Yes Yes

27 Red-billed Partridge

(Arborophila rubrirost ris)


not been quant ified, but the species is described as probably locally quite numerous (ht tp:/ / www.iucnredlist .org/ , 2016).



B M ammals

1 Sumatran Tiger (Panthera

t igris)

IUCN Crit ical

Endangered

Indonesia Protected

The survey did not find the t iger, either using camera traps or t ransect methods. Community interviews indicate in the

Project area no one has encountered t igers for at least the last 15 years. Generally, the Tigers can be found in core habitat

of the KSNP area. Results of the monitoring report conducted by KSNP indicate Tiger were recorded at about 3 to 4 km f rom

the Project area.

The Sumatran Tiger occurs in about 58,321 km² of forested habitat in 12 potent ially isolated Tiger Conservat ion Landscapes

totalling 88,351 km² (Sanderson et al. 2006), with about 37,000 km² protected in ten nat ional parks (Govt of Indonesia

2007). The t iger populat ion was est imated at 400-500 in the first and second national t iger action plans (Govt of Indonesia

1994, 2007a), and at 342-509 in six major protected areas (est imates from Shepherd and M agnus 2004). However,

incorporating more recent research, covering most t iger estimated habitat (Sanderson et al. 2006) suggests the population

could be higher.

Yes

2 Pangolin (Manis javanica) IUCN Crit ical

Endangered

Indonesia Protected

The survey did not find pangolin, either using camera traps or t ransect methods. Communities have never seen pangolin in

the study area.

There is virtually no informat ion available on populat ion levels of any species of Asian pangolin and no comprehensive

populat ion estimates. This species is rarely observed, principally because of its increasing rarity, but also because it is

secretive, elusive, and primarily nocturnal. There is a paucity of research on populat ion densit ies at local, nat ional, and

Yes





1 2 3

global scales (WCM C et al. 1999, CITES 2000).

3 M alayan Tapir (Tapirus

indicus)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected

Survey was recorded on surrounding project area and study area. Tapirus indicus occurs in southern and central parts of

Sumatra (Indonesia), and on the Asian mainland in Peninsular M alaysia, Thailand (along the western border and on the

Peninsula south to the M alaysian border, and in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in the north), and M yanmar (south of

lat itude 18°N). In Sumatra, Indonesia, over 50% of the remaining forest is outside M alay Tapir habitat . The concern that

illegal logging and forest encroachment would result in the loss of all forest outside conservat ion areas by 2005 does not

seem to hold up, and large t racts of tapir habitat st ill persists in Sumatra. Yet , Novarino maintains that habitat destruct ion

has cont inued significant ly in the 2008-2014 period in Sumatra, both inside and outside protected areas. Localized hunt ing

in Sumatra also occurs as well as elsewhere in its dist ribut ion range, but there is no evidence of systematic act ivit ies

targeting the species. M ost off-take results from accidental snaring, road kills (M agintan et al. 2012) and retaliat ion killing

by local villagers (Novarino pers. comm.). In the past , several Indonesian zoos, especially Pekanbaru, t raded in live tapirs for

sale to other Indonesian zoos or private collect ions, or for sale as meat in local markets. Fifty tapirs were reported passing

through the Pekanbaru Zoo since 1993 with some of these animals likely to have originated from protected areas. While

impossible to confirm, this practice appears to have been greatly reduced, possibly as a result of Indonesia’s economic

prosperity and bigger awareness among local communities. In addition, the format ion of organizat ions such as the Round

Table for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) has resulted in a large port ion of the palm oil industry commit ting to protect ing and

managing high conservat ion value areas, rather than to convert it all to agricultural land. This has reduced the speed of

habitat conversion, and in some places even reversed it due to RSPO-principles that require members to rehabilitate HCV-

areas that were destroyed post 2005. Whereas the threat status for the species has not changed notably in the 2008-2014

period there is far bet ter understanding of what causes the populat ion decline. There exists no accurate populat ion

est imate of tapirs in Sumatra, but it is ant icipated to be below 400-500 adult individuals.

The DM U may support habitat of this species regular occurrence and habitat containing regionally important where that

habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion

Yes Yes

4 Dhole (Cuon alpinus) IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected The survey did not find Dholes, either using camera t raps or t ransect methods. Communities indicate they have never seen

dholes in the study area.

Historically, Dholes occurred throughout both Sumatra and Java; however, their current dist ribut ion on both islands is

fragmented and greatly reduced. On Sumatra, Dholes have recent ly been confirmed in several nat ional parks along the

Barisan M ountain range, ranging from the northern to southern parts of the island (e.g., Gunung Leuser, Kerinci Seblat and

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks; FFI, WCS and WWF country programs unpubl. data). Dholes also have been recent ly

confirmed in several protected areas in lowland forests in the east-central part of the island (e.g., Tesso Nilo and Bukit

Tigapuluh Nat ional Parks, Harapan Rainforest and Batang Hari Protect ion Forest ; FFI and WWF country programs unpubl.

data). On Java, Dholes have recently been confirmed in nat ional parks only in the ext reme western (e.g., Gunung Gede

Pangrango, Ujung Kulon and Gunung Halimum Salak National Parks) and eastern (e.g., Baluran National Park and Alas

Purwo National Park) parts of the Island (A. Ario pers. comm.). They are likely ext irpated in other regions of the island.

The Dhole is a habitat generalist , and can occur in a wide variety of vegetat ion types, including: primary, secondary and

degraded forms of t ropical dry and moist deciduous forests; evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; temperate deciduous

forests; boreal forests; dry thorn forests; grassland–scrub–forest mosaics; temperate steppe; and alpine steppe.

Consequent ly, their elevation range is from sea level to as high as 5,300 m asl in Ladakh (R. Simpson pers. comm.). They

have not been recorded in desert regions.

Yes

5 Agile Gibbon (Hylobates

agilis)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected

Survey was recorded on surrounding project area and study area. Generally, these groups found in secondary forest .

O'Brien et al. (2004) performed a populat ion assessment in 2002 on agile gibbons in Bukit Barisan Selatan Nat ional Park,

Sumatra, Indonesia. Using calling counts in both forest edge and interior habitats, and basing their est imate on forest cover

area in the park, they calculated a populat ion of 4,479 agile gibbons (CV = 30%). Density est imates for this species range

from 1.4-2.8 individuals/ km2 in Bukit Barisan Selatan (O'Brien et al. 2004), and 6-11.4 individuals/ km

2 in KNSP (Yanuar 200)


habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion.

Yes Yes

6 Sumatran Surili (Presbyt is

melalophos)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected Surveys recorded this species in the vicinity of the Project area and study area. Generally, these groups are found in

secondary forest and modified habitat .

This species is relat ively common (Aimi and Bakar 1992) in its remaining and appropriate habitat , but its occurrence is very

patchy and fragmented.

The species is tolerant of habitat conversion to a degree (V. Nijman pers. comm.), and can be found in disturbed and

Yes Yes





1 2 3

secondary forest areas. It has also been found in primary and secondary hill rainforest , shrub forest and plantat ions. This

species is primarily folivorous, but will also consume fruits, f lowers, and seeds. Its home range has been observed to be 14-

29.5 ha and its daily distance moved is about 300-1,360 m.

7 Siamang (Symphalangus

syndactylus)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected The study ident if ied 10 gibbon groups in the study area. In the Project area, Siamang groups were commonly found in

secondary forest and some groups in the primary forest surrounding riparian areas.

In a study on this species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, O'Brien et al. (2004) calculated an average group

density of one group for every 2.23 km2, with an average group size of 3.9, and a population est imate of 22,390 individuals.

In Kerinci Seblat , Yanuar (2001) recorded densit ies of 11.4 – 18.4 ind/ km2 in montane and submontane ecosystems.

DM U supports appropriate habitat for Siamang groups as endangered and protected species. This part of the DM U meets

the criterion of Tier 2.

Yes Yes

8 Sumatran Serow

(Capricornis sumatraensis)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected This species captured on camera t raps in the nat ional park area. In Indonesia (Sumatra), it is limited almost ent irely to the

volcanic mountain chain of the Barisan mountains which runs along the western spine of Sumatra from Aceh in the north to

Lampung in the south. Although suitable habitat is more extensive within these mountains (Santiapillai and Widodo, 1989),

there are only three known major concentrat ions: the Aceh highlands in the north, the Kerinci highlands in the centre and

the Barisan Seletan highlands in the south.

No population est imates have been made in Indonesia. Although vulnerable to poaching and habitat destruction, Serow

appears to thrive well in some of the bet ter protected areas such as Gunung Leuser Nat ional Park. Here the Serow

populat ion may be healthy and increasing (M. Griff iths pers. comm., 1992). The species is considered 'rare' in Taratak

Forest Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia, based on a camera trapping survey undertaken in 2005.

DM U support appropriate habitat for Serow as an endangered and protected species. This part DM U meet criterion of Tier

2.

Yes Yes

9 Smoky Flying Squirrel

(Pteromyscus

pulverulentus)

IUCN Endangered Surveys did not record this species in vicinity of the project area and study area. This species is hard to find because of

nocturnal species, lives in tree hollows in tall and undisturbed primary forest . According to Bornean and M alay records it is

probably a rare species, as it is rarely seen even in primary forest . So, even in opt imum habitat it is not abundant . There are

probably two relatively secure populations (with not large numbers) in M t . Kinabalu Nat ional Park M alaysia and in the

nearby protected area.

Yes

C Flora

1 Kerinci Pine (Pinus merkusii

st rain)

Endemic of Kerinci This species is not observed during biodiversity study. P. merkusii st rain Kerinci spread around the Kerinci M ountain.

Natural stands relative cluster in an area that is not so widespread in Bukit Tapan Natural Reserved, Sungai Penuh, Bukit

Terbakar and Pungut M udik. Alt itude 1500 - 2000 meters above sea level (Harahan and Aswandi, 2008).

Heavy hilly topography with slopes between 80% to 85%, and alt itude 900 m above sea level. P. merkusii Kerinci st rains

naturally grow on soil type of Red Yellow Podzolic and Podsol, Latosol and Litosol. Climate includes type A and B with the

average annual rainfall of 1900-2000 mm (Cooling, 1968).


habitat could be considered a discrete management unit. This part DM U is likely meet under Tier 2 criterion.

Yes Yes


5.4 Priority Biodiversity Features

Table 5-4 summarizes Table 5-3 in explaining the biodiversity features that meet the threshold for

crit ical habitat in the DM U. DMU qualifies as crit ical habitat based on findings of the biodiversity

study, literature review, and expert just ificat ion.

Table 5-4 Biodiversity Features M eeting Threshold for Critical Habitat of DM U

Species Status CH Criteria

Bird

Cream-striped Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogrammicus) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)

Red-billed Partridge (Arborophila rubrirost ris) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)

Salvadori's Pheasant (Lophura inornata) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)

Red-billed Partridge (Arborophila rubrirost ris) Endemic of Sumatra Island C2(2)

Black-thighed Falconet (Microhierax fringillarius) Indonesia Protected C1(2)

Tiger Shrike (Lanius tigrinus) M igratory bird C3(2)

Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) M igratory bird C3(2)

Changeable Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) Indonesia Protected C1(2)

Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus alboniger) Indonesia Protected C1(2)

Wallace’s Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus nanus) Indonesia Protected C1(2)

Bushy-crested Hornbill (Anorrhinus galeritus) Indonesia Protected C1(2)

White-throated Fantail (Rhipidura albicollis) M igratory bird C3(2)

Asian Brown Flycatcher (Muscicapa lat irost ris) M igratory bird C3(2)

Crested Honey Buzzard (Pernis pt ilorhynchus) M igratory bird

Indonesia Protected

C1(2); C3(2)

M ammals

Agile Gibbon (Hylobates agilis) IUCN Crit ical Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Sumatran Surili (Presbyt is melalophos) IUCN Crit ical Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) IUCN Crit ical Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Sumatran Serow (Capricornis sumatraensis) IUCN Crit ical Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Asian Tapir (Tapirus indicus) IUCN Crit ical Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Flora

Kerinci Pine (Pinus merkusii st rain) Endemic of Kerinci C2(2)

5.5 Potential Biodiversity Features

Biodiversity studies did not record all potent ial target species in the project area; however, Table

5-4 can be modified to accommodate key species that t rigger crit ical habitat should they be

discovered.


6 IM PACT ASSESSM ENT AND M ITIGATION

6.1 Impact Evaluation

This chapter is a discussion of the potent ial impact of project act ivit ies on species and habitats.

PT SEM L Geothermal Project is located in crit ical habitat , but has a very small footprint area

compared to the overall area of the DMU. PT SEM L’s Geothermal Project is located in an edge

area of the DM U. This mean potent ial impacts that result are indirect impact such as pressure on

the core habitat .

Figure 6-1 Location of the Project and the Zonation of KNSP


The locat ion of a project within crit ical habitat does not mean that the project should not

proceed. IFC PS6 2012 focuses on appropriate mit igat ion and offset act ions to ensure net gain to

crit ical habitat in the country or region as a result of the presence of the project . Through wise

applicat ion of the mit igat ion hierarchy, measurable adverse residual impacts on the crit ical

habitat features are unlikely on this project (M ott M acDonald, 2013).

Habitat types around the Project site are secondary forest , scrub and dry land agriculture.

Table 6-1 is t rigger species of crit ical habitat found in/ or surrounding the project locat ion. Trigger

species found are most ly species that can readily adapt to disturbances. Primates found in

secondary forest , except Sumatran Surili are commonly found in scrub area bordering dry land

agriculture.

For birds, the project site is not their primary habitat . They use primary forest as core habitat for

shelter and cover. Raptors prefer more open landscapes such as secondary forest , scrub and

agricultural areas.

Table 6-1 Biodiversity Features Which M eet the Threshold for Critical Habitat that Found

Around Project Area

Species Status CH Criteria

Bird

Bronze-tailed Peacock-pheasant

(Polyplect ron chalcurum)

IUCN Crit ical Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C2(2)

Black-thighed Falconet

(M icrohierax fringillarius)

Indonesia Protected C1(2)

Chestnut-winged Cuckoo

(Clamator coromandus)

M igratory bird C3(2)

Changeable Hawk-eagle

(Nisaetus cirrhatus)


Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle



Wallace’s Hawk-eagle

(Nisaetus nanus)


Crested Honey Buzzard


M igratory bird

Indonesia Protected

C1(2); C3(2)

M ammals

Agile Gibbon

(Hylobates agilis)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Sumatran Surili

(Presbytis melalophos)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Siamang

(Symphalangus syndactylus)

IUCN Endangered

Indonesia Protected

C1(2)

Flora

Kerinci Pine

(Pinus merkusii st rain)

Endemic of Kerinci C2(2)


6.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Priority Species and Associated Habitats

6.2.1 M igratory and/ or congregatory species and critically endangered and/ or endangered

species at global and national level

Impact Assessment Analysis of the Project act ivities is divided according to the stage in the

AM DAL document. The qualitat ive analysis of impacts is based on expert adjustment in

accordance with the characterist ics of the species and its habitat . In detail, impact predict ion for

crit ical habitat t rigger species are presented in Table 6-2.

6.2.2 Evaluation of Impacts on Protected Areas

PT SEM L Geothermal Project is unlikely to have any adverse impacts on any legally protected or

internat ionally recognized areas. This is because the Project is not located in any of these areas

and no indirect impacts on the Nat ional Park are likely.

6.2.3 Evaluation of Impacts on Ecosystem Service

PT SEM L Geothermal Project is unlikely to have any adverse impacts on any environmental

services. This is because the project has minimal ut ilizat ion of natural resources components such

as water, and vegetat ion clearing to develop the Project area is very small compared with the

DM U. The impact to environmental services is insignificant.

6.3 Strategy for Additional M itigations

6.3.1 Avoidance

Performance Standard 6 (IFC, 2012a) requires Projects potent ially affect ing crit ical habitat to

demonstrate that it is not possible to avoid areas of crit ical habitat through viable alternat ive

opt ions in the region for Project development on habitats that are not crit ical.

6.3.2 M inimization

When avoidance of impacts is not possible, measures to minimize impacts and restore

biodiversity and ecosystem services should be implemented. Reduce or minimize the durat ion,

intensity and/ or extent of any impacts that are not feasibly avoidable.

6.3.3 Restoration

Remedy (mit igate/ restore) any impacts on site that cannot be avoided or reduced. M easures

taken to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems or restore/ reinstate cleared ecosystems. Opt ions for

creat ing suitable condit ions post project -closure will be defined based on results of research. A

programme of research and study has been developed to improve knowledge of the ecological

requirements of species and the habitat and to support development of an effect ive restorat ion

programs.

6.3.4 Offsets

Offset or compensate for any residual impacts that cannot be avoided, reduced or remedied on

site. The need for offsets will be reviewed following a phase of monitoring. Project development

is phased over t ime and allows for a period of monitoring and research.


Table 6-2 Biodiversity Impact Assessment for M igratory and/ or congregatory species and Critically endangered and/ or endangered species at global and national level

Species Species

Characterist ic

PROJECT IM PACTS & DURATION for SPECIES AND HABITAT

CONSIDERATION REM ARKS Key Issue Exploration Stage

PRE-

CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION STAGE

(Wellpad, Power Plant

and Transmission Line)

POST-OPERATION Equipment &

M aterials

mobilizat ion

Land Preparation &

Wellpad Construct ion Well Drilling

Siamang

(Hylobates/ Symphalangus

syndactylus)

Arboreal

M onogamous

group

Sensit ivity : High

Adaptability :

M edium

Territory: High

Primate group is the

most impacted fauna

group. Direct impact on

exploration stage is land

clearing act ivity is

fragmentation habitat.

Impact that resulted

land cleared on

exploration stage is

show on Table 4-3.

The indirect impact is

the encroachment , ie

the change of forest to

agriculture or shrubs

that show on Figure 4-5.

Pre-

construction

stage of project

is not significant

impact for

species or

habitat .

The main impact

of this stage is

noise from

workforce

mobilizat ion,

t ransportation of

equipment and

materials.

No significant

impact for

habitat .

Direct potential

impact that is

likely to occur at

this stage is a

wildlife conflict.

The main impact is

deforestation and

noise, but scale of

the impact for

species is low

because area is

opened for

wellpads

approximately 3 ha

each.

Road construction

can lead to habitat

fragmentation of

habitat .

Direct potential

impact that is likely

to occur at this

stage is a wildlife

conflict.

Significant direct

impact is noise. It

is quite high but

the impact

durat ion is short ,

only during

drilling.

The direct impact of

the species is

relatively low, due to

the noise and

workforce

mobilizat ion have

been reduced. In

addit ion, the species

has been able to

adapt to a more

stable condition.

Potent ial direct

impact that is likely to

occur at this stage is

wildlife conflict.

At this stage have

a posit ive impact ,

both species and

habitats. The

main activity at

this stage is

rehabilitation.

Direct impacts for

this species are

relatively low,

especially due to

noise and high

act ivity in

wellpad. The

groups can move

to the other part

of homerange

temporarily,

except by hunt ing

act ivity.

Indirect impact to

species habitat

could be

categorized as

medium impact

by road

construction,

wellpad

preparat ion, land

clearing, and t rees

cut t ing.

Based on existing

Wellpads A, H and

B, Siamang gibbon

can adapt with

disturb condit ion.

Study findings

illustrate Siamang

adapt to

fragmentation by

walking on the

ground to move. It

is a potent ially for

incident when

t raffic levels in the

project area is high.

Case studies,

arboreal primates

can have the

potent ial of electric

shock on the t rack

of powerline.

Illegal hunting,

Land status and

Wildlife

conflict.

Agile Gibbon

(Hylobates agilis)

Arboreal

M onogamous

group

Sensit ivity : High

Adaptability :

M edium

Territory: High

Same as Siamng impact

predict ion

Pre-

construction

stage of project

is not significant

impact

(insignificant)

for species or

habitat , except

illegal hunting

(poaching),

occupancy, and

habitat

destruction by

people.

M ainly impacts of

this stage are

noise come from

workforce

mobilizat ion,

t ransportation of

equipment and

materials along

the road and

wellpad areas.

No significant

impact for

habitat .

Impacts of this

stage such as land

clearing in wellpads

and along road.

Significant impact

for habitat , but

scale of the impact

on the species is

not great because

the area is opened

for wellpads

approximately 3 ha

each, except for

road construct ion

which can lead to

fragmentation of

habitat .

Direct impacts

come from noise

This stage is a

significant direct

impact on the

species, because

the noise is quite

high. But the

impact is not

long runs, only

during drilling.

At this stage of the

operat ion, the direct

impact to the species

is relat ively low,

because noise and

workforce

mobilizat ion have

been reduced. In

addit ion. The species

has been able to

adapt to a more

stable condition.

Potent ial direct



wildlife conflict.

At this stage have

a posit ive impact

to both species

and habitats. The

main activity at

this stage is

rehabilitation.

Direct impacts for

this species are

relatively low,

especially due to

noise and high

act ivity in

wellpad. The

groups can move

to the other part

of home range

temporarily.

Indirect impact to

species habitat

could be

categorized to

medium impact

by road

construction,

wellpad

preparat ion, land

clearing, and

t rees cut t ing

Based on existing

act ivity at wellpad

and access road,

Ungko gibbon can

adapt with disturb

condition

Case studies,

arboreal primates

can have the

potent ial of electric

shock on the t rack

of powerline.

Illegal hunting,

Habitat

fragmentation,

Land status


Species Species

Characterist ic

PROJECT IM PACTS & DURATION for SPECIES AND HABITAT

CONSIDERATION REM ARKS Key Issue Exploration Stage

PRE-

CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION OPERATION STAGE

(Wellpad, Power Plant

and Transmission Line)

POST-OPERATION Equipment &

M aterials

mobilizat ion

Land Preparation &

Wellpad Construct ion Well Drilling

Sumatran Surili

(Presbytis melalophos)

Semi terrestrial

Un M ale group

Sensit ivity : High

Adaptability :

M edium

Territory: High

Same as Siamng impact

predict ion

Potent ial

impact on pre-

construction

stage of project

is insignificant

impact for

species or

habitat , except

illegal hunting

(poaching),

occupancy and

habitat

destruction by

people.

M ainly impacts of

this stage are

noise come from

workforce

mobilizat ion,

t ransportation of

equipment and

materials along

the road and

wellpad areas.

No significant

impact for

habitat .

Potent ial direct

impact that is

likely to occur at

this stage is

wildlife conflict.

Impacts of this

stage such as land

clearing in wellpads

and along road.

Significant impact

for habitat , but

scale of the impact

on the species is

not significant

because the area

that is opened for

wellpads is

approximately 3 ha

each, and the width

of land opened for

the road is less than

10 m. These species

can overcome this

condition because

they are semi-

terrest rial.

Direct impacts

come from noise.

Potent ial direct

impact that is likely

to occur at this

stage is wildlife

conflict.

This stage is a

significant direct

impact on the

species, because

the noise is quite

high. But the

impact is not

long runs, only

during drilling

done.

The impact on species

is categorized as low,

but has long durat ion.

Intermediate

adaptat ion level

makes this species

survive and

proliferate.

The direct impact of

the species is

relatively low,

because noise and

workforce

mobilizat ion have

been reduced. In

addit ion, the species

has been able to

adapt to a more

stable condition.

Potent ial direct



wildlife conflict.

At this stage have

a posit ive impact

to both species

and habitats. The

main activity at

this stage is

rehabilitation.

Direct impacts to

this species are

relatively low,

because the groups

can move to the

other part of

homerange

temporarily.

Surili is semi

terrest rial species.

They are not only

using tree to move,

but also terrest rial. It

is potential for an

incident when t raffic

levels in the project

area are high.

Case studies, arboreal

primates can have

the potent ial of

electric shock on the

t rack of powerline.

Illegal hunting,

Land status

Black-thighed

Falconet (M icrohierax

fringillarius)

Chestnut-winged

Cuckoo (Clamator

coromandus)

Changeable Hawk-

eagle (Nisaetus

cirrhatus)

Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle


Wallace’s Hawk-eagle

(Nisaetus nanus)

Crested Honey Buzzard


Sensit ivity : High

Adaptability :

Low - High

Territory: Low -

High

Land cover change is

provides habitat

diversity of birds groups.

This increases the feed

source.

The negat ive impact is

the increasing of

accessibility that causes

increasing of poaching.

The impact at

this stage is not

significant.

Project

act ivit ies are on

terrest rial area

and very small

disturb water

areas.

Noise is main impact

for this stage, but

the impact is

insignificant .

Durat ion of the

impact is short

At this stage act ivit ies

will be higher.

Deforestat ion and

noise will disrupt their

hunt ing activity. The

impact is small and

insignificant with

short durat ion.

Noise is main

impact for this

stage. The impact

is significant.

Durat ion of the

impact is short

The impact at this stage

is low but has long

durat ion

At this stage have

a posit ive impact

to both species

and habitats. The

act ivity has long

durat ion impact .

The direct impact is

low, they can move

to another location

within the range

area while indirect

impact is habitat

destruction and

ease of access that

allows illegal

hunt ing. The use of

pest icides in

agricultural areas

around the project

site could

potent ially be a

proliferat ion threat .

The group of birds

can adapt well to the

exist ing activity

project activit ies.

They can adapt and

proliferate. This is

because the

condition of the

forest at DM U area as

a habitat is st ill

categorized as very

good.

Poaching and

pest icide


6.4 Impacts on Priority Habitats

The Project is located south of KSNP at a distance of 0.5-2 km. Habitat types in project site area is

dominated by modified habitat (dry land agriculture, paddy field), while, Natural habitat types is

dominated by sub-montane secondary forest ecosystem in surrounding of Wellpad H, Wellpad F

(future) and Wellpad E. Ecologically, the project has no significant impact on unique habitat

ecosystem.

Sub-montane forest is located on ranges elevat ion 800 - 1,400 m asl. The differences of

vegetat ion structure were found in the woods on the west side to the east side of Bukit Barisan,

and between the south sides to the north side. Range canopy height of 35-45 m and 25-30 m is

st ill common. M yrtaceae and Fagaceae are the most dominant family t ree in this forest

ecosystem. Two variat ions of the forests types exist in sub-montane forest are bamboo forest and

Garcinia forest .

6.5 Impacts on Priority Species

6.5.1 Plants

The study did not record findings presence of flora with the important conservat ion status, such

as restrict range distribut ion or threatened species. Flora species are found in the survey areas are

commonly found in other areas in sub-montane forest ecosystem.

6.5.2 M ammals

Three species of threatened mammals that were found in surrounding project footprint area are

siamang gibbon, agile gibbon and sumatran surili. All three are primate group. The potent ial

impacts of project act ivit ies are:

Pre-construct ion stage of potent ial impact project is insignificant for species or habitat .

Construct ion and operat ion stage will increase human act ivity, such as t ransportat ion and

noise. Survey found some primate species are semi-terrestrial species, e.g. Siamang and

Sumatran Surili. Wildlife conflict potent ially occur in this stage is wildlife accident.

Construct ion and operat ion stage will increase human act ivity, such as t ransportat ion and

noise. Survey found some primate species is semi-terrestrial species, e.g. Siamang and

Sumatran Surili. Wildlife conflict potent ially occur in this stage is wildlife accident.

The indirect impact is increasing of poaching and deforestat ion that may occur throughout the

project stage. These are related to access road.

6.5.3 Birds

Generally, project act ivit ies do not have significant impact for the bird groups. M ain impact for

bird is noise and deforestat ion. In the construct ion stage, noise impact will increase, while

deforestat ion for project act ivity is categorized insignificant because it only requires a very small

area. Project area is home-range area and the core area of KSNP is the main habitat . Some of the

priority species that can adapt to edge areas is a group of hornbills and raptors. Although migrant

species was discovered in the study area but there was no habitat or landscape that has a large

concentrat ion of migrant species.


Birds are one of the targets of hunters. Although adjustment has no detailed discussion, but the

level of the group hunt ing of birds is quite high. Potent ial indirect impact is potent ial poaching

act ivity by community.

6.5.4 Amphibians and Reptiles

Study did not find any significant findings of herpeto-fauna group. IUCN has not recorded any

significant herpeto-fauna species found in this locat ion.

6.5.5 Summary of Impacts

Based on the review and impact assessment analysis of PT SEM L Geothermal project, potent ial

impacts for biodiversity and the habitat are:

Land clearing, this act ivity is to prepare the land for the new wellpad and facilit ies. The direct

impact of this act ivity is the loss of natural habitat in the form of sub-montane forest .

Secondary impact of this act ivity is loss of fauna habitat .

Noise is a main source of impact that has long-term impact. The species will be disturbed by

noise derived from construct ion and operat ions act ivit ies.

Land transportat ion, this act ivity will increase during construct ion and operat ion. Potent ial

impact is wildlife conflict , part icularly due to an incident. Priority species that will be affected

are terrestrial and arboreal species that st ill use the land for migrat ion.

The results of the evaluat ion of the literature and field act ivit ies, some key issues that become

indirect impact and challenges but not direct ly related with PT SEM L Geothermal project are:

Endangered species findings and habitat degradat ion

Group of primates habitats were found in disturbed area. The locat ion is vulnerable to hunt ing.

In addit ion, the massive changes of their habitat for agriculture led to habitat degradat ion and

fragmentat ion.

Land status of endangered species habitat

Despite of its forest cover, the project is located in ‘other use’ area. Therefore, natural habitats

changes to agriculture are difficult to prevent. Primate habitat is generally found in the area

bordering agriculture.

Poaching and deforestat ion

Pressure on KNSP is very high. The abundant access to forest area through walking tracks is

difficult to control and manage. This led to many hunters entering the forest area.


7 BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

7.1 Overview

Where biodiversity values of importance to conservat ion are associated with a project site or its

area of influence, the preparat ion of a BAP provides a useful means to focus a project ’s mit igat ion

and management strategy.

7.1.1 BAP Objectives

The BAP document addresses the management and mit igation of potent ial impacts caused by

project act ivity to biodiversity and ecosystems. Although the significance of the geothermal

Project ’s impacts to biodiversity are expected to be minor or negligible, specific management

measures are proposed for biodiversity, to manage any adverse impacts, and to achieve no net

loss of biodiversity values. General object ives of the BAP are:

M it igat ing potent ial impacts of the Project

M anaging impacts caused by the Project , either direct ly or indirect ly, part icularly on

endangered species and their habitats

Develop cooperat ion with part ies to manage the Project footprint landscape.

7.1.2 Priority Species and Associated Habitats

This BAP document of the PT SEM L Geothermal Project focuses on species and habitats affected

by the Project act ivity. Based on the impact assessment and discussions with experts, the

priorit ies for biodiversity conservat ion have been selected based on:

Global, nat ional and/ or regional conservat ion importance of some species and habitats in the

Study Area – this category includes rare, restricted-range, and threatened species in Indonesia

or globally (IUCN Red List), as well as the habitats where these species occur;

Trigger species for crit ical habitat , habitats and legally protected areas that are affected by the

Project

Biodiversity hot spot, arboreal mammal habitats in the study area mapped during the

biodiversity study.

Habitats

Sub-montane and montane ecosystem forest and KNSP;

Habitat of primate groups in secondary forest on steep slopes in the study area;

Natural water bodies, such as lakes, temporary shrub swamps, and rivers.

Species

Bird Species: raptor and migratory species groups and endemic species

Arboreal M ammals: Agile Gibbon, Sumatran Surili, and Siamang

Terrestrial M ammals: M alayan Tapir and Sumatran Serow.


7.2 External Engagement and Consultation

Consultat ions will be conducted using a workshop method. Part icipants are to be experts on

priority species, from local and nat ional universit ies, local government, and nat ional and local

NGOs interested to biodiversity and geothermal development.

The object ive of this act ivity is to obtain feedback, opinions, ideas, and related informat ion from

experts and mult iple other stakeholders regarding the Biodiversity Act ion Plan.

7.3 Activity Plans

The conservat ion act ions have been established with the aim of achieving ‘no net loss’ to

biodiversity in accordance with IFC PS6 (IFC, 2012a). IFC PS6 requires evidence that the mit igat ion

hierarchy has been applied, that avoidance is priorit ized, and that offsets are measurable and only

applied as a last resort where residual impacts are unavoidable.

The conservat ion object ives and act ions have been ident ified and developed based on:

Legal, policy, regulatory and third party requirements;

Internat ional and national standards, guidance, and best pract ice (e.g. IPIECA, 2005; IFC, 2007;

IFC, 2012a, 2012b; EBRD, 2008);

Inputs from priority species experts and the biodiversity study team.

A number of act ions have been ident ified to achieve each object ive, mit igate the impacts, and

address biodiversity problems. Under each sub-plan, the object ives and act ions relevant to impact

avoidance and reduct ion are presented first, as they have high priority. The object ives and act ions

will involve further monitoring and research, biodiversity enhancement, and stakeholder

engagement. The order of the act ions generally follows the mit igat ion hierarchy (Chapter 6.3),

but this is not always possible as one act ion can be relevant to more than one category in the

mit igation hierarchy.

Based on potent ial impacts and biodiversity issues on the Project landscape, a summary of

conservat ion object ives for PT SEM L’s BAP follows.

Action Plan 1 (AP1): M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the

Project area

M onitoring of endangered species and habitats is needed to determine the impact of the Project

act ivit ies, both direct and indirect . M onitoring results can be used as a basis for policy in

management of habitat and ecosystem conservat ion. M onitoring act ivit ies might be held

periodically (at least every 3 years).

Action Plan 2 (AP2): Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding

the Project area

KSNP is a very important area for biodiversity on Sumatra Island, with an area of 1.4 million

hectares. The size of forest area is disproport ional to the number of KSNP officers that supervise

the area. Therefore, many disturbances to KSNP area are difficult to control. Since the Project


area is direct ly adjacent to KSNP, the Company may part icipate in KSNP efforts to protect the

Nat ional Park.

Action Plan 3 (AP3): Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape around the

Project area

Collaborat ive management is needed to maintain the landscape. This relates to the findings of the

habitat of endangered species in the non-forested area. Local government has the authority to

manage the area outside the Project area. Efforts against abuses, such as poaching and clearing of

forests, require cooperat ion with law enforcement authorit ies. Although the Company is not part

of the landscape management authority, the Company can part icipate in the effort .

Action Plan 4 (AP4): Socialization to community for endangered species awareness

Reduct ion in illegal act ivit ies can be effected through an educat ional approach to the surrounding

community by the authorit ies with support from the Company by improving community

awareness on the importance of forest ecosystems and biodiversity. The Company may support

the socializat ion program by authorit ies to the communit ies surrounding the Project area.

7.3.1 AP 1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area

Current Status. The following protected and threatened terrestrial species have been recorded or

are likely to occur within the project area:

Endemic and restricted-range Bird species: Salvadori’s Pheasant

M igratory raptor bird: Oriental honey buzzard

All raptor bird species are protected by GoI

Protected (GoI)and threatened species (Red List of IUCN) of Arboreal M ammals: Agile Gibbon,

Siamang, and Sumatran Surili

Protected (GoI) and threatened species (Red List of IUCN) of Terrestrial M ammals: Asian Tapir

and Sumatran Serow

Protected (GoI) species of Terrestrial M ammals: M arble cat , Golden cat, Sambar deer, and

M alayan Sun bear

In addit ion to the above taxa the precaut ionary principle would suggest that the BAP incorporate

act ivit ies for the Sumatran t iger even though all evidence to date suggests that the t iger is not in

the immediate area. Similarly, the Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) and fat-nosed spiny rat

(M axomys inflatus) should be included in the BAP.


Table 7-1 Detailed Action Plan for M onitor IUCN Endangered Species and their habitats surrounding the Project area (AP1)

Detailed Action Plan

M itigation Hierarchy

Duration Target and Indicator

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AP1.1 Install warnings on ident if ied wildlife crossings Pre-Construction;

Construct ion and

Operation stage

Target: the access road user.

Indicator: Users of access road are asked to focus at tention

and reduce speed at wildlife crossings; no records of wildlife

incidents in Project area to date.

AP1.2 Conduct biodiversity assessment before land

clearing

Construct ion stage Target: Construct ion staff to be made aware of existence of

threatened species of f lora and fauna.

Indicator: No threatened fauna species on land clearings.

AP1.3 Collect native flora seed before land clearing Construct ion stage Target: Construct ion and Environment staff to be aware of

nat ive flora species on land clearings.

Indicator: Seeds of nat ive flora species in nursery.

AP1.4 Build Security post on access road Pre-Construction;

Construct ion and

Operation stage

Target: Security staff to be aware of access road t raffic, to

prevent hunters.

Indicators: Control ent rance gate, thereby reducing

unauthorized persons entering the Project area; Report

incidents of staff violating hunting rules.

AP1.5 M inimize noise and art ificial lighting at night during

construction

Pre-Construction;

Construct ion and

Operation stage

Target: No disturbance to birds and arboreal mammals

species through noise or light pollut ion.

Indicator: Evidence of provisions for minimizing light and

noise emissions during construction.

AP1.6 Assess the need for the installat ion of art if icial

crossing (crossing bridge) for endangered arboreal

mammals crossing in Project area

During Project

period

Target: Assess the need for the installat ion of artif icial

crossing bridge for endangered arboreal mammals; to be

confirmed following pre-construct ion surveys.

Indicator: Implementation of the decision on the need for





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art ificial crossing bridges.

AP1.7 Support research projects and conservat ion

programmes in Project area

During Project

period

Target: Provide support for external researchers, such as

universit ies, NGOs, and scientific groups, approved by PT

SEM L.

Indicator: Updated database and informat ion of biodiversity

in Project area.

AP1.8 Conduct biodiversity monitoring of endangered

species in Project area

During Project

period

Target: Validate monitoring endangered species

Indicator: updated database and informat ion of biodiversity

in Project area.

AP1.9 Conduct habitat rehabilitation with nat ive

vegetation in Project area

During Project

period

Target: Secondary forest and disturbed area surrounding

Project footprint , arboreal mammals’ habitats.

Indicator: improvement in quality of secondary forest and

disturbed areas, especially arboreal mammals’ habitats.

AP1.10 Prepare habitat maps for Project site using

satellite imagery

Before

construction stage

Target: Obtain satellite images for Project site and prepare

habitat maps before construct ion.

Indicator: Detailed habitat maps prepared and issued before

construction.

AP1.11 Control of invasive alien species During Project

period

Target: No invasive alien species is to be int roduced or

spread as a result of the Project .

Indicator: Project does not int roduce invasive alien species to

the Project site as a result of Project act ivit ies.


7.3.2 AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the

Project area

Current Status. PT SEM L’s Geothermal Working Area is direct ly adjacent to Sect ion IV of KSNP

with total area 44,000 hectares. KSNP is an important conservat ion area because the area is

habitat for hundreds of endangered, endemic, and crit ical species. Ecologically, KSNP is a very

important habitat for local, regional and global populat ions of threatened species.

Unfortunately, the importance of the Park is not matched with support ing management

resources. Pressure on the KSNP region is quite high. Although not abundant, camera traps

capture some of the presence of GoI-protected species and endangered species in the forest

edges of KSNP; in addit ion, camera traps also captured illegal act ivit ies, such as hunt ing and land

clearings. PT SEM L can help the Nat ional Park management protects the KSNP area.

At the present t ime, PT SEM L has cooperated with KSNP management to help secure the

Nat ional Park area. Several efforts have been made including the installat ion of warning signs,

support for rout ine patrols, and coordinat ion for sharing information about regional disturbances.


Table 7-2 Detailed Action Plan for Cooperate with KSNP to help protect National Park area surrounding the Project area (AP2)




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AP2.1 Install warning signs at the border of the Park. Pre-Construction Target: Provide informat ion and warnings to the community and

outsiders who want to get into the Nat ional Park.

Indicator: Evidence of installed warning signboards that inform

the presence of the National Park.

AP2.2 Conduct joint patrols to secure the Nat ional Park. During Project

period

Target: Reduce disrupt ion to the National Park.

Indicator: Number of joint patrols.

AP2.3 Establish communicat ion system for reporting

incidents such as poaching, wildlife conflict , illegal

forest clearing in the Nat ional Park, and forest fires.

During Project

period

Target: Good communications between PT SEM L and

management of KSNP.

Indicator: The establishment of incident response protocol with

KSNP.


7.3.3 AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project

area

Current Status. The study recorded threatened and protected species in the region’s “ other use”

lands (APL) outside the Project footprint . This landscape is dominated by modified habitat such

dry field agriculture, but it was found to have interconnected patched of forest . The survey noted

the presence of endangered primate species in these patches, such as Sumatran surili, Agile

gibbon, and Siamang. All three species are able to adapt to secondary forest and fragmented

natural habitat. Primates are the target of poaching, and therefore this group is very vulnerable to

poaching efforts. The target area of this act ion plan is other usage area (APL) outside of PT SEM L

working area.

PT SEM L has no authority outside of its work area; therefore, mult iple stakeholder collaborat ion is

needed to manage the environment, especially threatened species and their habitats.

In this act ion plan, PT SEM L is not a major actor because the success of this Plan depends on the

other stakeholders.


Table 7-3 Detailed Action Plan for Collaboration with Stakeholders to Protect the Landscape Surrounding the Project Area (AP3)




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AP3.1 Develop communication protocol with multi-

stakeholders for environmental management , such

as local government , police, and customary leaders.

During Project

period

Target: Sharing responsibility of environment management .

Indicator: Good communicat ion with related stakeholders.

AP3.2 Rout inely meet stakeholders to share updated

information related environment , especially

biodiversity and habitats.

During Project

period

Target: Sustainable communicat ion with stakeholder and

sharing informat ion.

Indicator: M inute of meet ing of stakeholder.

AP3.3 Support authorit ies to rehabilitate and restore

disturbed natural habitat , especially protect ion

area and endangered arboreal mammals’ habitat .

During Project

period

Target: support the authorites to restore habitat quality,

especially arboreal mammals habitat

Indicator: increasing of forest cover in protection zone, such

as riparian, steep area.

AP3.4 Support the development of arboreal mammal

corridor

During Project

period

Target: support the development of corridor for the

movement of endangered arboreal mammals, either artificial

corridor or natural habitat corridor.

Indicator: evidence of proof support of the development of

corridor for arboreal mammal hotspot habitat .


7.3.4 AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness

Current Status. The results of random interviews with local community members, poaching st ill

occurs in the area including KSNP. Although not their main job, the number of people who hunt is

quite high. Birds are the main target; however, some hunt terrestrial mammals using live t raps or

dogs.

In addit ion to hunt ing issues, land clearance such as the riparian zone and steep slopes, is quite

common in the APL zoned study area. This is dangerous because doing so can increase the risk of

landslides and erosion. Efforts to increase community awareness, guests and employees on

environmental issues, especially the issue of biodiversity and habitats should be done regularly.


Table 7-4 Detailed Action Plan for Socialization to community for endangered species awareness (AP4)




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AP4.1 Raise awareness of guest and employee staff of

PT SEM L

During Project

period

Target: All guests and employees of PT SEML are aware of the

importance of ecosystem, biodiversity, and the habitat ,

especially endangered species.

Indicator: Number of staff and contractors reached through

site induction programs, toolbox talks, and training. Number

of leaflets, office posters, wildlife photo competit ion, etc.

AP4.2 Raise awareness in the local communit ies on the

importance of endangered species and relevant

nat ional laws.

During Project

period

Target: Reduce threat to KSNP, endangered species and the

habitat and reduce the land clearing in protection area.

Indicator: Posters, billboards, banners of species

conservation and habitat , conservat ion posted at public

places, environmental educat ion in schools.


7.4 Role and Responsibilities

In addit ion to the measures defined by the mit igat ion hierarchy, the BAP also includes a number

of act ions that can be classified as enhancements in that they create addit ional biodiversity value

on the ground and act ions that do not direct ly lead to value creat ion, but rather indirect ly may

have a posit ive effect on the area, e.g. educat ion of local communit ies or research. These

enhancement act ions are called ‘Addit ional Conservat ion Act ions’ (ACAs). Summaries of act ion

plan and responsibilit ies of and stakeholder partnership are tabulated in Table 7-5 below.

Table 7-5 Summaries of Detailed Action Plan and Responsibilities



Responsible Partnerships and

Stakeholders

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AP1: M onitor IUCN Endangered species and their habitats surrounding the Project area

AP1.1 Install warnings on

ident if ied wildlife

crossings

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L

AP1.2 Conduct biodiversity

assessment before land

clearing

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Contractor

AP1.3 Collect native flora

seed before land

clearing

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Contractor

AP1.4 Build Security Post on

access road

X X Security staff,

Project M anager

AP1.5 M inimize noise and

art ificial light ing at

night during

construction

X X Contractor SHE,

Project M anager,

SHE staff of PT

SEM L

AP1.6 Assess the need for the

installation of art ificial

crossing (crossing

bridge) for endangered

arboreal mammals

crossing in Project area

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Project M anager

AP1.7 Support research

projects and

conservation

programmes in Project

area

X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Field Relat ions

Universit ies, NGOs,

research centers,

environmental

consultants, related

inst itut ions,

AP1.8 Conduct biodiversity

monitoring of

endangered species in

Project area

X SHE staff of PT

SEM L





Stakeholders

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AP1.9 Conduct habitat

rehabilitation with

nat ive vegetat ion in

Project area

X X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L

Contractor

AP1.10 Prepare habitat maps

for Project site using

satellite imagery

X X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Project

AP1.11 Control of invasive

alien species

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Contractor

AP 2: Cooperate with KSNP to help protect the National Park area surrounding the Project area

AP2.1 Install warning signs at

the border of the Park.

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L

KSNP management

AP2.2 Conduct joint patrols to

secure the Nat ional

Park.

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L and Security

KSNP management

AP2.3 Establish

communicat ion system

for report ing incidents

such as poaching,

wildlife conflict , illegal

forest clearing in the

Nat ional Park, and

forest f ires.

X X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Field Relat ions,

KTPB

KSNP management

AP3: Collaboration with stakeholders to protect the landscape surrounding the Project area

AP3.1 Develop

communicat ion

protocol with mult iple

stakeholders for

environmental

management , such as

local government ,

police, and customary

leaders.

X Field Relations,

SHE staff of PT

SEM L and

Local government (BLH,

Forest ry Agency), Police

officer, and Customary

leaders

AP3.2 Rout inely meet

stakeholders to share

updated informat ion

related to

environment ,

especially biodiversity

and habitats.

X Field Relat ions,

SHE staff of PT

SEM L and


Forest ry Agency), Police,

Customary leaders, KSNP,

NGOs

AP3.3 Support authorit ies to

rehabilitate and restore

disturbed natural

X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,


Forest ry Agency),





Stakeholders

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habitat , especially

protection areas and

endangered arboreal

mammal habitats.

Project M anager customary leaders, NGOs

AP3.4 Support the

development arboreal

mammals corridor

X SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

Project M anager


Forest ry Agency), NGOs,

Universit ies, research

centers, environmental

consultants

AP4: Socialization to community for endangered species awareness

AP4.1 Raise awareness of

guests and employees/

staff of PT SEM L

X

SHE staff of PT

SEM L,

KTPB

AP4.2 Raise awareness of

local communities on

importance of

endangered species

and relevant national

laws.

X

Field Relat ions,

KTPB,

SHE staff of PT

SEM L

Local Government

(education and culture

agency), customary

leaders

Chapter 7.3 and Chapter 7.4 present the Act ion Plan that will be implemented and

t imeline/ project stages, and responsible persons. Addit ional informat ion on the implementat ion

and coordinat ion of the BAP is provided in this sect ion.

The KTPB, Project M anager, and SHE officer will have the overall responsibility to ensure an

effect ive implementat ion of the protect ion and enhancement of biodiversity during construct ion

of the Project . The responsibilit ies of the KTPB, Project M anager, and SHE Officer include but are

not limited to:

Inform, explain, and where necessary enforce the biodiversity legislat ions, policies, and lender

requirements associated with the Project .

Enforce the ban on hunt ing across the Project area, raise awareness of the importance of the

ban among all employees.

Undertake patrols across the Project area and oversee and provide guidance on act ivit ies that

may affect the biodiversity features within the Project area.

Undertake and arrange for the clear demarcat ion of, and signage to restrict entry to,

ecologically sensit ive areas.

Provide advice to contractors regarding the ecological sensit ivit ies within the Project area and

region, and if necessary supervise contractors to ensure that they adhere to environmental

requirements to avoid or minimise disturbance to habitats, flora, and fauna.


Ensure the implementat ion of best pract ice guidelines on the prevent ion and management of

alien invasive species.

Develop working relat ions with local community groups, Nat ional Park management, land-

owners, land-managers, and business interests by maintaining close liaison with local

individuals and communit ies.

Provide advice to Project staff, as necessary, in relat ion to the conservat ion and management

of wildlife areas.

7.5 M onitoring, Evaluation and Reporting

7.5.1 M onitoring during Construction

For the construct ion phase the monitoring act ivit ies will include:

Daily monitoring of construct ion areas for leaks, spills, releases, improper waste disposal, and

unexpected occurrences.

Weekly monitoring of construct ion areas for general disturbance, and more intense when

there are potent ial wildlife conflict findings.

M onthly inspect ion of construct ion areas to monitor temporary working area size, number and

extent of temporary access routes, construct ion vehicle use of specified access routes, levels

of noise and light disturbance.

M onitoring of vegetat ion, endangered species and birds, mammals, rept iles, and amphibians

before vegetat ion clearance.

M onthly check of camera traps to monitor presence of terrestrial mammals, especially priority

species during the biodiversity monitoring period.

M onthly update and data compilat ion of the presence of endangered species on Project area.

M onitoring primate group populat ions in Project area and update periodically.

Daily monitoring of wildlife conflicts on transmission line route.

Daily M onitoring of PT SEM L access roads to secure them from poaching act ivity, in

cooperat ion with Security department.

7.5.2 Post Construction M onitoring

Addit ional monitoring will check for evidence of bird and primate incidents related to power plant

and powerline. This monitoring will happen monthly for one year.

7.5.3 Reporting

PT SEM L will be responsible for the following: report ing non-compliance incidents, correct ive

act ions, SHE trainings, and inspect ion reports.

PT SEM L will report externally on compliance with ecological mit igat ion requirements and BAP

implementat ion to the financing part ies and regulatory bodies.

Annual post-construct ion monitoring reports and reports on the BAP implementat ion will be

prepared and made available to regulatory bodies, financing part ies, research institutes, and

nature conservat ion NGOs. If evidence suggests a decline in the ecological condit ions relating

to the construct ion and operat ional act ivit ies of the Project then intervent ion and further

measures will be defined and implemented.


7.5.4 Evaluation

Project is unlikely to have any significant residual adverse impacts on the trigger features of

crit ical habitat and therefore no biodiversity offsets are required. Nevertheless, IFC PS6 requires

that for projects located in crit ical habitat (irrespect ive of impacts), a Biodiversity M onitoring and

Evaluat ion Program (BM EP) is prepared and integrated into the client ’s management program

(IFC, 2012a).

The aim of this BM EP is to monitor the natural landscape features, extent , quality, and spat ial

configurat ion of the habitats in relat ion to Project impacts, other Project act ivit ies, and other

human act ivit ies.

The object ives of this BM EP are to:

Undertake long-term monitoring to detect any significant changes in landscape.

Analyze monitoring and t ime series data and ident ify the reasons for any significant changes in

consultat ion with specialists, local communit ies, and other stakeholders.

7.5.4.1 M onitoring Indicators

Biodiversity monitoring indicators need to be realist ic, pract ical, simple, sensit ive to

anthropogenic impacts, dynamic (responsive to on-going changes), meaningful, and cost-effect ive

to monitor (World Bank, 1998; EBI, 2009). The monitoring for the BM EP will be undertaken at

several levels: Impacted Project area and priority species/ populat ions around Project area.

7.5.4.1.1 Project Impacted Area Landscape

Project impacted area was defined as the ecological boundary in the AM DAL document. Some

parameters monitored are:

Land cover and land use changes

Habitat type changes related to biodiversity

M ethodological approaches used are remote sensing and spat ial analysis. Land cover was

obtained from interpretat ion of satellite images with guidance of ground truth data. Land cover

and land use change analysis uses t ime series data.

Habitat analysis data are defined with analyses of species locat ion finding and literature review or

botanist field survey data of characterist ics of vegetat ion composit ion. Habitat mapping is

developed by combining present land-cover and land use data with detailed vegetat ion

informat ion. In future, the BM EP will repeat the habitat classificat ion every three years.

7.5.4.1.2 Species/ Populat ion Level

Species or populat ion levels are analyzed by monitoring t ime-series data. Baseline study already

ident ified distribut ion groups of Siamang, Sumatran Surili, and Agile Gibbon on the Project area.

M onitoring data are updated with group numbers and populat ions of each group.

The method used is line t ransect with a focus on obtaining data on populat ions of the primate

groups. For terrestrial mammals, camera traps are used and findings discussed with terrestrial

species experts to ident ify individuals.


7.5.4.1.3 Evaluat ion

This monitoring will be periodically evaluated to determine its effect iveness in meet ing the

object ives, and ident ifying any necessary remediat ion.

The findings of the above monitoring program will be evaluated every six years and the outcomes

will be used to adapt the management and ongoing mit igat ion measures.

M anagement intervent ions will need to be identified when there is a negat ive t rend in the areas

of natural habitat and/ or the connect ivity of the habitats. The threshold for intervent ions will be

when the area of any natural habitat has significantly decreased.


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Appendix 1

Bird Finding Result

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 II

List of Birds Species Found in Study Area during M onitoring Survey

No Name Family Status

Distribution Local English Scientific PP IUCN CITES

1 Alap-alap capung M icrohierax fringillarius Black-thighed Falconet Falconidae Protected LC II

2 Alap-alap kawah Falco peregrinus Peregrine falcon Falconidae Protected LC I

3 Apung tanah Anthus novaeseelandiae New Zealand Pipit M otacillidae LC

4 Bentet kelabu Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Laniidae

5 Bentet loreng Lanius t igrinus Tiger Shrike Laniidae M igrant

6 Bondol haji Lonchura maja White-headed M unia Est rildidae

7 Bondol peking Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia Est rildidae

8 Brinji gunung Iole virescens Olive bulbul Pycnonotidae

9 Bubut alang-alang Cent ropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Cuculidae

10 Bubut pacar jambul Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Cuculidae M igrant

11 Burung madu sepah-raja Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird Nectariniidae Protected

12 Burung madu sriganti Nectarinia jugularis Olive-Backed Sunbirds Nectariniidae Protected

13 Cabai bunga api Dicaeum t rigonost igma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeidae

14 Caladi belacan Dendrocopos canicapillus Grey-capped Pygmy Woodpecker Picidae

15 Cekakak sungai Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher Alcedinidae Protected

16 Cica daun kecil Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropseidae NT

17 Cikrak kutub Phylloscopus borealis Arct ic Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopidae

18 Cikrak mahkota Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern Crowned Leaf-warbler Phylloscopidae

19 Cinenen belukar Orthotomus at rogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird Cisticolidae

20 Cipoh jantung Aegithina viridissima Green Iora Aegithinidae NT

21 Cipoh kacat Aegithina t iphia Common Iora Aegithinidae

22 Ciung batu siul M yophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling-thrush Turdidae

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 III



23 Cucak gunung Pycnonotus bimaculatus Orange-spot ted Bulbul Pycnonotidae NT

24 Cucak kerinci Pycnonotus leucogrammicus Cream-st riped Bulbul Pycnonotidae

Endemic of

Sumat ra

25 Cucak kuning Pycnonotus dispar Ruby-throated Bulubul Pycnonotidae

26 Cucak kut ilang Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotidae

27 Elang brontok Nisaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC

28 Elang gunung Nisaetus alboniger Blyth’s Hawk-Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II

29 Elang hitam Ict inaetus malayensis Black Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II

30 Elang perut karat Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II

31 Elang ular bido Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle Accipit ridae Protected LC II

32 Elang wallace Nisaetus nanus Wallace’s Hawk-eagle Accipit ridae Protected Vu

33 Enggang klihingan Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill Bucerot idae Protected II

34 Gelat ik batu kelabu Parus major Great Tit Paridae

35 Gemak loreng Turnix suscitator Barred But tonquail Turnicidae LC

36 Gereja erasia Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passeridae

37 Jingjing bukit Hemipus picatus Bar-winged Flycatchershrike Campephagidae

38 Jingjing petulak Tephrodornis gularis Large Woodshrike Campephagidae

39 Julang emas Rhyt iceros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill Bucerot idae Protected II

40 Kacamata gunung Zosterops montanus M ountain White-eye Zosteropidae

41 Kacamata topi hitam Zosterops at ricapilla Black-capped White-eye Zosteropidae

42 Kadalan kembang Phaenicophaeus javanicus Red-billed M alkoha Cuculidae

43 Kangkok india Cuculus micropterus Indian Cuckoo Cuculidae

44 Kareo padi Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen Rallidae

45 Kekep babi Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow Art idae M igrant

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 IV



46 Kicuit batu M otacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail M otacillidae

47 Kipasan belang Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail Rhipiduridae Protected

48 Kipasan gunung Rhipidura albicollis White-throated Fantail Rhipiduridae M igrant

49 Layang layang asia Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Hirundinidae

50 Layang layang batu Hirundo tahit ica Pacif ic Swallow Hirundinidae

51 M adi injap Psarisomus dalhousidae Long-tailed Broadbill Eurylaimidae LC

52 M anyar tempua Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver Ploceidae

53 M erbah cerukcuk Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotidae

54 M unguk loreng Sit ta azurea Blue Nuthatch Sit t idae

55 Niltava kumbang padi Niltava grandis Large Niltava Picidae

56 Pelatuk kuduk kuning Picus f lavinucha Greater Yellownape Picidae

57 Perenjak gunung Prinia at rogularis Hill Prinia Cist icolidae

58 Pergam gunung Ducula badia M ountain Imperial Pigeon Columbidae

59 Pijantung tasmak Arachnothera f lavigaster Spectacled Spiderhunter Nectariniidae Protected

60 Poksai gent ing Garrulax mit ratus Chestnut-capped Laughingthrush Leiothrichidae

61 Punai gading Treron vernans Pink-necked Green Pigeon Columbidae

62 Raja udang kalung biru Alcedo euryzona Blue-banded Kingfisher Alcedinidae Protected CR

63 Sempidan sumatera Lophura inormata Salvadori’s Pheasant Phasianidae NT Endemic of

Sumat ra

64 Sepah dagu kelabu Pericrocotus solaris Grey-chinned M inivet Campephagidae

65 Sepah gunung Pericrocotus miniatus SundaM inivet Campephagidae

66 Sepah padang Pericrocotus divaricatus Ashy Minivet Campephagidae

67 Sepah tulin Pericrocotus igneus Fiery M inivet Campephagidae NT

68 Serindit melayu Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Psit tacidae II

SEM L-Biodiversity Action Plan-M AT-25 Jul 2016 V



69 Sibia ekor panjang Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed Sibia Leiothrichidae

70 Sikatan belang Ficedula westermanni Litt le Pied Flycatcher M uscicapidae

71 Sikatan biru laut Eumyias thalassina Pale Blue Flycatcher M uscicapidae

72 Sikatan bubik M uscicapa lat irost ris Asian Brown Flycatcher M uscicapidae M igrant

73 Sikatan emas Ficedula zanthropygia Yellow-rumped Flycatcher M uscicapidae

74 Sikatan kepala abu Culicicapa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher M uscicapidae

75 Sikep madu asia Pernis pt ilorhynchus Crested Honey Buzzard Accipit ridae Protected II M igrant

76 Srigunting kelabu Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Dicruridae

77 Takur api Psilopogon pyrolophus Fire-tufted Barbet M egalaimidae

78 Takur bukit M egalaima oort i Black-browed Barbet M egalaimidae

79 Takur Topi-merah M egalaima henricii Yellow-crowned Barbet M egalaimidae NT

80 Takur ungkut ungkut M egalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet M egalaimidae

81 Takur warna warni M egalaima mystacophanos Red-throated Barbet M egalaimidae

82 Tangkar uli sumatera Dendrocit ta occipitalis Sumatran Treepie Corvidae Endemic of

Sumat ra

83 Tekukur biasa Spilopelia chinensis Spot ted Dove Columbidae

84 Tepus dahi merah Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted Babbler Timaliidae

85 Tepus emas Stachyris chrysaea Golden Babbler Timaliidae

86 Tepus kepala hitam Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated Babbler Timaliidae

87 Uncal kouran M acropygia ruficeps The lit t le cuckoo-dove Columbidae

88 Uncal loreng M acropygia unchall Barred Cuckoo-Dove Columbidae

89 Wiwik uncuing Cacomant is sepulcralis Brush Cuckoo Cuculidae

Note: P - Protected

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