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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS ABSTRACT The Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings Handbook was developed to assist nuclear facility operating contractors in providing operators, maintenance personnel, and technical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding of engineering prints, their use, and their function. The handbook includes information on engineering fluid drawings and prints; piping and instrument drawings; major symbols and conventions; electronic diagrams and schematics; logic circuits and diagrams; and fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. This information will provide personnel with a foundation for reading, interpreting, and using the engineering prints and drawings that are associated with various DOE nuclear facility operations and maintenance. Key Words: Training Material, Print Reading, Piping and Instrument Drawings, Schematics, Electrical Diagrams, Block Diagrams, Logic Diagrams, Fabrication Drawings, Construction Drawings, Architectural Drawings Rev. 0 PR

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS

ABSTRACT

The Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings Handbook was developed to assistnuclear facility operating contractors in providing operators, maintenance personnel, andtechnical staff with the necessary fundamentals training to ensure a basic understanding ofengineering prints, their use, and their function. The handbook includes information onengineering fluid drawings and prints; piping and instrument drawings; major symbols andconventions; electronic diagrams and schematics; logic circuits and diagrams; and fabrication,construction, and architectural drawings. This information will provide personnel with afoundation for reading, interpreting, and using the engineering prints and drawings that areassociated with various DOE nuclear facility operations and maintenance.

Key Words: Training Material, Print Reading, Piping and Instrument Drawings, Schematics,Electrical Diagrams, Block Diagrams, Logic Diagrams, Fabrication Drawings, ConstructionDrawings, Architectural Drawings

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS

OVERVIEW

The Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook entitled Engineering Symbology,Prints, and Drawings was prepared as an information resource for personnel who are responsiblefor the operation of the Department's nuclear facilities. A basic understanding of engineeringprints and drawings is necessary for DOE nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel, andthe technical staff to safely operate and maintain the facility and facility support systems. Theinformation in the handbook is presented to provide a foundation for applying engineeringconcepts to the job. This knowledge will improve personnel understanding of the impact thattheir actions may have on the safe and reliable operation of facility components and systems.

The Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings handbook consists of six modulesthat are contained in two volumes. The following is a brief description of the informationpresented in each module of the handbook.

Volume 1 of 2

Module 1 - Introduction to Print Reading

This module introduces each type of drawing and its various formats. It alsoreviews the information contained in the non-drawing areas of a drawing.

Module 2 - Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

This module introduces engineering fluid diagrams and prints (P&IDs); reviewsthe common symbols and conventions used on P&IDs; and provides severalexamples of how to read a P&ID.

Module 3 - Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

This module reviews the major symbols and conventions used on electricalschematics and single line drawings and provides several examples of readingelectrical prints.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS, AND DRAWINGS

OVERVIEW (Cont.)

Volume 2 of 2

Module 4 - Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

This module reviews electronic schematics and block diagrams. It covers themajor symbols used and provides several examples of reading these types ofdiagrams.

Module 5 - Logic Diagrams

This module introduces the basic symbols and common conventions used on logicdiagrams. It explains how logic prints are used to represent a component'scontrol circuits. Truth tables are also briefly discusses and several examples ofreading logic diagrams are provided.

Module 6 - Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings

This module reviews fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings andintroduces the symbols and conventions used to dimension and tolerance thesetypes of drawings.

The information contained in this handbook is by no means all encompassing. Anattempt to present the entire subject of engineering drawings would be impractical. However,the Engineering Symbology, Prints, and Drawings handbook does present enough informationto provide the reader with a fundamental knowledge level sufficient to understand the advancedtheoretical concepts presented in other subject areas, and to improve understanding of basicsystem operation and equipment operations.

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Department of EnergyFundamentals Handbook

ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGS

Module 1Introduction to Print Reading

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Anatomy of a Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2The Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Grid System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Revision Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Notes and Legend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS,VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Categories of Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&IDs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Electrical Single Lines and Schematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Electronic Diagrams and Schematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Logic Diagrams and Prints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Drawing Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Views and Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print Reading

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Title Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 2 Example of a Grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 3 Revision Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 4 Methods of Denoting Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 5 Notes and Legends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 6 Example P&ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 7 Example of a Single Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 8 Example of a Schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 9 Example of an Electronic Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 10 Example of a Logic Print. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 11 Example of a Fabrication Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 12 Example of a Single Line P&ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 13 Example Pictorial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 14 Example of an Assembly Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 15 Example of a Cutaway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Figure 16 Example Orthographic Projection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 17 Orthographic Projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Figure 18 Example of an Isometric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

NONE

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REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print Reading

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National StandardsInstitute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,1968.

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given an engineering print,READ and INTERPRET the information contained in thetitle block, the notes and legend, the revision block, and the drawing grid.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

1.1 STATE the five types of information provided in the title block of an engineeringdrawing.

1.2 STATE how the grid system on an engineering drawing is used to locate a piece ofequipment.

1.3 STATE the three types of information provided in the revision block of an engineeringdrawing.

1.4 STATE the purpose of the notes and legend section of an engineering drawing.

1.5 LIST the five drawing categories used on engineering drawings.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction to Print Reading

Intentionally Left Blank.

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING

INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING

A through knowledge of the information presented in the title block, the revisionblock, the notes and legend, and the drawing grid is necessary before a drawingcan be read. This information is displayed in the areas surrounding the graphicportion of the drawing.

EO 1.1 STATE the five types of information provided in the title blockof an engineering drawing.

EO 1.2 STATE how the grid system on an engineering drawing is usedto locate a piece of equipment.

EO 1.3 STATE the three types of information provided in the revisionblock of an engineering drawing.

EO 1.4 STATE the purpose of the notes and legend section of anengineering drawing.

I ntr oduction

The ability to read and understand information contained on drawings is essential to perform mostengineering-related jobs. Engineering drawings are the industry's means of communicatingdetailed and accurate information on how to fabricate, assemble, troubleshoot, repair, and operatea piece of equipment or a system. To understand how to "read" a drawing it is necessary to befamiliar with the standard conventions, rules, and basic symbols used on the various types ofdrawings. But before learning how to read the actual "drawing," an understanding of theinformation contained in the various non-drawing areas of a print is also necessary. This chapterwill address the information most commonly seen in the non-drawing areas of a nuclear gradeengineering type drawing. Because of the extreme variation in format, location of information,and types of information presented on drawings from vendor to vendor and site to site, alldrawings will not necessarily contain the following information or format, but will usually besimilar in nature.

In this handbook the terms print, drawing, and diagram are used interchangeably to denote thecomplete drawing. This includes the graphic portion, the title block, the grid system, the revisionblock, and the notes and legend. When the words print, drawing, or diagram, appear in quotes,the word is referring only to the actual graphic portion of the drawing.

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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print Reading

Anatomy of a Dr awing

A generic engineering drawing can be divided into the following five major areas or parts.

1. Title block2. Grid system3. Revision block4. Notes and legends5. Engineering drawing (graphic portion)

The information contained in the drawing itself will be covered in subsequent modules. Thismodule will cover the non-drawing portions of a print. The first four parts listed above provideimportant information about the actual drawing. The ability to understand the informationcontained in these areas is as important as being able to read the drawing itself. Failure tounderstand these areas can result in improper use or the misinterpretation of the drawing.

The T itle Block

The title block of a drawing, usually located on the bottom or lower right hand corner, containsall the information necessary to identify the drawing and to verify its validity. A title block isdivided into several areas as illustrated by Figure 1.

Fir st A r ea of the T itle Block

The first area of the title block contains the drawing title, the drawing number, and liststhe location, the site, or the vendor. The drawing title and the drawing number are usedfor identification and filing purposes. Usually the number is unique to the drawing andis comprised of a code that contains information about the drawing such as the site,system, and type of drawing. The drawing number may also contain information such asthe sheet number, if the drawing is part of a series, or it may contain the revision level.Drawings are usually filed by their drawing number because the drawing title may becommon to several prints or series of prints.

Second Ar ea of the T itle Block

The second area of the title block contains the signatures and approval dates, whichprovide information as to when and by whom the component/system was designed andwhen and by whom the drawing was drafted and verified for final approval. Thisinformation can be invaluable in locating further data on the system/component design oroperation. These names can also help in the resolution of a discrepancy between thedrawing and another source of information.

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING

Thir d A r ea of the T itle Block

Figure 1 Title Block

The third area of the title block is the reference block. The reference block lists otherdrawings that are related to the system/component, or it can list all the other drawings thatare cross-referenced on the drawing, depending on the site's or vendor's conventions. Thereference block can be extremely helpful in tracing down additional information on thesystem or component.

Other information may also be contained in the title block and will vary from site to site andvendor to vendor. Some examples are contract numbers and drawing scale.

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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print Reading

Dr awing Scale

All drawings can be classified as either drawings with scale or those not drawn to scale.Drawings without a scale usually are intended to present only functional information aboutthe component or system. Prints drawn to scale allow the figures to be renderedaccurately and precisely. Scale drawings also allow components and systems that are toolarge to be drawn full size to be drawn in a more convenient and easy to read size. Theopposite is also true. A very small component can be scaled up, or enlarged, so that itsdetails can be seen when drawn on paper.

Scale drawings usually present the information used to fabricate or construct a componentor system. If a drawing is drawn to scale, it can be used to obtain information such asphysical dimensions, tolerances, and materials that allows the fabrication or constructionof the component or system. Every dimension of a component or system does not haveto be stated in writing on the drawing because the user can actually measure the distance(e.g., the length of a part) from the drawing and divide or multiply by the stated scale toobtain the correct measurements.

The scale of a drawing is usually presented as a ratio and is read as illustrated in thefollowing examples.

1" = 1" Read as 1 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 inch (on the actualcomponent or system). This can also be stated as FULL SIZE inthe scale block of the drawing. The measured distance on thedrawing is the actual distance or size of the component.

3/8" = 1' Read as 3/8 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 foot (on the actualcomponent or system). This is called 3/8 scale. For example, if acomponent part measures 6/8 inch on the drawing, the actualcomponent measures 2 feet.

1/2" = 1' Read as 1/2 inch (on the drawing) equals 1 foot (on the actualcomponent or system). This is called 1/2 scale. For example, if acomponent part measures 1-1/2 inches on the drawing the actualcomponent measures 3 feet.

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING

Gr id System

Because drawings tend to be large and complex, finding a specific point or piece of equipmenton a drawing can be quite difficult. This is especially true when one wire or pipe run iscontinued on a second drawing. To help locate a specific point on a referenced print, mostdrawings, especially Piping and Instrument Drawings (P&ID) and electrical schematic drawings,have a grid system. The grid can consist of letters, numbers, or both that run horizontally andvertically around the drawing as illustrated on Figure 2. Like a city map, the drawing is dividedinto smaller blocks, each having a unique two letter or number identifier. For example, when apipe is continued from one drawing to another, not only is the second drawing referenced on thefirst drawing, but so are the grid coordinates locating the continued pipe. Therefore the searchfor the pipe contained in the block is much easier than searching the whole drawing.

Figure 2 Example of a Grid

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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print Reading

Revision Block

As changes to a component or system are made, the drawings depicting the component or systemmust be redrafted and reissued. When a drawing is first issued, it is called revision zero, and therevision block is empty. As each revision is made to the drawing, an entry is placed in therevision block. This entry will provide the revision number, a title or summary of the revision,and the date of the revision. The revision number may also appear at the end of the drawingnumber or in its own separate block, as shown in Figure 2, Figure 3. As the component orsystem is modified, and the drawing is updated to reflect the changes, the revision number isincreased by one, and the revision number in the revision block is changed to indicate the newrevision number. For example, if a Revision 2 drawing is modified, the new drawing showingthe latest modifications will have the same drawing number, but its revision level will beincreased to 3. The old Revision 2 drawing will be filed and maintained in the filing system forhistorical purposes.

Figure 3 Revision Block

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING

Changes

There are two common methods of indicating where a revision has changed a drawing thatcontains a system diagram. The first is the cloud method, where each change is enclosed by ahand-drawn cloud shape, as shown in Figure 4. The second method involves placing a circle (ortriangle or other shape) with the revision number next to each effected portion of the drawing,as shown in Figure 4. The cloud method indicates changes from the most recent revision only,whereas the second method indicates all revisions to the drawing because all of the previousrevision circles remain on the drawing.

The revision number and revision block are especially useful in researching the evolution of a

Figure 4 Methods of Denoting Changes

specific system or component through the comparison of the various revisions.

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INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print Reading

Notes and L egend

Drawings are comprised of symbols and lines that represent components or systems. Althougha majority of the symbols and lines are self-explanatory or standard (as described in latermodules), a few unique symbols and conventions must be explained for each drawing. The notesand legends section of a drawing lists and explains any special symbols and conventions used onthe drawing, as illustrated on Figure 5. Also listed in the notes section is any information thedesigner or draftsman felt was necessary to correctly use or understand the drawing. Becauseof the importance of understanding all of the symbols and conventions used on a drawing, thenotes and legend section must be reviewed before reading a drawing.

Figure 5 Notes and Legends

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO PRINT READING

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Introduction to Print Reading Summary

The title block of a drawing contains:

the drawing titlethe drawing numberlocation, site, or vendor issuing the drawingthe design, review, and approval signaturesthe reference block

The grid system of a drawing allows information to be more easily identifiedusing the coordinates provided by the grid. The coordinate letters and/ornumbers break down the drawing into smaller blocks.

The revision block of a drawing provides the revision number, a title or summaryof the revision, and the date of the revision, for each revision.

The notes and legend section of a drawing provides explanations of specialsymbols or conventions used on the drawing and any additional information thedesigner or draftsman felt was necessary to understand the drawing.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print ReadingOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Figure 6 Example P&ID

INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

To read a drawing correctly, the user must have a basic understanding of thevarious categories of drawings and the views and perspectives in which eachdrawing can be presented.

EO 1.5 LIST the five drawing categories used on engineering drawings.

Categor ies of Dr awings

The previous chapter reviewed the non-drawing portions of a print. This chapter will introducethe five common categories of drawings. They are 1) piping and instrument drawings (P&IDs),2) electrical single lines and schematics, 3) electronic diagrams and schematics, 4) logic diagramsand prints, and 5) fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.

Piping and I nstr ument Dr awings (P& I Ds)

P&IDs are usually designed to present functional information about a system or component.Examples are piping layout, flowpaths, pumps, valves, instruments, signal modifiers, andcontrollers, as illustrated in Figure 6.

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As a rule P&IDs do not have a drawing scale and present only the relationship or sequencebetween components. Just because two pieces of equipment are drawn next to each other doesnot indicate that in the plant the equipment is even in the same building; it is just the next partor piece of the system. These drawings only present information on how a system functions, notthe actual physical relationships.

Because P&IDs provide the most concise format for how a system should function, they are usedextensively in the operation, repair, and modification of the plant.

Electr ical Single L ines and Schematics

Electrical single lines and

Figure 7 Example of a Single Line

schematics are designed topresent functional informationabout the electrical design of asystem or component. Theyprovide the same types ofinformation about electricalsystems that P&IDs providefor piping and instrumentsystems. Like P&IDs,electrical prints are not usuallydrawn to scale. Examples oftypical single lines are site orbuilding power distribution,system power distribution, andmotor control centers.Figure 7 is an example of anelectrical single line.

Electrical schematics provide amore detailed level ofinformation about an electricalsystem or component than thesingle lines. Electricalschematic drawings presentinformation such as the individual relays, relay contacts, fuses, motors, lights, and instrumentsensors. Examples of typical schematics are valve actuating circuits, motor start circuits, andbreaker circuits.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction to Print ReadingOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Figure 8 is an example of a motor start circuit schematic. Electrical single lines and schematicsprovide the most concise format for depicting how electrical systems should function, and areused extensively in the operation, repair, and modification of the plant.

Figure 8 Example of a Schematic

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Introduction to Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPESOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Electr onic Diagrams and Schematics

Electronic diagrams and schematics are designed to present information about the individualcomponents (resistors, transistors, and capacitors) used in a circuit, as illustrated in Figure 9.These drawings are usually used by circuit designers and electronics repair personnel.

Figure 9 Example of an Electronic Diagram

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction to Print ReadingOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

L ogic Diagrams and Pr ints

Logic diagrams and prints can be used to depict several types of information. The most commonuse is to provide a simplified functional representation of an electrical circuit, as illustrated inFigure 10. For example, it is easier and faster to figure out how a valve functions and respondsto various inputs signals by representing a valve circuit using logic symbols, than by using theelectrical schematic with its complex relays and contacts. These drawings do not replaceschematics, but they are easier to use for certain applications.

Figure 10 Example of a Logic Print

Fabrication, Constr uction, and A r chitectur al Dr awings

Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings are designed to present the detailedinformation required to construct or fabricate a part, system, or structure. These three types ofdrawings differ only in their application as opposed to any real differences in the drawingsthemselves. Construction drawings, commonly referred to as "blueprint" drawings, present thedetailed information required to assemble a structure on site. Architectural drawings presentinformation about the conceptual design of the building or structure. Examples are house plans,building elevations (outside view of each side of a structure), equipment installation drawings,foundation drawings, and equipment assembly drawings.

Fabrication drawings, as shown in Figure 11, are similar to construction and architectural drawingbut are usually found in machine shops and provide the necessary detailed information for acraftsman to fabricate a part. All three types of drawings, fabrication, construction, andarchitectural, are usually drawn to scale.

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Figure 11 Example of a Fabrication Drawing

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction to Print ReadingOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Dr awing For mat

P&IDs, fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings can be presented using one of severaldifferent formats. The standard formats are single line, pictorial or double line, and cutaway.Each format provides specific information about a component or system.

Single L ine Dr awings

The single line format is most commonly used in P&IDs. Figure 12 is an example of asingle line P&ID. The single line format represents all piping, regardless of size, assingle line. All system equipment is represented by simple standard symbols (covered inlater modules). By simplifying piping and equipment, single lines allow the system'sequipment and instrumentation relationships to be clearly understood by the reader.

Pictor ial or Double L ine Dr awings

Figure 12 Example of a Single Line P&ID

Pictorial or double line drawings present the same type information as a single line, butthe equipment is represented as if it had been photographed. Figure 13 provides anexample illustration of a pictorial drawing. This format is rarely used since it requiresmuch more effort to produce than a single line drawing and does not present any moreinformation as to how the system functions. Compare the pictorial illustration, Figure 13,to the single line of the same system shown in Figure 12. Pictorial or double linedrawings are often used in advertising and training material.

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1O16/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPESOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Figure 13 Example Pictorial

Assembly Drawings

Assembly drawing are a special application of pictorial drawings that are common in theengineering field. As seen in Figure 14, an assembly drawing is a pictorial view of theobject with all the components shown as they go together. This type pictorial is usuallyfound in vendor manuals and is used for parts identification and general informationrelative to the assembly of the component.

Figure 14 Example of an Assembly Drawing

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Figure 15 Example of a Cutaway

Cutaway Drawings

A cutaway drawing is another special type of pictorial drawing. In a cutaway, as thename implies, the component or system has a portion cut away to reveal the internalparts of the component or system. Figure 15 is an illustration of a cutaway. Thistype of drawing is extremely helpful in the maintenance and training areas where theway internal parts are assembled is important.

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPESOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Views and Perspectives

In addition to the different drawing formats, there are different views or perspectives in whichthe formats can be drawn. The most commonly used are the orthographic projection and theisometric projection.

Orthographic Projections

Orthographic projection is widely used for fabrication and construction type drawings,as shown in Figure 16. Orthographic projections present the component or systemthrough the use of three views, These are a top view, a side view, and a front view.Other views, such as a bottom view, are used to more fully depict the component orsystem when necessary.

Figure 16 Example Orthographic Projection

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print ReadingOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Figure 17 shows how each of the three views is obtained. The orthographic projectionis typically drawn to scale and shows all components in their proper relationships to eachother. The three views, when provided with dimensions and a drawing scale, containinformation that is necessary to fabricate or construct the component or system.

Figure 17 Orthographic Projections

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Introduction To Print Reading DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES OF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

I sometr ic Pr ojection

The isometric projection presents a single view of the component or system. The viewis commonly from above and at an angle of 30°. This provides a more realistic three-dimensional view. As shown on Figure 18, this view makes it easier to see how thesystem looks and how its various portions or parts are related to one another. Isometricprojections may or may not be drawn to a scale.

Figure 18 Example of an Isometric

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INTRODUCTION TO THE TYPES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Introduction To Print ReadingOF DRAWINGS, VIEWS, AND PERSPECTIVES

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Drawing Types, Views, and Perspectives Summary

• The five engineering drawing categories are:

P&IDs

Electrical single lines and schematics

Electronic diagrams and schematics

Logic diagrams and prints

Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings

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ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGS

Module 2Engineering Fluid

Diagrams and Prints

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Valve Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Valve Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Control Valve Designations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Piping Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Sensing Devices and Detectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Modifiers and Transmitters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Indicators and Recorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Controllers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Examples of Simple Instrument Loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Miscellaneous P&ID Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

READING ENGINEERING P&IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Standards and Conventions for Valve Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FLUID POWER P&IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Fluid Power Diagrams and Schematics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Reservoirs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Reading Fluid Power Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Types of Fluid Power Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF FIG URES

Figure 1 Valve Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 4 Level Control Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 6 Control Valve Designations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 7 Piping Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 8 More Piping Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 12 Controllers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 13 Signal Conditioners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 18 Exercise P&ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)

Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 24 Valve Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 28 Line Diagram of Figure 27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Instrument Identifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National StandardsInstitute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,1968.

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given an engineering print, READ and INTERPRET facility engineering Piping andInstrument Drawings.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valves:

a. Globe valve g. Relief valveb. Gate valve h. Rupture diskc. Ball valve i. Three-way valved. Check valve j. Four-way valvee. Stop check valve k. Throttle (needle) valvef. Butterfly valve l. Pressure regulator

1.2 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of valveoperators:

a. Diaphragm valve operatorb. Motor valve operatorc. Solenoid valve operatord. Piston (hydraulic) valve operatore. Hand (manual) valve operatorf. Reach-rod valve operator

1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for educators and ejectors.

1.4 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following lines:

a. Process b. Pneumaticc. Hydraulicd. Inert gase. Instrument signal (electrical)f. Instrument capillaryg. Electrical

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OBJECTIVES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

ENABLING OBJECTIVES (c ont.)

1.5 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following basic types ofinstrumentation:

a. Differential pressure cellb. Temperature elementc. Venturid. Orificee. Rotometerf. Conductivity or salinity cellg. Radiation detector

1.6 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denote the location, either localor board mounted, of instruments, indicators, and controllers.

1.7 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of instrumentsignal controllers and modifiers:

a. Proportional b. Proportional-integral c. Proportional-integral-differentiald. Square root extractors

1.8 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for the following types of systemcomponents:

a. Centrifugal pumpsb. Positive displacement pumpsc. Heat exchangersd. Compressorse. Fansf. Tanksg. Filters/strainers

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

ENABLING OBJECTIVES (c ont.)

1.9 STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on an engineering P&ID:

a. Open valveb. Closed valvec. Throttled valved. Combination valves (3- or 4-way valve)e. Locked-closed valvef. Locked-open valveg. Fail-open valveh. Fail-closed valvei. Fail-as-is valve

1.10 Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components and DETERMINE the flowpath(s)for a given valve lineup.

1.11 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid power drawings for the followingcomponents:

a. Pumpb. Compressorc. Reservoird. Actuatorse. Piping and piping junctionsf. Valves

1.12 Given a fluid power type drawing, DETERMINE the operation or resultant action of thestated component when hydraulic pressure is applied/removed.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

To read and understand engineering fluid diagrams and prints, usually referredto as P&IDs, an individual must be familiar with the basic symbols.

EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for thefollowing types of valves:

a. Globe valve g. Relief valveb. Gate valve h. Rupture diskc. Ball valve i. Three-way valved. Check valve j. Four-way valvee. Stop check valve k. Throttle (needle) valvef. Butterfly valve l. Pressure regulator

EO 1.2 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for thefollowing types of valve operators:

a. Diaphragm valve operatorb. Motor valve operatorc. Solenoid valve operatord. Piston (hydraulic) valve operatore. Hand (manual) valve operatorf. Reach rod valve operator

EO 1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs foreducators and ejectors.

EO 1.4 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for thefollowing lines:

a. Process b. Pneumaticc. Hydraulicd. Inert gas

e. Instrument signal (electrical)f. Instrument capillaryg. Electrical

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

EO 1.5 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for thefollowing basic types of instrumentation:

a. Differential pressure cellb. Temperature elementc. Venturid. Orifice

e. Rotometerf. Conductivity or

salinity cellg. Radiation detector

EO 1.6 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs to denotethe location, either local or board mounted, of instruments,indicators, and controllers.

EO 1.7 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for thefollowing types of instrument signal modifiers:

a. Proportional b. Proportional-integral c. Proportional-integral-differentiald. Square root extractors

EO 1.8 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering P&IDs for thefollowing types of system components:

a. Centrifugal pumpsb. Positive displacement pumpsc. Heat exchangersd. Compressors

e. Fansf. Tanksg. Filters/strainers

Symbology

To read and interpret piping and instrument drawings (P&IDs), the reader must learn the meaningof the symbols. This chapter discusses the common symbols that are used to depict fluid systemcomponents. When the symbology is mastered, the reader will be able to interpret most P&IDs.

The reader should note that this chapter is only representative of fluid system symbology, ratherthan being all-inclusive. The symbols presented herein are those most commonly used inengineering P&IDs. The reader may expand his or her knowledge by obtaining and studying theappropriate drafting standards used at his or her facility.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS

Valve Symbols

Valves are used to control the direction, flow rate, and pressure of fluids. Figure 1 shows thesymbols that depict the major valve types.

It shoud be noted that globe and gate valves will often be depicted by the same valve symbol.In such cases, information concerning the valve type may be conveyed by the componentidentification number or by the notes and legend section of the drawing; however, in manyinstances even that may not hold true.

Figure 1 Valve Symbols

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Valve Actuator s

Some valves are provided with actuators to allow remote operation, to increase mechanicaladvantage, or both. Figure 2 shows the symbols for the common valve actuators. Note thatalthough each is shown attached to a gate valve, an actuator can be attached to any type of valvebody. If no actuator is shown on a valve symbol, it may be assumed the valve is equipped onlywith a handwheel for manual operation.

The combination of a valve and an actuator is commonly called a control valve. Control valves

Figure 2 Valve Actuator Symbols

are symbolized by combining the appropriate valve symbol and actuator symbol, as illustratedin Figure 2. Control valves can be configured in many different ways. The most commonlyfound configurations are to manually control the actuator from a remote operating station, toautomatically control the actuator from an instrument, or both.

In many cases, remote control of a valve is accomplished

Figure 3 Remotely Controlled Valve

by using an intermediate, small control valve to operatethe actuator of the process control valve. Theintermediate control valve is placed in the line supplyingmotive force to the process control valve, as shown inFigure 3. In this example, air to the process air-operatedcontrol valve is controlled by the solenoid-operated,3-way valve in the air supply line. The 3-way valve maysupply air to the control valve's diaphragm or vent thediaphragm to the atmosphere.

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Note that the symbols alone in Figure 3 do not provide the reader with enough information todetermine whether applying air pressure to the diaphragm opens or closes the process controlvalve, or whether energizing the solenoid pressurizes or vents the diaphragm. Further, Figure 3is incomplete in that it does not show the electrical portion of the valve control system nor doesit identify the source of the motive force (compressed air). Although Figure 3 informs the readerof the types of mechanical components in the control system and how they interconnect, it doesnot provide enough information to determine how those components react to a control signal.

Control valves operated by an instrument signal are symbolized in the same manner as thoseshown previously, except the output of the controlling instrument goes to the valve actuator.Figure 4 shows a level instrument (designated "LC") that controls the level in the tank bypositioning an air-operated diaphragm control valve. Again, note that Figure 4 does not containenough information to enable the reader to determine how the control valve responds to a changein level.

Figure 4 Level Control Valve

An additional aspect of some control valves is a valve positioner, which allows more precisecontrol of the valve. This is especially useful when instrument signals are used to control thevalve. An example of a valve positioner is a set of limit switches operated by the motion of thevalve. A positioner is symbolized by a square box on the stem of the control valve actuator. Thepositioner may have lines attached for motive force, instrument signals, or both. Figure 5 showstwo examples of valves equipped with positioners. Note that, although these examples are moredetailed than those of Figure 3 and Figure 4, the reader still does not have sufficient informationto fully determine response of the control valve to a change in control signal.

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Figure 5 Control Valves with Valve Positioners

In Example A of Figure 5, the reader can reasonably assume that opening of the control valveis in some way proportional to the level it controls and that the solenoid valve provides anoverride of the automatic control signals. However, the reader cannot ascertain whether it opensor closes the control valve. Also, the reader cannot determine in which direction the valve movesin response to a change in the control parameter. In Example B of Figure 5, the reader can makethe same general assumptions as in Example A, except the control signal is unknown. Withoutadditional information, the reader can only assume the air supply provides both the control signaland motive force for positioning the control valve. Even when valves are equipped withpositioners, the positioner symbol may appear only on detailed system diagrams. Larger, overallsystem diagrams usually do not show this much detail and may only show the examples ofFigure 5 as air-operated valves with no special features.

Contr ol Valve Designations

Figure 6 Control Valve Designations

A control valve may serve any number of functions within a fluid system. To differentiatebetween valve uses, a balloon labeling system is used to identify the function of a control valve,as shown in Figure 6. The common conventionis that the first letter used in the valve designatorindicates the parameter to be controlled by thevalve. For example:

F = flowT = temperatureL = levelP = pressureH = hand (manually operated valve)

The second letter is usually a "C" and identifiesthe valve as a controller, or active component, asopposed to a hand-operated valve. The thirdletter is a "V" to indicate that the piece ofequipment is a valve.

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Piping Systems

Figure 7 Piping Symbols

The piping of a single system maycontain more than a single medium.For example, although the mainprocess flow line may carry water, theassociated auxiliary piping may carrycompressed air, inert gas, or hydraulicfluid. Also, a fluid system diagrammay also depict instrument signals andelectrical wires as well as piping.Figure 7 shows commonly usedsymbols for indicating the mediumcarried by the piping and fordifferentiating between piping,instrumentation signals, and electricalwires. Note that, although theauxiliary piping symbols identify theirmediums, the symbol for the processflow line does not identify its medium.

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The diagram may also depict

Figure 8 More Piping Symbols

the indiv idual f i t t ingscomprising the piping runsdepending on its intended use.Figure 8 shows symbols usedto depict pipe fittings.

I nstr umentation

One of the main purposes of aP&ID is to provide functionalinformation about howinstrumentation in a system orpiece of equipment interfaceswith the system or piece ofequipment. Because of this, alarge amount of the symbologyappearing on P&IDs depictsinstrumentation and instrumentloops.

The symbols used to representinstruments and their loops canbe divided into four categories.Generally each of these fourcategories uses the componentidentifying (labeling) scheme identified in Table 1. The first column of Table 1 lists the lettersused to identify the parameter being sensed or monitored by the loop or instrument. The secondcolumn lists the letters used to indicate the type of indicator or controller. The third column liststhe letters used to indicate the type of component. The fourth column lists the letters used toindicate the type of signals that are being modified by a modifier.

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TABLE 1Instrument Identifiers

Sensed ParameterType of Indicator

or Controller Type of Component Type of signal

F = flowT = temperatureP = pressureI = currentL = levelV = voltageZ = position

R = recorderI = indicatorC = controller

T = transmitterM = modifierE = element

I = currentV = voltageP = pneumatic

The first three columns above are combined such that the resulting instrument identifier indicatesits sensed parameter, the function of the instrument, and the type of instrument. The fourthcolumn is used only in the case of an instrument modifier and is used to indicate the types ofsignals being modified. The following is a list of example instrument identifiers constructed fromTable 1.

FIC = flow indicating controllerFM = flow modifierPM = pressure modifierTE = temperature elementTR = temperature recorderLIC = level indicating controller

TT = temperature transmitterPT = pressure transmitterFE = flow elementFI = flow indicatorTI = temperature indicatorFC = flow controller

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ENGINEERING FLUIDS DIAGRAMS AND PRINTS Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

Sensing Devices and Detector s

The parameters of any system are monitored for indication, control, or both. To create a usablesignal, a device must be inserted into the system to detect the desired parameter. In some cases,a device is used to create special conditions so that another device can supply the necessarymeasurement. Figure 9 shows the symbols used for the various sensors and detectors.

Figure 9 Detector and Sensing Device Symbols

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Modif ier s and T r ansmitter s

Sensors and detectors by themselves are not sufficient to create usable system indications. Eachsensor or detector must be coupled with appropriate modifiers and/or transmitters. Theexceptions are certain types of local instrumentation having mechanical readouts, such as bourdontube pressure gages and bimetallic thermometers. Figure 10 illustrates various examples ofmodifiers and transmitters. Figure 10 also illustrates the common notations used to indicate thelocation of an instrument, i.e., local or board mounted.

Transmitters are used to

Figure 10 Transmitters and Instruments

convert the signal from asensor or detector to aform that can be sent to ar e m o t e p o i n t f o rprocessing, controlling, ormonitoring. The outputcan be electronic (voltageor current), pneumatic, orhydraulic. Figure 10illustrates symbols forseveral specific types oftransmitters.

The reader should note thatmodifiers may only beidentified by the type ofinput and output signal(such as I/P for one thatconverts an electrical inputto a pneumatic output)rather than by themonitored parameter (suchas PM for pressuremodifier).

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I ndicator s and Recor der s

Figure 11 Indicators and Recorders

Indicators and recorders areinstruments that convert the signalgenerated by an instrument loopinto a readable form. Theindicator or recorder may belocally or board mounted, and likemodifiers and transmitters thisinformation is indicated by thetype of symbol used. Figure 11provides examples of the symbolsused for indicators and recordersand how their location is denoted.

Contr oller s

Controllers process the signal froman instrument loop and use it toposition or manipulate some othersystem component. Generally theyare denoted by placing a "C" inthe balloon after the controllingparameter as shown in Figure 12.There are controllers that serve toprocess a signal and create a newsignal. These include proportionalcontrollers, proportional-integralcontrollers, and proportional-integral-differential controllers. The symbols for these controllersare illustrated in Figure 13. Note that these types of controllers are also called signalconditioners.

Figure 12 Controllers Figure 13 Signal Conditioners

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Examples of Simple I nstr ument L oops

Figure 14 shows two examples of

Figure 14 Instrumentation System Examples

simple instrument loops. Figure 14(A) shows a temperature transmitter(TT), which generates two electricalsignals. One signal goes to a board-mounted temperature recorder (TR) fordisplay. The second signal is sent toa proportional-integral-derivative (PID)controller, the output of which is sentto a current-to-pneumatic modifier(I/P). In the I/P modifier, the electricsignal is converted into a pneumaticsignal, commonly 3 psi to 15 psi,which in turn operates the valve. Thefunction of the complete loop is tomodify flow based on process fluidtemperature. Note that there is notenough information to determine howflow and temperature are related andwhat the setpoint is, but in someinstances the setpoint is stated on aP&ID. Knowing the setpoint andpurpose of the system will usually besufficient to allow the operation of theinstrument loop to be determined.

The pneumatic level transmitter (LT) illustrated in Figure 14 (B) senses tank level. The outputof the level transmitter is pneumatic and is routed to a board-mounted level modifier (LM). Thelevel modifier conditions the signal (possibly boosts or mathematically modifies the signal) anduses the modified signal for two purposes. The modifier drives a board-mounted recorder (LR)for indication, and it sends a modified pneumatic signal to the diaphragm-operated level controlvalve. Notice that insufficient information exists to determine the relationship between sensedtank level and valve operation.

Components

Within every fluid system there are major components such as pumps, tanks, heat exchangers,and fans. Figure 15 shows the engineering symbols for the most common major components.

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Figure 15 Symbols for Major Components

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Miscellaneous P& I D Symbols

In addition to the normal symbols used on P&IDs to represent specific pieces of equipment, thereare miscellaneous symbols that are used to guide or provide additional information about thedrawing. Figure 16 lists and explains four of the more common miscellaneous symbols.

Figure 16 Miscellaneous Symbols

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Engineering Fluids Diagrams and Prints Summary

In this chapter the common symbols found on P&IDs for valves, valve operators, processpiping, instrumentation, and common system components were reviewed.

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READING ENGINEERING P&IDs DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

READING ENGINEERING P&IDs

Standards and conventions have been developed to provide consistency fromdrawing to drawing. To accurately interpret a drawing, these standards andconventions must be understood.

EO 1.9 STATE how the following valve conditions are depicted on anengineering P&ID drawing:

a. Open valveb. Closed valvec. Throttled valved. Combination valves

(3- or 4- way valve)

e. Locked-closed valvef. Locked-open valveg. Fail-open valvesh. Fail-closed valvei. Fail-as-is valve

Standards and Conventions for Valve Status

Before a diagram or print can be

Figure 17 Valve Status Symbols

properly read and understood, thebasic conventions used by P&IDsto denote valve positions andfailure modes must be understood.The reader must be able todetermine the valve position, knowif this position is normal, knowhow the valve will fail, and insome cases know if the valve isnormally locked in that position.Figure 17 illustrates the symbolsused to indicate valve status.Unless otherwise stated, P&IDsindicate valves in their "normal"position. This is usuallyinterpreted as the normal orprimary flowpath for the system.An exception is safety systems,which are normally shown in theirstandby or non-accident condition.

3-way valves are sometimes drawn in the position that they will fail to instead of always beingdrawn in their "normal" position. This will either be defined as the standard by the system ofdrawings or noted in some manner on the individual drawings.

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 READING ENGINEERING P&IDs

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Reading Engineering P&IDs Summary

This chapter reviewed the basic symbology, common standards, and conventions used onP&IDs, such as valve conditions and modes of failure. This information, with thesymbology learned in the preceding chapter, provides the information necessary to readand interpret most P&IDs.

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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

P&ID PRINT READING EX AMPLE

The ability to read and understand prints is achieved through the repetitivereading of prints.

EO 1.10 Given an engineering P&ID, IDENTIFY components andDETERMINE the flowpath(s) for a given valve lineup.

Example

At this point, all the symbols for valves and major components have been presented, as have theconventions for identifying the condition of a system. Refer to Figure 18 as necessary to answerthe following questions. The answers are provided in the back of this section so that you mayjudge your own knowledge level.

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Figure 18 Exercise P&ID

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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

1. Identify the following components by letter or number.

a. Centrifugal pump b. Heat exchanger c. Tank d. Venturi e. Rupture disc f. Relief valve g. Motor-operated valve h. Air-operated valve i. Throttle valve j. Conductivity cell k. Air line l. Current-to-pneumatic converter m. Check valve n. A locked-closed valve o. A closed valve p. A locked-open valve q. A solenoid valve

2. What is the controlling parameter for Valves 10 and 21?

3. Which valves would need to change position in order for Pump B to supply flow to onlypoints G and H?

4. Which valves will fail open? Fail closed? Fail as is?

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE

Answers for questions on Figure 18

1. a. A or Bb. C or Dc. Ed. 31e. 1f. 8 or 17g. 2,3,7 or 16h. 10, 21i. 12 or 24j. 26k. 32l. 28m. 5 or 14n. 18 or 19o. 18 or 19p. 4q. 11 or 23

2. Temperature as sensed by the temperature elements (TE)

3. Open 18 and/or 19Shut 13 and 25

4. Fail Open: 2 and 3Fail Closed: 10 and 21Fail as is: 7 and 16

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P&ID PRINT READING EXAMPLE DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

P&ID Print Reading Example Summary

This chapter provided the student with examples in applying the materiallearned in Chapters 1 and 2.

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 FLUID POWER P&IDs

FLUID PO WER P&IDs

Fluid power diagrams and schematics require an independent review because theyuse a unique set of symbols and conventions.

EO 1.11 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering fluid powerdrawings for the following components:

a. Pump d. Actuatorsb. Compressor e. Piping and piping junctionsc. Reservoir f. Valves

EO 1.12 Given a fluid power type drawing, DETERMINE the operationor resultant action of the stated component when hydraulicpressure is applied/removed.

Fluid Power Diagrams and Schematics

Different symbology is used when dealing with systems that operate with fluid power. Fluidpower includes either gas (such as air) or hydraulic (such as water or oil) motive media. Someof the symbols used in fluid power systems are the same or similar to those already discussed,but many are entirely different.

Figure 19 Fluid Power Pump and Compressor Symbols

Fluid power systems are divided into five basic parts:pumps, reservoirs, actuators, valves, and lines.

Pumps

In the broad area of fluid power, two categories ofpump symbols are used, depending on the motivemedia being used (i.e., hydraulic or pneumatic). Thebasic symbol for the pump is a circle containing oneor more arrow heads indicating the direction(s) offlow with the points of the arrows in contact with thecircle. Hydraulic pumps are shown by solid arrowheads. Pneumatic compressors are represented byhollow arrow heads. Figure 19 provides commonsymbols used for pumps (hydraulic) and compressors(pneumatic) in fluid power diagrams.

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Reser voir s

Reservoirs provide a location for storage of the motive media (hydraulic fluid or compressed gas).Although the symbols used to represent reservoirs vary widely, certain conventions are used toindicate how a reservoir handles the fluid. Pneumatic reservoirs are usually simple tanks andtheir symbology is usually some variation of the cylinder shown in Figure 20. Hydraulicreservoirs can be much more complex in terms of how the fluid is admitted to and removed fromthe tank. To convey this information, symbology conventions have been developed. Thesesymbols are in Figure 20.

Figure 20 Fluid Power Reservoir Symbols

Actuator

An actuator in a fluid power system is any device that converts the hydraulic or pneumaticpressure into mechanical work. Actuators are classified as linear actuators and rotary actuators.Linear actuators have some form of piston device. Figure 21 illustrates several types of linearactuators and their drawing symbols.

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Rotary actuators are generally called motors and may be fixed or variable. Several of the more

Figure 21 Symbols for Linear Actuators

common rotary symbols are shown in Figure 22. Note the similarity between rotary motorsymbols in Figure 22 and the pump symbols shown in Figure 19. The difference between themis that the point of the arrow touches the circle in a pump and the tail of the arrow touches thecircle in a motor.

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Figure 22 Symbols for Rotary Actuators

Piping

The sole purpose of piping in a fluid power system is to transport the working media, at pressure,from one point to another. The symbols for the various lines and termination points are shownin Figure 23.

Figure 23 Fluid Power Line Symbols

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 FLUID POWER P&IDs

Valves

Valves are the most complicated symbols in fluid power systems. Valves provide the control thatis required to ensure that the motive media is routed to the correct point when needed. Fluidpower system diagrams require much more complex valve symbology than standard P&IDs dueto the complicated valving used in fluid power systems. In a typical P&ID, a valve opens, closes,or throttles the process fluid, but is rarely required to route the process fluid in any complexmanner (three- and four-way valves being the common exceptions). In fluid power systems itis common for a valve to have three to eight pipes attached to the valve body, with the valvebeing capable of routing the fluid, or several separate fluids, in any number of combinations ofinput and output flowpaths.

The symbols used to represent fluid power valves must contain much more information than thestandard P&ID valve symbology. To meet this need, the valve symbology shown in thefollowing figures was developed for fluid power P&IDs. Figure 24, a cutaway view, providesan example of the internal complexity of a simple fluid power type valve. Figure 24 illustratesa four-way/three-position valve and how it operates to vary the flow of the fluid. Note that inFigure 24 the operator of the valve is not identified, but like a standard process fluid valve thevalve could be operated by a diaphragm, motor, hydraulic, solenoid, or manual operator. Fluidpower valves, when electrically operated by a solenoid, are drawn in the de-energized position.Energizing the solenoid will cause the valve to shift to the other port. If the valve is operatedby other than a solenoid or is a multiport valve, the information necessary to determine how thevalve operates will be provided on each drawing or on its accompanying legend print.

Figure 24 Valve Operation

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Refer to Figure 25 to see how the valve in Figure 24 is transformed into a usable symbol.

Figure 25 Valve Symbol Development

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Figure 26 shows symbols for the various valve types used in fluid power systems.

Figure 26 Fluid Power Valve Symbols

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Reading Fluid Power Diagrams

Figure 27 Simple Hydraulic Power System

Using the symbology previouslydiscussed, a fluid power diagram cannow be read. But before reading somecomplex examples, let's look at asimple hydraulic system and convert itinto a fluid power diagram.

Using the drawing in Figure 27, theleft portion of Figure 28 lists each partand its fluid power symbol. The rightside of Figure 28 shows the fluidpower diagram that represents thedrawing in Figure 27.

Figure 28 Line Diagram of Simple Hydraulic Power System

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With an understanding of the principles involved in reading fluid power diagram, any diagramcan be interpreted. Figure 29 shows the kind of diagram that is likely to be encountered in theengineering field. To read this diagram, a step-by-step interpretation of what is happening in thesystem will be presented.

Figure 29 Typical Fluid Power Diagram

The first step is to get an overall view of what is happening. The arrows between A and B inthe lower right-hand corner of the figure indicate that the system is designed to press or clampsome type of part between two sections of the machine. Hydraulic systems are often used inpress work or other applications where the work piece must be held in place.

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FLUID POWER P&IDs DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

With the basic function understood, a detailed study of the diagram can be accomplished usinga step-by-step analysis of each numbered local area in the diagram.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 1 Symbol for an open reservoir with a strainer. The strainer is used to clean the oil beforeit enters the system.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 2 Fixed displacement pump, electrically operated. This pump provides hydraulic pressureto the system.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 3Symbol for a relief valve with separate pressure gage. The relief valve is spring operatedand protects the system from over pressurization. It also acts as an unloader valve torelieve pressure when the cylinder is not in operation. When system pressure exceeds itssetpoint, the valve opens and returns the hydraulic fluid back to the reservoir. The gageprovides a reading of how much pressure is in the system.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 4Composite symbol for a 4-way, 2-position valve. Pushbutton PB-1 is used to activate thevalve by energizing the S-1 solenoid (note the valve is shown in the de-energizedposition). As shown, the high pressure hydraulic fluid is being routed from Port 1 to Port3 and then to the bottom chamber of the piston. This drives and holds the piston in localarea #5 in the retracted position. When the piston is fully retracted and hydraulic pressurebuilds, the unloader (relief) valve will lift and maintain the system's pressure at setpoint.

When PB-1 is pushed and S-1 energized, the 1-2 ports are aligned and 3-4 ports arealigned. This allows hydraulic fluid to enter the top chamber of the piston and drive itdown. The fluid in the bottom chamber drains though the 3-4 ports back into thereservoir. The piston will continue to travel down until either PB-1 is released or fulltravel is reached, at which point the unloader (relief) valve will lift.

LOCAL AREA NUMBER 5Actuating cylinder and piston. The cylinder is designed to receive fluid in either theupper or lower chambers. The system is designed so that when pressure is applied to thetop chamber, the bottom chamber is aligned to drain back to the reservoir. When pressureis applied to the bottom chamber, the top chamber is aligned so that it drains back to thereservoir.

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 FLUID POWER P&IDs

Types of Fluid Power Diagrams

Several kinds of diagrams can be used to show how systems work. With an understanding ofhow to interpret Figure 29, a reader will be able to interpret all of the diagrams that follow.

A pictorial diagram shows the physical arrangement of the elements in a system. Thecomponents are outline drawings that show the external shape of each item. Pictorial drawingsdo not show the internal function of the elements and are not especially valuable for maintenanceor troubleshooting. Figure 30 shows a pictorial diagram of a system.

A cutaway diagram shows both the physical arrangement and the operation of the different

Figure 30 Pictorial Fluid Power Diagram

components. It is generally used for instructional purposes because it explains the functionswhile showing how the system is arranged. Because these diagrams require so much space, theyare not usually used for complicated systems. Figure 31 shows the system represented inFigure 30 in cutaway diagram format and illustrates the similarities and differences between thetwo types of diagrams.

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FLUID POWER P&IDs DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints

Figure 31 Cutaway Fluid Power Diagram

A schematic diagram uses symbols to show the elements in a system. Schematics are designedto supply the functional information of the system. They do not accurately represent the relativelocation of the components. Schematics are useful in maintenance work, and understanding themis an important part of troubleshooting. Figure 32 is a schematic diagram of the systemillustrated in Figure 30 and Figure 31.

Figure 32 Schematic Fluid Power Diagram

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Engineering Fluid Diagrams and Prints DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 FLUID POWER P&IDs

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Fluid Power P&IDs Summary

This chapter reviewed the most commonly used symbols on fluid powerdiagrams and the basic standards and conventions for reading andinterpreting fluid power diagrams.

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Intentionally Left Blank

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ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGS

Module 3Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Transformers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Fuses and Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Relays, Contacts, Connectors, Lines, Resistors,

and Miscellaneous Electrical Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Large Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Types of Electrical Diagrams or Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Reading Electrical Diagrams and Schematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMREADING EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

LIST OF FIG URES

Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2 Transformer Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 3 Switches and Switch Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 4 Switch and Switch Status Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 5 Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 6 3-phase and Removable Breaker Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 7 Common Electrical Component Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 8 Large Common Electrical Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 9 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 10 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 11 Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 12 Schematic of a Car's Electrical Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 13 Example Electrical Single Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 14 Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 15 Ganged Switch Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 16 Three-Phase Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 17 Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 18 Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

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REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National Standards Institute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,1968.

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given an electrical print, READ and INTERPRET facility electrical diagrams andschematics.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings for the followingcomponents:

a. Single-phase circuit breaker(open/closed)

b. Three-phase circuit breaker(open/closed)

c. Thermal overloadd. "a" contacte. "b" contactf. Time-delay contactsg. Relayh. Potential transformeri. Current transformerj. Single-phase transformerk. Delta-wound transformerl. Wye-wound transformer

m. Electric motorn. Meterso. Junctionsp. In-line fusesq. Single switchr. Multiple-position switchs. Pushbutton switcht. Limit switchesu. Turbine-driven generatorv. Motor-generator setw. Generator (wye or delta)x. Diesel-driven generatory. Battery

1.2 Given an electrical drawing of a circuit containing a transformer, DETERMINE thedirection of current flow, as shown by the transformer's symbol.

1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electrical drawings to depictthe relationship between the following components:

a. Relay and its contactsb. Switch and its contactsc. Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment

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OBJECTIVES DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

ENABLING OBJECTIVES (Cont.)

1.4 STATE the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unless otherwise notedon the diagram or schematic.

1.5 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, DETERMINE the condition ofthe specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized, open/closed).

1.6 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, IDENTIFY the power sourcesand/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized).

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

To read and interpret electrical diagrams and schematics, the basic symbols andconventions used in the drawing must be understood. This chapter concentrateson how electrical components are represented on diagrams and schematics. Thefunction of the individual electrical components and the theory behind theiroperation is covered in more detail in the Electrical Science Handbook.

EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electrical drawings forthe following components:

a. Single-phase circuit breaker(open/closed)

b. Three-phase circuit breaker(open/closed)

c. Thermal overloadd. "a" contacte. "b" contactf. Time-delay contactsg. Relayh. Potential transformeri. Current transformerj. Single-phase transformerk. Delta-wound transformerl. Wye-wound transformer

m. Electric motorn. Meterso. Junctionsp. In-line fusesq. Single switchr. Multiple-position switchs. Pushbutton switcht. Limit switchesu. Turbine-driven generatorv. Motor-generator setw. Generator (wye or delta)x. Diesel-driven generatory. Battery

EO 1.2 Given an electrical drawing of a circuit containing a transformer,DETERMINE the di rection of current flow, as shown by thetransformer's symbol.

EO 1.3 IDENTIFY the symbols and/or codes used on engineering electricaldrawings to depict the relationship between the following components:

a. Relay and its contactsb. Switch and its contactsc. Interlocking device and its interlocked equipment

EO 1.4 STATE the condition in which all electrical devices are shown, unlessotherwise noted on the diagram or schematic.

EO 1.5 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, DETERMINEthe condition of the specified component (i.e., energized/de-energized,open/closed).

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Symbology

To read and interpret electrical

Figure 1 Basic Transformer Symbols

diagrams and schematics, thereader must first be wellversed in what the manysymbols represent. Thischapter discusses the commonsymbols used to depict themany components in electricalsystems. Once mastered, thisknowledge should enable thereader to successful lyunderstand most electricaldiagrams and schematics.

The information that followsprovides details on the basicsymbols used to representcomponents in electricaltransmission, switching,control, and protectiondiagrams and schematics.

Tr ansfor mer s

The basic symbols for thevarious types of transformersare shown in Figure 1 (A). Figure 1 (B) shows how the basic symbol for the transformer ismodified to represent specific types and transformer applications.

In addition to the transformer

Figure 2 Transformer Polarity

symbol itself, polarity marksare sometimes used to indicatecurrent flow in the circuit.This information can be usedto determine the phaserelationship (polarity) betweenthe input and output terminalsof a transformer. The marksusually appear as dots on atransformer symbol, as shownin Figure 2.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

On the primary side of the transformer the dot indicates current in; on the secondary side the dotindicates current out.

If at a given instant the current is flowing into the transformer at the dotted end of the primarycoil, it will be flowing out of the transformer at the dotted end of the secondary coil. The currentflow for a transformer using the dot symbology is illustrated in Figure 2.

Switches

Figure 3 shows the most common types of switches and their symbols. The term "pole," as usedto describe the switches in Figure 3, refers to the number of points at which current can entera switch. Single pole and double pole switches are shown, but a switch may have as many polesas it requires to perform its function. The term "throw" used in Figure 3 refers to the numberof circuits that each pole of a switch can complete or control.

Figure 3 Switches and Switch Symbols

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 4 provides the common symbols that are used to denote automatic switches and explainshow the symbol indicates switch status or actuation.

Figure 4 Switch and Switch Status Symbology

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Fuses and Breaker s

Figure 5 depicts basic fuse and circuit breaker symbols for single-phase applications. In additionto the graphic symbol, most drawings will also provide the rating of the fuse next to the symbol.The rating is usually in amps.

Figure 5 Fuse and Circuit Breaker Symbols

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

When fuses, breakers, or switches are used in three-phase systems, the three-phase symbolcombines the single-phase symbol in triplicate as shown in Figure 6. Also shown is the symbolfor a removable breaker, which is a standard breaker symbol placed between a set of chevrons.The chevrons represent the point at which the breaker disconnects from the circuit whenremoved.

Figure 6 Three-phase and Removable Breaker Symbols

Relays, Contacts, Connector s, L ines, Resistor s, and Miscellaneous Electr ical Components

Figure 7 shows the common symbols for relays, contacts, connectors, lines, resistors, and othermiscellaneous electrical components.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Figure 7 Common Electrical Component Symbols

L arge Components

The symbols in Figure 8 are used to identify the larger components that may be found in anelectrical diagram or schematic. The detail used for these symbols will vary when used in systemdiagrams. Usually the amount of detail will reflect the relative importance of a component tothe particular diagram.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 8 Large Common Electrical Components

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Types of Electr ical Diagrams or Schematics

There are three ways to show electrical circuits. They are wiring, schematic, and pictorialdiagrams. The two most commonly used are the wiring diagram and the schematic diagram.The uses of these two types of diagrams are compared in Table 1.

TABLE 1Comparison Between Wiring and Schematic Diagrams

Wiring Diagrams Schematic Diagrams

1. Emphasize connections betweenelements of a circuit or system

2. Use horizontal and vertical lines torepresent the wires

3. Use simplified pictorials that clearlyresemble circuit/system components

4. Place equipment and wiring ondrawing to approximate actualphysical location in real circuit

1. Emphasize "flow" of system

2. Use horizontal and vertical lines toshow system flow

3. Use symbols that indicate function ofequipment, but the symbols do notlook like the actual equipment

4. Drawing layout is done to show the"flow" of the system as it functions,not the physical layout of theequipment

The pictorial diagram is usually

Figure 9 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Pictorial Diagram

not found in engineeringapplications for the reasons shownin the following example.Figure 9 provides a simpleexample of how a schematicdiagram compares to a pictorialequivalent. As can be seen, thepictorial version is not nearly asuseful as the schematic, especiallyif you were trying to obtainenough information to repair acircuit or determine how itoperates.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 10 provides an example of the relationship between a schematic diagram (Figure 10A) anda wiring diagram (Figure 10B) for an air drying unit. A more complex example, the electricalcircuit of an automobile, is shown in wiring diagram format in Figure 11 and in schematic formatin Figure 12. Notice that the wiring diagram (Figure 11), uses both pictorial representations andschematic symbols. The schematic (Figure 12) drops all pictorial representations and depicts theelectrical system only in symbols.

Figure 10 Comparison of an Electrical Schematic and a Wiring Diagram

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Figure 11 Wiring Diagram of a Car's Electrical Circuit

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Figure 12 Schematic of a Car's Electrical Circuit

When dealing with a large power distribution system, a special type of schematic diagram calledan electrical single line is used to show all or part of the system. This type of diagram depictsthe major power sources, breakers, loads, and protective devices, thereby providing a usefuloverall view of the flow of power in a large electrical power distribution system.

On power distribution single lines, even if it is a 3-phase system, each load is commonlyrepresented by only a simple circle with a description of the load and its power rating (runningpower consumption). Unless otherwise stated, the common units are kilowatts (kW). Figure 13shows a portion of an electrical distribution system at a nuclear power plant.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Figure 13 Example Electrical Single Line

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

Reading Electr ical Diagrams and Schematics

To read electrical system diagrams and schematics properly, the condition or state of eachcomponent must first be understood. For electrical schematics that detail individual relays andcontacts, the components are always shown in the de-energized condition (also called the shelf-state).

To associate the proper relay with the contact(s) that it operates, each relay is assigned a specificnumber and/or letter combination. The number/letter code for each relay is carried by allassociated contacts. Figure 14 (A) shows a simple schematic containing a coil (M1) and itscontact. If space permits, the relationship may be emphasized by drawing a dashed line(symbolizing a mechanical connection) between the relay and its contact(s) or a dashed boxaround them as shown in Figure 14 (B). Figure 14 (C) illustrates a switch and a second set ofcontacts that are operated by the switch.

Figure 14 Examples of Relays and Relay Contacts

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

When a switch is used in a circuit, it may contain several sets of contacts or small switchesinternal to it. The internal switches are shown individually on a schematic. In many cases, theposition of one internal switch will effect the position of another. Such switches are calledganged switches and are symbolized by connecting them with a dashed line as shown inFigure 15 (A). In that example, closing Switch 1 also closes Switch 2. The dashed line is alsoused to indicate a mechanical interlock between two circuit components. Figure 15 (B) showstwo breakers with an interlock between them.

In system single line diagrams, transformers are often represented by the symbol for a single-

Figure 15 Ganged Switch Symbology

phase air core transformer; however, that does not necessarily mean that the transformer has anair core or that it is single phase. Single line system diagrams are intended to convey onlygeneral functional information, similar to the type of information presented on a P&ID for apiping system. The reader must investigate further if more detail is required. In diagrams

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS Electrical Diagrams and Schematics

depicting three-phase systems, a small symbol may be placed to the side of the transformerprimary and secondary to indicate the type of transformer windings that are used.

Figure 16 (A) shows the most commonly used symbols to indicate how the phases are connectedin three-phase windings. Figure 16 (B) illustrates examples of how these symbols appear in athree-phase single line diagram.

Figure 16 Three-Phase Symbols

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DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93Electrical Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Electrical Diagrams and Schematics Summary

This chapter covered the common symbols used on electrical diagrams andschematics to represent the basic electrical components.

Polarity on a transformer is defined by dots placed on the primary and secondarywindings. On the primary side, the dot indicates current in; on the secondary, thedot indicates current out.

Switches, relays, and interlocked equipment commonly use dashed lines or boxesto indicate the relationship between them and other components.

Electrical components, such as relays, are drawn in the de-energized state unlessotherwise noted on the diagram.

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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and SchematicsAND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

ELECTRICAL WIRING AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMREADING EXAMPLES

This chapter contains several examples that will help to build, through practice,on the knowledge gained in reading electrical wiring and schematic diagrams.

1.6 Given a simple electrical schematic and initial conditions, IDENTIFYthe power sources and/or loads and their status (i.e., energized or de-energized).

Examples

To aid in understanding the symbology and diagrams discussed in this module refer to Figure 17and Figure 18. Then answer the questions asked about each. The answers for each example aregiven on the page following the questions.

Referring to Figure 17:

1. What type of diagram is it?

2. What is the rating on the fuses protecting the motor controller circuit?

Refer to the number at the far left to locate the following lines.

3. What is the component labeled ITDR in line 13?

4. Which lines contain limit switches?

5. Which lines contain pushbutton switches?

6. How many contacts are operated from relay 8CR?

7. What component is represented by the symbol on the far right of line 4?

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL WIRINGAND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Figure 17 Example 1

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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and SchematicsAND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Answers to questions on Figure 17.

1. Schematic

2. 10 amps

3. A time delay closing switch

4. Lines 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15

5. Lines 3, 4, 5, 6, and 18

6. 4.

7. A green lamp

Figure 18 Example 2

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL WIRINGAND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Referring to Figure 18.

1. What type of diagram is Figure 18?

2. How many current transformers are in the diagram?

3. What type of circuit breakers are shown?

4. What is the voltage on the main bus?

5. What is the voltage entering the transformer in the lower left corner?

6. Classify the transformer in the upper left corner.

7. What is the component in the lower left corner?

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ELECTRICAL WIRING DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 Electrical Diagrams and SchematicsAND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Answers to questions on Figure 18.

1. System diagram

2. 3. If you said 4, the one in the upper right is a potential transformer.

3. Drawout type.

4. 4.16 kV or 4160 V.

5. 480 V.

6. Delta primary, grounded wye secondary.

7. (Emergency) diesel generator

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Electrical Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/1-93 ELECTRICAL WIRINGAND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM READING EXAMPLES

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Electrical Wiring and Schematic Diagram Reading Example Summary

This chapter reviewed the material presented in this module throughthe practice reading examples.

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Department of EnergyFundamentals Handbook

ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGS

Module 4Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

REFERENCES

OBJECTIVES

ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS AND SCHEMATICS

IntroductionElectronic Schematic Drawing SymbologyExamples of Electronic Schematic DiagramsReading Electronic Prints, Diagrams, and SchematicsBlock Drawing SymbologyExamples of Block DiagramsSummary

EXAMPLES

Example 1Example 2Summary

ii

iii

iv

v

1

1257

121217

18

182223

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LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

1 2

1 3

14

15

16

17

Electronic Symbols 3

Electronic Symbols (Continued) 4

5

6

7

8

9

9

10

10

11

12

13

15

16

19

22

Example of an Electronic Schematic Diagram

Comparison of an Electronic Schematic Diagramand its Pictorial Layout Diagram

Transformer Polarity Markings

Schematic Showing Power Supply Connections

NPN Transistor-Conducting

NPN Transistor-Nonconducting

PNP Transistor

Diode

Bistable Symbols

Example Blocks

Example Block Diagram

Example of a Combined Drawing, P&ID, Electrical Single Line,and Electronic Block Diagram

.CombinationExample

Example

Example

Diagram of Electrical Single Line, and Block Diagram

1

2

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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

NONE

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REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National StandardsInstitute.

ANSI Y32.2 -1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons Inc,1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical PublishingCompany, Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphica1 Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R. W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,1968. .

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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 OBJECTIVES

a.p.q.

g.

j.y.

aa.

.

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given a block diagram, print, or schematic, IDENTIFY the basic component symbolsas presented in this module.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineering electronic block diagrams, prints, andschematics, for the following components.

b.c.d.e.f.

h.i .

k.1.m.n.

Fixed resistorVariable resistorTapped resistorFixed capacitorVariable capacitorFixed inductorVariable inductorDiodeLight emitting diode (LED)AmmeterVoltmeterWattmeterChassis groundCircuit ground

o.

r.s .t .u.v.w.x.

z.

bb.

FusePlugHeadsetLight bulbSilicon controlled rectifier (SCR)Half wave rectifierFull wave rectifierOscillatorPotentiometerRheostatAntennaAmplifierPNP and NPN transistorsJunction

1.2 STATE the purpose of a block diagram and an electronic schematic diagram.

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93Electronic Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS

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ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS,PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS

To read and understand an electronic diagram or electronic schematic,the basic symbols and conventions must be understood.

EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on engineeringelectronic block diagrams, prints, and schematics, forthe following components.

a. Fixed resistor n. Circuit groundb. Variable o. Fuse

resistor p. Plugc. Tapped resistor q. Headsetd. Fixed capacitor r. Light bulbe. Variable s. Silicon controlled rectifier

capacitor (SCR)f. Fixed inductor t. Half wave bridge rectifierg. Variable u. Full wave rectifier

inductor v. Oscillatorh. Diode w. Potentiometeri. Light emitting x. Rheostat

diode (LED) y. Antennaj. Ammeter z. Amplifierk. Voltmeter aa. PNP and NPN transistorsl. Wattmeter bb. Junctionm. Chassis ground

EO 1.2 STATE the purpose of a block diagram and anelectronic schematic diagram.

Introduction

Electronic prints fall into two basic categories, electronic schematics and block diagrams.Electronic schematics represent the most detailed category of electronic drawings. They depictevery component in a circuit, the component's technical information (such as its ratings), andhow each component is wired into the circuit. Block diagrams are the simplest type of drawing.As the name implies, block diagrams represent any part, component, or system as a simplegeometric shape, with each block capable of representing a single component (such as a relay)or an entire system. The intended use of the drawing dictates the level of detail provided by

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each block. This chapter will review the basic symbols and conventions used in both types ofdrawings.

Electronic Schematic Drawing Symbology

Of all the different types of electronic drawings, electronic schematics provide the most detailand information about a circuit. Each electronic component in a given circuit will be depictedand in most cases its rating or other applicable component information will be provided. Thistype of drawing provides the level of information needed to troubleshoot electronic circuits.

Electronic schematics are the most difficult type of drawing to read, because they require a veryhigh level of knowledge as to how each of the electronic components affects, or is affected by,an electrical current. This chapter reviews only the symbols commonly used in depicting themany components in electronic systems. Once mastered, this knowledge should enable thereader to obtain a functional understanding of most electronic prints and schematics.

Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrate the most common electronic symbols used on electronicschematics.

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Electronic D

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Figure 1 Electronic Symbols

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Figure 2 Electronic Symbols (C

ontinued)

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93Electronic Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS

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Figure 3 Example of an Electronic Schematic Diagram

Examples of Electronic Schematic Diagrams

Electronic schematics use symbols for each component found in an electrical circuit, no matterhow small. The schematics do not show placement or scale, merely function and flow. From this,the actual workings of a piece of electronic equipment can be determined. Figure 3 is an exampleof an electronic schematic diagram.

A second type of electronic schematic diagram, the pictorial layout diagram, is actually not somuch an electronic schematic as a pictorial of how the electronic circuit actually looks. Thesedrawings show the actual layout of the components on the circuit board. This provides atwo-dimensional drawing, usually looking down from the top, detailing the components in theirlocation. Shown in Figure 4 is the schematic for a circuit and the same circuit drawn in pictorialor layout format for comparison. Normally the pictorial layout would be accompanied by a partslist.

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Figure 4 Comparison of an Electronic Schematic Diagram and its Pictorial Layout Diagram

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SECONDARYPRIMARY

DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93Electronic Diagrams and Schematics ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS, PRINTS, AND SCHEMATICS

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Figure 5 Transformer Polarity Markings

Reading Electronic Prints, Diagrams and Schematics

To properly read prints and schematics, the reader must identify the condition of the componentsshown and also follow the events that occur as the circuit functions. As with electrical systems,the relays and contacts shown are always in the de-energized condition. Modern electronicsystems usually contain few, if any, relays or contacts, so these will normally play a minor role.

Electronic schematics are more difficult to read than electrical schematics, especially when solidstate devices are used (The Electronic Science Fundamental Handbook discusses electricalschematics in detail). Knowledge of the workings of these devices is necessary to determinecurrent flow. In this section, only the basics will be covered to assist in reading skills.

The first observation in dealing with a detailed electronic schematic is the source and polarity ofpower. Generally, power will be shown one of two ways, either as an input transformer, or asa numerical value. When power is supplied by a transformer, polarity marks will aid indetermining current flow. In this convention, dots on the primary and secondary indicate currentflow into the primary and out of the secondary at a given instant of time. In Figure 5, the currentis into the top of the primary and out of the bottom of the secondary.

Generally, the electrical power source is indicated at the point where it enters a particularschematic. These values are stated numerically with polarity assigned (+15 volts, -15 volts).These markings are usually at the top and bottom of schematics, but not always. In the exampleshown in Figure 6, power is shown at both the top and bottom in a circuit using two powersources. Unless specified as an Alternating Current (AC) power source, the voltages cannormally be assumed to be Direct Current (DC).

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Figure 6 Schematic Showing Power Supply Connections

In any circuit, a ground must be established to create a complete current path. Ground is usuallydepicted by the use of the ground symbol that was shown previously. The direction of currentflow can be determined by observing the polarity of the power supplies. When polarities areshown, current flow can be established and ground may not always be shown.

With the power sources located and the ground point established, operation of the devices canbe determined.

The most common semiconductor devices are the transistor and the diode. They are made frommaterials like silicone and germanium, and have electrical properties intermediate betweenconductors and insulators. The semiconductor will be one of two varieties, the PNP or NPN.The designation indicates the direction the electrons move through the device. The direction of

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Figure 7 NPN Transistor-Conducting

Figure 8 NPN Transistor-Nonconducting

the arrow indicates type, as shown in Figure 2. There are, however, many different ways to installa transistor to achieve different operational characteristics. These are too numerous to cover here,so only the most common and basic configuration (the common emitter) will be shown.

Even though transistors contain multiple junctions of p- or n-type material, current flow isgenerally in the same direction. Using conventional current flow (i.e. from + to -), current willtravel through the transistor from most positive to least positive and in the direction of the arrowon the emitter. In Figure 7, the transistor has a positive power supply with ground on the emitter.If the input is also positive, the transistor will conduct.

If the input goes negative, as in Figure 8, the conduction of the device stops because the input,or in this case the base junction, controls the transistor condition. Notice that when current flows,it does so in the direction of the arrow.

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Figure 9 PNP Transistor

Figure 10 Diode

Figure 9 uses a PNP transistor. The same rules apply as above except that this time polarities ofpower must change to allow current flow.

The same rules that apply to transistors hold true with diodes. However, diodes are simpler thantransistors because they have only one junction and conduct in only one direction, as indicatedin Figure 10. The diode symbol, like the transistor symbol, shows the direction of conduction bythe direction of the arrow, which is from positive to negative.

Although these simple rules will not allow you to read all electronic schematics, they will aid inunderstanding some of the basic concepts.

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Figure 11 Bistable Symbols

An item that may cause confusion when reading electronic prints or schematics is the markingsused to show bistable operation. In most cases, bistables will be indicated by a box or circle, asshown in Figure 11 (A). The lines in or around these bistables not only mark them as bistables,but also indicate how they function.

Figure 11 (B) shows the various conventions used to indicate bistable operation. Commonly,one circuit will interface with other circuits, which requires a method that allows the reader tofollow one wire or signal path from the first drawing to the second. This may be done in manyways, but generally the line or conductor to be continued will end at a terminal board. Thisboard will be labeled and numbered with the continuation drawing indicated (a separate drawingmay exist for each line). With the next drawing in hand, only the terminal board that matchesthe previous number needs to be found to continue. In cases where terminal boards are notused, the conductor should end with a number (usually a single digit) and also the next drawingnumber. To assist in locating the continuation, coordinates are provided on some drawings thatindicate the location of the continuation on the second drawing. The continuation point on thesecond drawing will also reference back to the first drawing and the coordinates of thecontinuation.

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Figure 12 Example Blocks

Block Drawing Symbology

Not all electronics prints are drawn to the level of detail depicting the individual resistors andcapacitors, nor is this level of information always necessary. These simpler drawings are calledblock diagrams. Block diagrams provide a means of representing any type of electronic circuitor system in a simple graphic format. Block diagrams are designed to present flow or functionalinformation about the circuit or system, not detailed component data. The symbols shown inFigure 12 are used in block diagrams.

When block diagrams are used, the basic blocks shown above (Figure 12) can be used foralmost anything. Whatever the block represents will be written inside. Note that blockdiagrams are presented in this chapter with electronic schematics because block diagrams arecommonly found with complex schematic diagrams to help present or summarize their flow orfunctional information. The use of block diagrams is not restricted to electronic circuits. Blockdiagrams are used extensively to show complex instrument channels and other complex systemswhen only the flowpath of the signal is important.

Examples of Block Diagrams

The block diagram is the most basic and easiest to understand of all the types of engineeringprints. It consists of simple blocks that can represent as much, or as little, as desired. Anexample of a block diagram is shown in Figure 13.

This particular block diagram represents an instrumentation channel used to measure theneutron flux, indicate the measured flux, and generate output signals for use by other systems.

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Figure 13 Example Block Diagram

Each block represents a stage in the development of a signal that is used to display on the meterat the bottom or to send to systems outside the bounds of the drawing. Notice that not all blocksare equal. Some represent multiple functions, while others represent only a simple stage or singlebistable circuit in a larger component. The creator of the block diagram decides the content ofeach block based on the intended use of the drawing.

Each of the type of drawing reviewed in this and previous modules is not always distinct andseparate. In many cases, two or more types of drawings will be combined into a single print.This allows the necessary information to be presented in a clear and concise format.

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Figure 14 provides a sample illustration of how the various types of drawings can be combined.In this example, mechanical symbols are used to represent the process system and the valvescontrolled by the electrical circuit; electrical single line symbols are used to show the solenoidrelays and contacts used in the system; and electronic block symbols are used for the controllers,summers, I/P converter, and bistables.

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Figure 15 Example Combination Diagram of Electrical Single Line, and Block Diagram

Figure 15 illustrates the use of an electronic block diagram combined with an electrical single linediagram. This drawing represents a portion of the generator protection circuitry of a nuclearpower generating plant.

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Electronic Diagrams, Prints, and Schematics Summary

This chapter covered the common symbols used to represent the basic electroniccomponents used on electronic diagrams, prints, and schematics.

A block diagram presents the flow or functional information about a circuit, but itis not a detailed depiction of the circuit.

An electronic schematic diagram presents the detailed information about the circuit,each of its components, and how they are wired into the circuit.

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

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EXAMPLES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

EXAMPLES

This chapter providesmodule.

several exercises to reinforce the material presented in this

Example 1

To assist in your understanding of reading symbols and schematics, answer the followingfollowing figures. The answers to each example are given on the pagequestions concerning the

following the questions.

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Figure 16 Example 1

Electronic Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 EXAMPLES

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EXAMPLES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

Refer to Figure 16 to answer the following:

1. List the number which corresponds to

c .

a.b.

d.e.f.

h.g.

.

j.i.

k.

coil or inductorPNP transistordiodepositive power supplyfixed resistorcapacitorNPN transistorvariable resistornegative power supplycircuit groundpotentiometer

the listed component.

2. What is the value of R13? (Include units)

3. With the input to Q1 at -15 volts, will the transistor be conducting or nonconducting?Why?

4. What is the value of C1? (Include units)

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Electronic Diagrams and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 EXAMPLES

Answers to questions

1. a.10 d. 7b . 2 e . 4c . 3 f . 9

on Figure 16

g.1 j. 11h.6 k. 5i .8

2. 3.3 kilo-ohm, or 3300 ohms.

3. Nonconducting, because the potential of the base (-15 v) is not positive relative to theemitter (-15 v).

4. 50 microfarads or 0.000050 farads.

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EXAMPLES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Electronic Diagrams and Schematics

Example 2

b.

Figure 17 Example 2

Refer to Figure 17 to answer the following:

a. How many resistors are there in the circuit?

How many transistors are there? , and are they PNP or NPN transistors?

c.

d.

e.

f.

What is CR4?

How many power supplies are there feeding the circuit and its components?

How many capacitors are in the circuit?

Q2 will conduct when the output of U2 is a positive or negative voltage?

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Electronic Diagram and Schematics DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 EXAMPLES

Answers to questions on Figure 17

a . Seven resistors, R11, R13, R14, R20,

b. Two, both are NPN type transistors.

c. Diode

R12, Rl, RL

d. Two power supplies, a 1-5 VDC to the U2 amplifier and 24 VDC battery in the circuit.

e. One, C7

f. NPN transistors conduct when their base junction is positive

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Exercise Summary

This chapter reviewed the material presented in this module throughpractice print reading exercises.

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Department of EnergyFundamentals Handbook

ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGS

Module 5Logic Diagrams

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Logic Diagrams DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Symbology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Time Delays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Complex Logic Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Truth Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Reading Logic Diagrams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Logic Diagrams

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Example of a Pump Start Circuit Schematic Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2 Example of Pump Start Circuit as a Logic Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 3 Basic Logic Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 4 Conventions for Depicting Multiple Inputs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Figure 5 COINCIDENCE Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 6 EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 7 Type One Time Delay Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 8 Type Two Time Delay Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 9 Type Three Time Delay Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 10 Symbols for Complex Logic Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 11 Truth Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 12 Logic Gate Status Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 13 Example 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 14 Example 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

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Logic Diagrams DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

NONE

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REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 Logic Diagrams

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National StandardsInstitute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,1968.

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Logic Diagrams DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given a logic diagram,READ and INTERPRET the diagrams.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on logic diagrams to represent the following components:

a. AND gate h. Adderb. NAND gate i. Time-delayc. COINCIDENCE gate j. Counterd. OR gate k. Shift registere. NOR gate l. Flip-flopf. EXCLUSIVE OR gate m. Logic memoriesg. NOT gate or inverter

1.2 EXPLAIN the operation of the three types of time delay devices.

1.3 DEVELOP the truth tables for the following logic gates:

a. AND gate d. NAND gateb. OR gate e. NOR gatec. NOT gate f. EXCLUSIVE OR gate

1.4 IDENTIFY the symbols used to denote a logical 1 (or high) and a logical 0 (or low) asused in logic diagrams.

1.5 Given a logic diagram and appropriate information,DETERMINE the output of eachcomponent and the logic circuit.

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Logic Diagrams DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93 ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS

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ENGINEERING LOGIC DIAGRAMS

This chapter will review the symbols and conventions used on logic diagrams.

EO 1.1 IDENTIFY the symbols used on logic diagrams to representthe following components:

a. AND gate h. Adderb. NAND gate i. Time-delayc. COINCIDENCE gate j. Counterd. OR gate k. Shift registere. NOR gate l. Flip-flopf. EXCLUSIVE OR gate m. Logic memoriesg. NOT gate or inverter

EO 1.2 EXPLAIN the operation of the three types of time delaydevices.

Introduction

Logic diagrams have many uses. In the solid state industry, they are used as the principaldiagram for the design of solid state components such as computer chips. They are used bymathematicians to help solve logical problems (called boolean algebra). However, their principleapplication at DOE facilities is their ability to present component and system operationalinformation. The use of logic symbology results in a diagram that allows the user to determinethe operation of a given component or system as the various input signals change.

To read and interpret logic diagrams, the reader must understand what each of the specializedsymbols represent. This chapter discusses the common symbols used on logic diagrams. Whenmastered, this knowledge should enable the reader to understand most logic diagrams.

Facility operators and technical staff personnel commonly see logic symbols on equipmentdiagrams. The logic symbols, called gates, depict the operation/start/stop circuits of componentsand systems. The following two figures, which use a common facility start/stop pump circuitas an example, clearly demonstrate the reasons for learning to read logic diagrams. Figure 1presents a schematic for a large pump, and Figure 2 shows the same pump circuit using onlylogic gates. It is obvious that when the basic logic symbols are understood, figuring out howthe pump operates and how it will respond to various combinations of inputs using the logicdiagram is fast and easy, as compared to laboriously tracing through the relays and contacts ofthe schematic diagram for the same information.

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Figure 2 Example of Figure 1 Pump Start Circuit as a Logic Diagram

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Symbology

There are three basic types of logic gates. They are AND, OR, and NOT gates. Each gateis a very simple device that only has two states, on and off. The states of a gate are alsocommonly referred to as high or low, 1 or 0, or True or False, where on = high = 1 = True,and off = low = 0 = False. The state of the gate, also referred to as its output, is determinedby the status of the inputs to the gate, with each type of gate responding differently to thevarious possible combinations of inputs. Specifically, these combinations are as follows.

AND gate - provides an output (on) when all its inputs are on. When any one of theinputs is off, the gate's output is off.

OR gate - provides an output (on) when any one or more of its inputs is on. The gateis off only when all of its inputs are off.

NOT gate - provides a reversal of the input. If the input is on, the output will be off.If the input is off, the output will be on.

Because the NOT gate is frequently used in conjunction with AND and OR gates, specialsymbols have been developed to represent these combinations. The combination of an ANDgate and a NOT gate is called a NAND gate. The combination of an OR gate with a NOTgate is called a NOR gate.

NAND gate - is the opposite (NOT) of an AND gate's output. It provides an output(on) except when all the inputs are on.

NOR gate - is the opposite (NOT) of an OR gate's output. It provides an output onlywhen all inputs are off.

Figure 3 illustrates the symbols covering the three basic logic gates plus NAND and NORgates. The IEEE/ANSI symbols are used most often; however, other symbol conventions areprovided on Figure 3 for information.

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Figure 3 Basic Logic Symbols

Figure 4 Conventions for Depicting Multiple Inputs

The AND gate has a common variation called a COINCIDENCE gate. Logic gates are notlimited to two inputs. Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of inputs a gate can have.But, as the number of inputs increases, the symbol must be altered to accommodate theincreased inputs. There are two basic ways to show multiple inputs. Figure 4 demonstratesboth methods, using an OR gate as an example. The symbols used in Figure 4 are usedextensively in computer logic diagrams. Process control logic diagrams usually use thesymbology shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 5 COINCIDENCE Gate

Figure 6 EXCLUSIVE OR and EXCLUSIVE NOR Gates

The COINCIDENCE gate behaves like an AND gateexcept that only a specific number of the total numberof inputs needs to be on for the gate's output to be on.The symbol for a COINCIDENCE gate is shown inFigure 5. The fraction in the logic symbol indicates thatthe AND gate is a COINCIDENCE gate. Thenumerator of the fraction indicates the number of inputsthat must be on for the gate to be on. The denominatorstates the total number of inputs to the gate.

Two variations of the OR gate are the EXCLUSIVEOR and its opposite, the EXCLUSIVE NOR. TheEXCLUSIVE OR and the EXCLUSIVE NOR aresymbolized by adding a line on the back of the standardOR or NOR gate's symbol, as illustrated in Figure 6.

EXCLUSIVE OR - provides an output (on) when only one of the inputs is on. Anyother combination results in no output (off).

EXCLUSIVE NOR - is the opposite (NOT) of an EXCLUSIVE OR gate's output. Itprovides an output only when all inputs are on or when all inputs are off.

Time Delays

When logic diagrams are used to represent start/stop/operate circuits, the diagrams must alsobe able to symbolize the various timing devices found in the actual circuits. There are threemajor types of timers. They are 1) the Type-One Time Delay Device, 2) the Type-Two TimeDelay Device, and 3) The Type-Three Time Delay Device.

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Figure 7 Type One Time Delay Device

Figure 8 Type Two Time Delay Device

Upon receipt of the input signal, the Type-One Time Delay Device delays the output(on) for the specified period of time, but the output will stop (off) as soon as the inputsignal is removed, as illustrated by Figure 7. The symbol for this type of timer isillustrated in Figure 7.

The Type-Two Time Delay Device provides an output signal (on) immediately uponreciept of the input signal, but the output is maintained only for a specified period oftime once the input signal (off) has been removed. Figure 8 demonstrates the signalresponse, and Figure 8 illustrates the symbol used to denote this type of timer.

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Figure 9 Type-Three Time Delay Device

Upon reciept of an input signal, Type-Three Time Delay Devices provide an outputsignal for a specified period of time, regardless of the duration of the input. Figure 9demonstrates the signal response and illustrates the symbol used to denote the timer.

Complex Logic Devices

In addition to the seven basic logic gates, there are several complex logic devices that may beencountered in the use of logic prints.

Memory devices - In many circuits, a device that can "remember" the last command orthe last position is required for a circuit to function. Like the AND and OR gates,memory devices have been designed to work with on/off signals. The two input signalsto a memory device are called set and reset. Figure 10 shows the common symbolsused for memory devices.

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Figure 10 Symbols for Complex Logic Devices

Flop-flop - As the name implies, a flip-flop is a device in which as one or more of itsinputs changes, the output changes. A flip-flop is a complex circuit constructed fromOR and NOT gates, but is used so frequently in complex circuits that it has its ownsymbol. Figure 10 shows the common symbol used for a flip-flop.

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Engineering Logic Diagrams Summary

This chapter reviewed the seven basic symbols used on logic diagrams and thesymbols used for six of the more complex logic devices.

There are three types of time delay devices:

Type One - delays the output signal for a specified period of time

Type Two - only generates an output for the specified period of time

Type Three - receipt of an input signal triggers the device to output asignal for the specified time, regardless of the duration of the input

This device, although occasionally used on component and system type logic diagrams,is principally used in solid state logic diagrams (computers).

Binary counter - Several types of binary counters exist, all of which are constructed offlip-flops. The purpose of a counter is to allow a computer to count higher than 1,which is the highest number a single flip-flop can represent. By ganging flip-flops,higher binary numbers can be constructed. Figure 10 illustrates a common symbol usedfor a binary counter.

Shift register - Is a storage device constructed of flip-flops that is used in computers toprovide temporary storage of a binary word. Figure 10 shows the common symbol usedfor a shift register.

Half adder - Is a logic circuit that is used in computer circuits to allow the computer to"carry" numbers when it is performing mathematical operations (for example to performthe addition of 9 + 2, a single 10s unit must be "carried" from the ones column to thetens column). Figure 10 illustrates the symbol used for a half adder.

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

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TRUTH TABLES AND EXERCISES

Truth tables offer a simple and easy to understand tool that can be used todetermine the output of any logic gate or circuit for all input combinations.

EO 1.3 DEVELOP the truth tables for the following logic gates:

a. AND gate d. NAND gateb. OR gate e. NOR gatec. NOT gate f. EXCLUSIVE OR gate

EO 1.4 IDENTIFY the symbols used to denote a logical 1 (or high)and a logical 0 (or low) as used in logic diagrams.

EO 1.5 Given a logic diagram and appropriate information,DETERMINE the output of each component and the logiccircuit.

Truth Tables

When a logic gate has only two inputs, or the logic circuit to be analyzed has only one or twogates, it is fairly easy to remember how a specific gate responds and determine the output ofthe gate or circuit. But as the number of inputs and/or the complexity of the circuit grows, itbecomes more difficult to determine the output of the gate or circuit. Truth tables, as illustratedin Figure 11, are tools designed to help solve this problem. A truth table has a column for theinput of each gate and column for the output of each gate. The number of rows needed is basedon the number of inputs, so that every combination of input signal is listed (mathematically thenumber of rows is 2 , where n = number of inputs). In truth tables, the on and off status of then

inputs and outputs is represented using 0s and 1s. As previously stated 0 = off and 1 = on.Figure 11 lists truth tables for the seven basic logic gates. Compare each gate's truth table withits definition given earlier in this module, and verify for yourself that they are stating the samething.

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Figure 11 Truth Tables

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Figure 12 Logic Gate Status Notation

Reading Logic Diagrams

When reading logic prints the reader usually must decide the input values to each gate. Butoccasionally the print will provide information as to the normal state of each logic gate. Thisis denoted by a symbol similar to the bistable symbol, as shown in Figure 12. The symbol isdrawn so that the first part of the square wave indicates the normal state of the gate. Thesecond part of the square wave indicates the off-normal state of the gate. Figure 12 alsoillustrates how this notation is applied.

Reading a logic diagram that does not provide information on the status of the gates is not anymore difficult. It simply requires the reader to choose the initial conditions, determine theresponse of the circuits, and modify the inputs as needed. The following exercises will illustratehow to read some simple logic diagrams.

Examples

To aid in understanding the material presented in this module, practice reading the followinglogic diagrams by answering the questions. The answers are on page 18.

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Figure 13 Example 1

Example 1

Refer to Figure 13 to answer the following questions. Figure 13 illustrates a logic diagram ofa simple fan start circuit.

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1. Identify by number the following logic symbols:

a. AND

b. OR

c. Time delay

d. Retentive-Memory

2. How long must the safety signal be present before the time delay (1) will pass an output(on) signal to Gate 2?

3. Under what conditions will Gate 2 turn on?

4. Under what conditions will the low flow alarm (5) sound?

5. Since the control switch is always in the AUTO position (due to the spring returnfeature), what logic gate keeps the continuous on signal that is generated by the controlswitch being in the AUTO position from starting the fan? What signal must also bepresent to allow the AUTO signal to start the fan?

6. If 12 minutes after first receiving a safety signal, with the fan control switch in theAUTO position, the safety signal is removed (off), what will happen to the fan? Why?

7. How many ways can the fan be started? How many ways can the fan be stopped?

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Figure 14 Example 2

Example 2

Refer to Figure 14 to answer the following questions. Figure 14 illustrates a simple valvecontrol circuit. Flow control valve (FCV) 1-147 is an air-operated valve, with its air controlledby flow solenoid valve (FSV) 1-147, which is shown in its de-energized position.

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1. Identify by number the following logic symbols.

a. AND

b. OR

c. NOT

2. As drawn, with the hand switch in the AUTO position and no safety signal present,what is the status of the two inputs to Gate 4, on or off?

3. Since electrical components are drawn in their de-energized state, and using the answerfrom Question 2, is the flow solenoid valve (FSV-1-147) in its correct position? Why?

4. How many ways can FSV-1-147 be energized? De-energized?

5. If a safety signal is present, can FCV-1-147 (valve FSV-1-147 energized) be opened?Why?

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Answers to example 1.

1. a. 2b. 3c. 1d. 4

2. The safety signal must be received for greater than 10 minutes before it will passthrough the time delay. If the safety signal is removed before 10 minutes has elapsedno signal will be passed to Gate 2.

3. Gate 2 will turn on when the hand-switch is in the AUTO position and a safety signalhas been received for greater than 10 minutes.

4. If flow switch (FS) 30-38 senses less than 20,000 cfm, 45 seconds after the fan hasstarted, or the same condition exists on the 1B-B fan, the alarm will sound.

5. AND Gate 2 prevents the on signal from passing until a safety signal is also received(>10 minutes).

6. Ten minutes after receiving the safety signal, the fan started. At 12 minutes, removingthe safety signal only removes the continuous start signal to the fan. The fan willcontinue to run until the hand switch is placed in the stop position. Further, with theremoval of the safety signal, the fan will remain stopped when the hand switch springreturns to the AUTO position. Note that if the hand switch is placed in the stopposition while the safety signal is present, the fan will stop, but will restart as soon asthe switch spring returns to the AUTO position.

7. It can be started by two signals - START and AUTO plus a safety signal.It can be stopped by one signal - STOP (but will only remain stopped if no safety signalis present or the switch is held in the stopped position).

Answers to example number 2.

1. a. 1 & 4b. 2c. 3

2. Right input is - on - this is because the hand control switch is in the AUTO position, andthe AUTO switch contacts are made up, resulting in an on signal. Therefore the hand-switch CLOSE position contacts are open, resulting in an off signal. The off signal isreversed in the NOT gate and becomes an on signal.

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Left input is - off -. To determine this, the status of the gates feeding the left input mustbe determined.

Looking at the OR gate (2) above itThe right input to the OR gate is - off - because the hand control switchis in the AUTO position. The OPEN position contacts are not made up,resulting in an off signal.

The left input to the OR gate comes from the AND gate (1) above it.

Looking at the three inputs to the AND gate. The bottom inputis - on - because the hand control switch is in the AUTO positionand the AUTO contacts are made up, resulting in an on signal.

The middle input to the AND gate is - on - because the NOT gatereverses the off safety signal.

The top input is - off - because the valve is not fully open,resulting in the generation of an off signal. Note this is the signalthat, once the valve has traveled to the fully open position, allowsthe valve to remain open after the hand switch is allowed tospring return to the AUTO position.

Now that all the inputs are known, we can work back through the circuit to determinethe status of the left input to the AND gate (4).

Because the one input, the top, to the AND gate (1) is off, the output ofthe AND gate is off. Therefore, the left input into the OR gate (2) is off.Therefore, because both the left and right inputs to the OR gate (2) areoff the output of the OR gate (1) is off.

3. Yes, de-energized is correct because the left input of the AND gate (4) is off and its rightinput is on. But because it is an AND gate and both its inputs are not on, it will not passan on signal to the solenoid to energize it.

4. It can be energized one way - the hand switch can be momentarily placed in the OPENposition.

It can be de-energized two ways - the hand switch can be placed in the CLOSE position,or, if the valve is open and a safety signal is received, the valve will automatically close.

5. Yes, the valve can be opened, but it will not remain open when the hand switch isallowed to spring return to the AUTO position. This is because the safety signal's NOTgate removes the on signal that allows the AND gate (1) to output an on signal andenergize the solenoid.

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Truth Tables and Exercises Summary

The normal and off-normal status of each logic gate can be symbolized by the useof a symbol similar to the bistable.

The first part of the square wave indicates the normal state ofthe gate.

The second part of the square wave indicates the off-normal stateof the gate.

This chapter presented the truth tables for each of the seven basic logic gates.

This chapter reviewed several examples of how to read logic diagrams of simplepump and valve circuits.

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

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Department of EnergyFundamentals Handbook

ENGINEERING SYMBOLOGY, PRINTS,AND DRAWINGS

Module 6Engineering Fabrication, Construction,

and Architectural Drawings

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION,AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Dimensioning Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Dimensioning and Tolerance Symbology, Rules, and Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . 6Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION,AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Example 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Rev. 0 Page i PR-06

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93LIST OF FIGURES Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Example of a Fabrication Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Figure 2 Example of a Construction Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 3 Example of an Architectural Drawing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 4 Types of Dimensioning Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 5 Example of Dimensioning Notation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 6 Symbology Used in Tolerancing Drawings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 7 Examples of Tolerance Symbology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 8 Example of Tolerancing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 9 Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 10 Example 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Figure 11 Example 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF TABLES

NONE

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93REFERENCES Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings

REFERENCES

ANSI Y14.5M - 1982, Dimensioning and Tolerancing, American National StandardsInstitute.

ANSI Y32.2 - 1975, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, AmericanNational Standards Institute.

Gasperini, Richard E., Digital Troubleshooting, Movonics Company; Los Altos,California, 1976.

Jensen - Helsel, Engineering Drawing and Design, Second Ed., McGraw-Hill BookCompany, New York, 1979.

Lenk, John D., Handbook of Logic Circuits, Reston Publishing Company, Reston,Virginia, 1972.

Wickes, William E., Logic Design with Integrated Circuits, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,1968.

Naval Auxiliary Machinery, United States Naval Institute, Annapolis, Maryland, 1951.

TPC Training Systems, Reading Schematics and Symbols, Technical Publishing Company,Barrington, Illinois, 1974.

Arnell, Alvin, Standard Graphical Symbols, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

George Mashe, Systems Summary of a Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971.

Zappe, R.W., Valve Selection Handbook, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas,1968.

PR-06 Page iv Rev. 0

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DOE-HDBK-1016/2-93Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE

1.0 Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing,READ andINTERPRET basic dimensional and tolerance symbology, and basic fabrication,construction, or architectural symbology.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

1.1 STATE the purpose of engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.

1.2 Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing,DETERMINEthe specified dimensions of an object.

1.3 Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing,DETERMINEthe maximum and minimum dimensions or location of an object or feature from the stateddrawing tolerance.

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ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

This chapter describes the basic symbology used in the dimensions and tolerancesof engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings. Knowledgeof this information will make these types of prints easier to read and understand.

EO 1.1 STATE the purpose of engineering fabrication, construction,and architectural drawings.

EO 1.2 Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architecturaldrawing, DETERMINE the specified dimensions of an object.

EO 1.3 Given an engineering fabrication, construction, or architecturaldrawing, DETERMINE the maximum and minimumdimensions or location of an object or feature from the stateddrawing tolerance.

Introduction

This chapter will describe engineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.These three types of drawings represent the category of drawings commonly referred to asblueprints. Fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings differ from P&IDs, electricalprints, and logic diagrams in that they are drawn to scale and provide the component's physicaldimensions so that the part, component, or structure can be manufactured or assembled.Although fabrication and construction drawings are presented as separate categories, both supplyinformation about the manufacture or assembly of a component or structure. The only realdifference between the two is the subject matter. A fabrication drawing provides informationon how a single part is machined or fabricated in a machine shop, whereas a constructiondrawing provides the construction or assembly of large multi-component structures or systems.

Fabrication drawings, also called machine drawings, are principally found in and aroundmachine and fabrication shops where the actual machine work is performed. The drawingusually depicts the part or component as an orthographic projection (see module 1 fordefinition) with each view containing the necessary dimensions. Figure 1 is an example of afabrication drawing. In this case, the drawing is a centering rest that is used to support materialas it is being machined.

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Figure 1 Example of a Fabrication Drawing

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Figure 2 Example of a Construction Drawing

Construction drawings are found principally at sites where the construction of a structure orsystem is being performed. These drawings usually depict each structure/system or portion ofa structure/system as an orthographic projection with each view containing the necessarydimensions required for assembly. Figure 2 provides an example of a construction print for asection of a steel roof truss.

Architectural drawings are used by architects in the conceptual design of buildings andstructures. These drawings do not provide detailed information on how the structure orbuilding is to be built, but rather they provide information on how the designer wants thebuilding to appear and how it will function. Examples of this are location-size-type of doors,windows, rooms, flow of people, storage areas, and location of equipment. These drawings canbe presented in several formats, including orthographic, isometric, plan, elevation, orperspective. Figure 3 provides an example of an architectural drawing, of a county library.

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Dimensioning Drawings

For any engineering fabrication, construction, or architectural drawing to be of value, exactinformation concerning the various dimensions and their tolerances must be provided by thedrawing. Drawings usually denote dimensions and tolerances per the American NationalStandards Institute (ANSI) standards. These standards are explained in detail in Dimensioningand Tolerancing, ANSI Y14.5M - 1982. This section will review the basic methods of denotingdimensions and tolerances on drawings per the ANSI standards.

Dimensions on a drawing can be expressed in one of two ways. In the first method, the drawingis drafted to scale and any measurement is obtained by measuring the drawing and correcting forthe scale. In the second method, the actual dimensions of the component are specified on thedrawing. The second method is the preferred method because it reduces the chances of errorand allows greater accuracy and drawing flexibility. Because even the simplest component hasseveral dimensions that must be stated (and each dimension must have a tolerance), a drawingcan quickly become cluttered with dimensions. To reduce this problem, the ANSI standardsprovide rules and conventions for dimensioning a drawing. The basic rules and conventionsmust be understood before a dimensioned drawing can be correctly read.

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Figure 4 Types of Dimensioning Lines

Dimensioning and Tolerance Symbology, Rules, and Conventions

When actual dimensions are specified on a print, the basic line symbols that are illustrated byFigure 4 are used.

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Figure 5 Example of Dimensioning Notation

Figure 5 provides examples of the various methods used on drawings to indicate linear, circularand angular dimensions.

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When a drawing is dimensioned, each dimension must have a tolerance. In many cases, thetolerance is not stated, but is set to an implied standard. An example is the blueprint for ahouse. The measurements are not usually given stated tolerances, but it is implied that thecarpenter will build the building to the normal tolerances of his trade (1/8-1/4 inch), and thedesign and use of the blueprints allow for this kind of error. Another method of expressingtolerances on a drawing is to state in the title block, or in a note, a global tolerance for allmeasurements on the drawing.

The last method is to state the tolerance for a specified dimension with the measurement. Thismethod is usually used in conjunction with one of the other two tolerancing methods. This typeof notation is commonly used for a dimension that requires a higher level of accuracy than theremainder of the drawing. Figure 6 provides several examples of how this type of tolerancingnotation can appear on a drawing.

Tolerances are applied to more than just linear dimensions, such as 1 + 0.1 inches. They canapply to any dimension, including the radius, the degree of out-of-round, the allowable out-of-square, the surface condition, or any other parameter that effects the shape and size of theobject. These types of tolerances are called geometric tolerances. Geometric tolerances statethe maximum allowable variation of a form or its position from the perfect geometry impliedon the drawing. The term geometry refers to various forms, such as a plane, a cylinder, a cone,a square, or a hexagon. Theoretically these are perfect forms, but because it is impossible toproduce perfect forms, it may be necessary to specify the amount of variation permitted. Thesetolerances specify either the diameter or the width of a tolerance zone within which a surfaceor the axis of a cylinder or a hole must be if the part is to meet the required accuracy for properfunction and fit. The methods of indicating geometric tolerances by means of geometriccharacteristic symbols are shown in Figure 6. Examples of tolerance symbology are shown inFigure 7.

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Figure 6 Symbology Used in Tolerancing Drawings

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Figure 7 Examples of Tolerance Symbology

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Figure 8 Example of Tolerancing

Because tolerances allow a part or the placement of a part or feature to vary or have a range,all of an object's dimensions can not be specified. This allows the unspecified, and therefor non-toleranced, dimension to absorb the errors in the critical dimensions. As illustrated in Figure8 (A) for example, all of the internal dimensions plus each dimension's maximum tolerance addsup to more than the specified overall dimension and its maximum tolerance. In this case thelength of each step plus its maximum tolerance is 1 1/10 inches, for a maximum object lengthof 3 3/10 inches. However the drawing also specifies that the total length of the object cannotexceed 3 1/10 inches. A drawing dimensioned in this manner is not correct, and one of thefollowing changes must be made if the part is to be correctly manufactured.

To prevent this type of conflict, the designer must either specify different tolerances for eachof the dimensions so that the length of each smaller dimension plus its maximum error adds upto a value within the overall dimension plus its tolerance, or leave one of the dimensions off,as illustrated in Figure 8 (B) (the preferred method).

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Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawings Summary

The purpose of a fabrication drawing is to provide the information necessary tomanufacture and machine components.

The purpose of construction drawings is to provide the information necessary tobuild and assemble structures and systems.

The purpose of architectural drawings is to provide conceptual information aboutbuildings and structures.

This chapter reviewed the basic symbology used in dimensioning engineeringfabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

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Figure 9 Example 1

ENGINEERING FABRICATION, CONSTRUCTION, AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, EXAMPLES

The information presented in the previous chapter is reviewed in this chapterthrough the performance of reading drawing examples.

Examples

To aid in understanding the material presented in this module, practice reading the followingprints by answering the questions. The answers are on the page following the last example.

Example 1

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Figure 10 Example 2

1. What is the overall height of the structure?

2. What is the width (front-to-back) of the structure?

3. What is the difference between the width (front-to-back) and the width (side-to-side) ofthe base of the structure?

Example 2

1. What is the geometric characteristic being given a tolerance?

2. What is the maximum diameter of the shaft?

3. What is the minimum diameter of the shaft?

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Figure 11 Example 3

Example 3

1. What is the geometric characteristic being given a tolerance?

2. What is the maximum length of the cylinder?

3. What is the minimum length of the cylinder?

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Answers to example 1.

1. 5' 6"

2. 4' 1"

3. 9" (4' 10" side-to-side distance - 4' 1" front-to-back distance)

Answers to example 2.

1. Using Figure 6, the straight line in the geometric characteristic box indicates"straightness." This implies that the surface must be straight to with in 0.02 inches.

2. 16.00 inches

3. 15.89 inches

Answers to example 3.

1. Using Figure 6, the circle with two parallel bars in the geometric characteristic boxindicates "Cylindricity," or how close to being a perfect cylinder it must be (in this case0.25 inches).

2. 4.15 inches. The nominal length of 4.1 plus the tolerance of 0.05.

3. 4.05 inches. The nominal length of 4.1 minus the tolerance of 0.05.

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Engineering Fabrication, Construction, and Architectural Drawing Exercise Summary

This chapter reviewed the material on dimensioning and tolerancingengineering fabrication, construction, and architectural drawings.

Summary

The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

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end of text.

CONCLUDING MATERIAL

Review activities: Preparing activity:

DOE - ANL-W, BNL, EG&G Idaho, DOE - NE-73EG&G Mound, EG&G Rocky Flats, Project Number 6910-0022LLNL, LANL, MMES, ORAU, REECo, WHC, WINCO, WEMCO, and WSRC.