reasons,
grasp the
 
it. This is true of
all
it is equally
of man. It
is true of
CHAPTER
XXIII.
Questioned
Additions
and
Interlineations
. 422
sources where
be
possible
if
case
in
questions has been
it is
photography to the subject
facts
in
a
been permitted
is in-
cerpts
fundamental and
elementary questions
connected with
has
must
a more
served the
genuineness of the
what
to look for and how to look at it and should
know what
preliminary
work
do
promptly.
portance may arise
knowledge
a lawyer should
promptness
special
in
utilize effectively testi-
present; that
a
he is
from
million dollar wills.
It would be
devised a
property interests
written
documents,
but
of
a
single
of court has forgery
cases of high or
clumsy
effort
which
the
kind is
an unnatural
No
it
docu-
ment
the
and the
posely included
dis-
covered
methods of
to
of
a
docu-
such manner as
value as evidence.
great importance
interests
are
exact physical condition of every part of a suspected
document should
the document
the parties
for.
Numerous
in any
un-
necessarily;
should
not
ex-
cept
the
[1]
with
a
Sharp
should
except
with
the
in
order
to
avoid
the
necessity
of
rubber
band
placed
around
the
opposite
tected
a
handling. The paper can
the
glass
writing
on
sufficient.
A
strong
sunlight
or
left
out
in
special foot that
such
a
receptacle.
It
has
been
method
whatever.
Certain
foreign
technical
books
describe
numerous
im-
document in
but
heroic
with
special
reproduction
begins
lander
(1906).
'We
the
deed
the
various
reasons,
but
papers
or
date.
date.
(7)
Documents
writing
or
discolored
Such
a
condition
the
docu-
ment
should
be
 
The third class
especial-
ly
docu-
ments,
be
of
diiFer
in
some
measure
who thus
character
wTiter, proof
of
the
writer.
tion of
forger
acter that point toward the writing
of the
the crime of uttering a
forged paper than,
jecture
to
conclusive
proof. ^
In
so confirmatory of itself in
its
and
unpre-
in
sufficient
quantity and kind may afford the most positive and con-
clusive evidence
been
presumption
to
tion,
the disputed
points therein
tainty and
so long postponed
examination
seem
to
in-
a document
only very inadequate
if not wholly
improper standards are
proof of
discussed in
the intro-
by
statute
to
compare
practice
until
1880,
Pennsylvania
did
not
accident, it
criticism
it
received and the whole history of the subject has been
clouded by
of
judge and counsel of
likely to prevail. Certain
not
had
experience
with
handwriting
cases.
A
ing
and
so
these
things
alone
are
clear-
ly
shown,
exact
be
character,
but
admitted
to
the
writing
habits
of
the
is
a
bungling
rendered,
five
signa-
tures
always
It
is
not
often
more should always be
is
until
a
haste and lack
affected
by
the
or the age
disputed writing is al-
extent for
of
writ-
ing
done,
the
ings
continue
the
same,
changes
will
be
character may thus
as those in
a questioned
not
in question,
may
so
affect
of
years
previous,
included
in a
natural way
the mind, is
overcome
this
difficulty.
endeavoring
be
dictated
that
matter may be joined
to
compare
written. Such writ-
is
 
now
are
usually
put
writers, as
stated above,
com-
parison
papers
may
must be
depended upon.
of securing
inactive ac-
counts
be
pro-
cured
vouchers, drawn in the
inadequate
by
counsel
and
excluded
test
were
discovered
at
given
other.
To
insist
on
is
any problem.
com-
be able
that
such
are
simplest tests. They not
all are
j^hotographed,
conclusively
the
unreliable
regard-
ing
contention would
writings
any comparison
the influence of
to get
the
the
most
thorough
the dis-
under heaven,
writing.
The
peculiar
some opinion or
to show that
opinion
 
its
admissibihty.
A
fair
render the
recognized
or
shown
to
be
genuine.
side
by
side,
the
writing
a witness
standard which he
in his mind from
of
proof
the faint impression
to
be
drawn between the mere opinion of the witness and the assist-
ance
acters in the writings
cases where opinions conflict and the
alleged forgery is
and
If
there
are
sufficient
even
really
good
disguise,
the
superiority
is
overwhelming.
 A
error cannot
a
thoroughly
to
have
sion during
Twistleton in
different ways they
disputed
tested, measured and
almost
 
enlarged
(from evidence  oculis
making com-
antagonism
to
revelations
of
should exist, in
photographer's
camera,
ber of
the original
weigh
testi-
dlstorted
are
relied
upon
liable
in
matters
of
evidenc.
Wherever
what
Nat.
Bank,
5
Jones
comparing
and
examining
use
of
an
eye-glass
specimens of
handwriting exhibited
with the aid
must
to
the
al-
leged
grant
and
one
existing
and
reproduced
by
photog-
of the ad-
glass.—
are brought
together. In
because of the difficulty
by
comparison
by
juxtaposition.
of
de-
ciding
eye
does
not
see
clearly
until
may thus
render yellow tints as
such
conditions
of
yellow
is
also
faded
for study and comparison
indistinctness of
and as
points.
In
such
sirable; they are necessary.
a
dated
or
dandy-roll with
justice.
The
the stereoscope,
there is
carried to
with remarkable distinctness. In
kind
arise
re-
as to
or
changed conditions
illustrated
machine, the
and imperfections.
all
microscopic
for
these
purposes,
stereoscopic
used.
The
single
lens,
with
which
two
means the same result is ob-
tained
about
one
first exposure
be
as far as is
the same
points.
The
method
is,
State
St.
evidence
a
court. It is
repre-
sentation
by
proper under-
in
the
applica-
of
photography,
the
view
possess
and
by the government Bureau
Fig.
10
A
three-color
lens,
designed
object.
This
lens
is
certified
by
camera these
mechanical means, but
conditions
can
ticulars
in
perfect
without a special
camera if adequate
unusual
trated here
but
may
be
the
utmost
detail
is
suit-
paper are preferable
the
middle
with
binding
pasted in
first
fectly
flat.
matter
some
cases
most
convincing
such an enlarged
specimens for
comparison close
by
the
use
Circumstances
the
facts
the plate
can be done by the use
of
equate
ex-
from a
clear and distinct
photo-micrographs.
folds in
been
described,
certain
portions
imperative
printed on
i7i,|.ji|i|i|iji|i|iliii|i|ii:ji|:|i|iji|i|i|i|i|i|i^^^^^
Fig.
20
numei'ous
illustrations
largement
to
ment considerable enlargement may be necessary. In
photographing
pencil
writing
Fig.
23
 
slight between the
parts to be
writing
by
the
the
color
of
the
screen is
 
on
not
too
great
area.
so that it
the
German
either through the
made visible
cases,
and
dis-
two
the
inch,
lines
sidering this fact it
the
individual
three
rings
inch
used
as
up
test-object Pleurosigna
by a
the eyepiece,
visible
instruments
of
evidence
to
show
the
is
is necessary because it
be
seen
not
a
place
in
court
whenever
it
in
a
regarding
the
physical
evidence
microscope this
years of age
weeks old.
Such documents
has not nearly
shows its
1-5
inch
diameter.
A
power
verified by comparison
valid
objections
 
ing
likely
ever
to
but seldom required.
permit
pears
uring with the
instrument the actual
1,
if properly proved,
of testimony.
(See Fig.
portion
of
s ould be taken to
get
is
properly
conducted.
the
microscope
lens
called
the
eye-point
at
which
posi-
rays enter
or shadows
high
powers,
quite
close
as dark
p.
131.
the ordinary
by
will be found
four
lens
is
Vz
inch
ordinary spectacles
by which
cause of
sight,
the evidence
be
to
enable
of Perry, Iowa
camera
jury magnifying
compare the same
not be allowed the use
of
means
examined
and
are unable
than in
being equal,
in
his
—
(1872).
The
microscope
is
other
changes,
the examination of crossed
fibre, retouching, and
often in their full detail
invisible
to
liberal
the
same
as
that
of
an
must be considered,
Hne inquiries,
testimony
which
is
alone
knows
were
surrounded
and more
onh'^
permits
physical
basis
it
becomes
possible
for
they may
all compli-
cated tools,
otherwise might
and magnifying
it may happen that a referee, who alone
considers
the
or a juryman whose
peculiar
assistance
quiry
useful.
When
both
or it is desirable
purposes
a hand
one
inch.
cases
it is
be made so
that they can
this may be possible
model signature and of
measure-
ments
can
be
brought into actual
the ordinary
in
size.
Both
show actual but minute
inakes it
possible to
measurements
purposes
it
is
very
useful.
•5
inquiries. This last illustra-
printed herewith,
but it
For some
be
instrument
usually possible
nest
The
this
chapter
is
illustrated
in
Fig.
48
in
critical
Fig.
Vernier,
a
native
of
France.
a
of
the
primary divisions. The
by
or
reading
inch.
and
designed
piece of
of
This is a
compared
with
a
correspond-
ing
in-
vestigations
letters.
Co.
(BuiFalo,
the use of
is
useful
in
all
written
and
on
reached
its
of
the
unmistakably
trated.
ous
in
connection
classi-
fying
may have some value as a means of identifying it
and
theory
If
uents
of
any
in signifi-
all the way
grace
of
the
adept.
Modern
which points
to the
as
wide
fundamental
question.
As
movement because
such writing
were actually
individuals and
forger
the hand movement,
by
writing is
in
of the thumb and the first and second fingers, the
actual
and
slightly
to
whom writing
the
new
irregular connections
the letters were
arose the necessity for developing what are described
as
writing
movements
as
compared
with
Finger movement writing, especially
but
disease;
(3)
divisions can
flourish.
in the
speed and
crossings
the
latter
end
forged or
discon-
ward strokes
or even
are natural-
stops or hesitation
unnatural
places.
Greatly
en-
will often show
that
writer, self-consciousness of the
which is the
clear mental
able
be distinguished
from tremor
process
of
signature also shows
inconsistent with
weakness
usually
shows
unusual
a general
sions of
very painful
and a
mark
it
physically
impossible
for
the
aged
sight
to
make
produced
feeble
follow an un-
of
to
nevertheless stands out
person may write
liberal
form
from the line
that
inevitably
raised
most
123
strokes
istic
handwriting.
entirely disregarded
attention
originally learned
writing often
in
general
ing is often
writing
imitated.
Pen
in
relation
ranging from a
ward strokes of slanted writing, to a position with
the
general
form
close
together
and
made
without
pressure.
Pressure
separates
of the paper
at
right
and both
pen nibs ;
If
downward strokes
nibs
others write with
^
are partly
up
strokes.
With
are uniform
point-
ing
when
the
The
character
of
the
on the left, on
more fre-
the
surface
the
materials
or what
recognized as
tremor.
involuntary
plac-
points;
(g)
larged photograph,
or
genuine
pen
inclined
somewhat
to
the down-
shade
all
in
and
unaccountable
peculiarities
as stated, give the most careful attention to this matter
of
it
of the examination
are systematically tabulated.
the concluding stroke
they occur
but no
certain
heavy line
in which
end
with
between
shading
show a
free and
well controlled
ticular feature. Being self-conscious and
hesitating
it
directness
the
is
often
especially if effort
inclines upward and
outgrowth
fected by
such
habits
to
line
place whence
conspicuous fact
numerous
results
have
and
practice.
At
the
beginning
of
this
large measure
once become inveterate
may go on
telegraph
blanks
times
two or
three are
size,
all admitted standards,
certain definite and
funda-
of great force
below the
lower loop
letters extending
as the short letters
radically from
tems,
modern
vertical,
of
was secured
than in the
later writing and
all angles were
the systems.
to copy
the old
the right
 
which
from
about
specimens
be investigated in
than the
genuine unless
glass
assists the
base lines those now
with such
is
pen  scratches or sticks into
the
paper
size and enlarged
nearly five diam-
strokes.
applied on a
shaded stroke before
from about
right in
longer
measurements to
every way this
necessary
to compare
eye ( Fig.
The same pen may
ordinary
two
bought in many
characteristics of
marks
even
on
very
downward
a
shadings
nearly
at
right
against
to
form
to
indent
of
traced
looked
sure
ting
the
indentations
that
still
remain
of
any
photographed
by
lighting
better
ink
the statute
fact
that
it
not nearly
the
two
direction of
examination
of
the
ing
a
retouched and perfected
every detail that its fraudulent character
is
clearly important
pencil.
may,
writings under chemical reac-
tions may show identities
came
length.
This
periods
covered
so
overlap
each
other
not fully aware
forger must, in
American writing.
The framework
or general
character of
professed
scribe),
in
practising
the
art
which the writers
fifteenth
century,
the identity of two
merely
The foreigner who has learned to speak
and write
striking analogies be-
where he was born and what his
education and
he does much the
the
most
This is well
be as true
lar nationality
ters of Junius date those documents,
and the
in American
particular.
And he observes, that  he can judge of the age of a
manuscript
as
in many
to
to
1865;
an-
cal writing
The angular
stops, and manner
the unskilled observer
causes they arise.
the
eighteenth
opportunity for
tendency
in
this
subject
of
handwriting.
During
were
practically
English publica-
many
page\
Be-
'No
attempt
is
Spencerian.
to
the
superiority
of
the
whom
of
work
comparison
of
this
writing
with
a change
Potter
of
copy-books
were
style of letters
brought
apparent
and
N,
H,
R,
K,
L,
U
and
X
(see
illustra-
tions)
was
a
round hand and were
out
at
of
writing
same
reason,
and
script,
but
pen
writing
and
increased, and the re-
large
on which
if not
writer. An
teristics
of
en-
tirely
unconventional,
but
in
but one
way which,
however, gives
It
is
by
having
hand
system
not
made this letter without a loop
while the later systems all make
the
 E's
with
a
presence
guised in any way, identified
a
man
tom and continuous
other divergences
made the
several lines,
is
in
(5)
the
capital
B
and
R
wards, in just the opposite
direction
from
that
in
which
six
as in
lower part of the letter is thrown slightly back toward
the left.
later
style,
bottom of
alphabets
(9)
writing
importance.
The
(11)
small
o
'In this alphabet,
etc.; and
but few at
form
throughout one generation
the
use-
ful
J,
because
are
written;
but
the
little
of
every
legitimately assigned
I and J,
exist
the line.—Badlam's
however
small,
and
tell
the
the case
12
of
regular numbers
had already all appeared in the
Eclectic
printed
1873;
said to begin about 1873.
The pointed
top
sane and
sensible. No
the
together
so
as
(1784).
Fig.
96
—The
published
D. C.
Gothic
the
beginning
to Shakespeare's,
and would never have
senses
of
whom we
know so
little, what would not be sacrificed? The very thought of
seeing those
lines, traced
and
Boswell's
extravagant
pointed
writing could
listened
to
been recently
manufactured at
Angouleme? What
new Italian hand
is
taken
for
only
subject
in
their
of
ancient
MioV'i'o'roOY
I
Codex Alexan-
drinus. (Daniel
and
in
certain
by
ceive
careful
attention.
not
constitute
an
absolutely
varies;
small as speech is low or
loud; it may
occasion
to-day write
the modern
boy
Revolutionary days, and to-morrow, without intention
or premeditation,
write the
is
part
be dis-
guised and
to apply
knowledge that genuine sig-
nor-
mal
divergencies
in
process
thought to
be, and,
one
of
the
is
never
it is clear
ity on the
ferent writers,
it is
of the
entirely
possible
acted upon and
competent
examiner
seriously ill, or writ-
may be
can speak
confidently as
question
or
unsuitable
shown
described are in
or width of
in
the
chapter
on
to
pres-
width of the
point of the
really
ance in a striking
because one
surface
have
been
executed
by
eyesight
must
be
considered.
The
attempt
is
sometimes
made
that spectacles were
more
inch
in
width,
spectacles.
Genuine
by
one
who
often dis-
finished condition
forger.
The
erratic
or
particular handwrit-
length. Individual
words may
be imitated
not be chosen,
an
imitation
standards should be
the
who
seek
to
profit
by
a
writing
he
ever
portant
as stated
above, con-
character
named undue
erratic
and
that
the
full
light
of
speaking and
make a
in
tions from
influence
ready illustrations
lower.
decidedly
im-
pede
the
Practically every
witnesses
haps most
to
an
show
how
certain letters.
thrown
far
sometimes
vertical.
(7)
a
fixed
system
or
national
characteristic,
which
deter-
detailed mental and
identity of two
number but by
honest and com-
be entirely
quality
that
or
degree;
in
character;
period of time, and
are the development of
is
and be given
firmed by
is clear that
personal description
the
identity.
by
general
significant
and negative, and
looked in reaching
force
seen,
certain
belong
that
individuality
about it
possible for the
It is
com-
bination
the
combination
and
proportion
as the
is
always
of
as-
sistance
is
also
into
error
who
a basis for an
fakir.
this
seer
faculty,
is
not
so
rare
of which the soul
he
is
in
acter in a writing may simply
point
system,
how fallacious
be positively shown to be
a
forgery.
hand that
by
itself
matter
must
always
be
given
known
or
not.
That
a
questioned
slant, nor would
is
from
for
no
to be expected in
so
conclusively
indi-
a different
parts of letters
of
one
of
identity.
In
unusual
surroundings
of
known
by
and in what
by
varying
information
The various specimens are
characters
are
taken
a
parent
system.
This
curious
and
unaccountable
varia-
tion
is,
uality, it
does
simply
it.
In
M^ide
and the angular, the big and the little,
it
shading.
Compare
addition
to
com-
paring
and to
with twenty-four
writing
is
that
from
very
the
modern
vertical;
the
second,
semi-angular
system.
Any
into
divisions;
(1)
circular,
(2)
oblong,
and the speed is also in a measure governed
by the
shows rounded
as
is
do
not
The principle underlying
temple
one-half
forearm,
this man differs
con-
fidently
common
the
basis
mathematical formula,
as fixed
as the
multiplication table,
we determine
one thing
in twenty
conjunction
is
is
the
product
reason-
ing
into
generally
be
and
which
may
of its
common
probable,
and
such
a
the con-
tinued product
separate
events.
practical wisdom
principle,
and
there
Professor
promptly granted.
ten
exactly
eye
color
one
be too many
impres-
sion
to
the
a
a
specification
and acci-
and
usual,
although
here
again
are exactly
which in
true but the
any other purpose than
teacher
knows
when
writing
We
is so
The amount of writing
iden-
tity
of
a
plete
characteristics.
same
ratio
with
a
other groups
number
is
another
way.
We
will
say
of
fraction one-
and
instead
of
We
now
have
and characteristics of even a
single signatured
be roughly
forged or simu-
the
writing
person-
employed
that
in
the
Bertillon
system
of
measurements
by
means
com-
file
it
seeks simply to
is
perfection
particulars. Errors
though it may be possible to find in a sufficient
amount of standard writing separate approximate
examples of
may be so rare that the combination of all of
them in one
signature would be
of
genuineness
with
signature? We
have as
com-
com-
be
called
much
force
the model
writing.
A
forgery
of
this
method similar
secrecy
around
locked and
his
beginner, a tyro
riveted on certain details
covery,
and the painful anxiety to do the work well, all
combine to bring about
executed
on certain so-called
so that it
testify
and
it
is
not.
by
of
comparison
features of the
time, eliminate
ly
does not
determine, and
every case gives attention
the task receive
no attention whatever.
with genuineness
manner.
always tends to
the
be
ex-
of
determining
what
bearing
it
undertaking.
Writing
is
end aimed
and take its
edge
of
port
of
a golf
parts of the acquisition
the
skill,
that
is,
the
nicety
of
adjustment
of
grow-
depends
and hesitating
and that
which
so that
is
withdrawn
in
great
experience
a
hundred
other
our highly
attempts the best
good
piece
of
work
it
should
be
given the opinion of one who pretends to be able to
detect
matter
how
skillful,
and
under
any
to
the
operator.
A
scientific
pre-
their direct
application to
or
it
is
made,
the
muscular
tion
of the
the date when the writ-
ing
many forms and styles
examination of hand-
based
a
an
gone
This
same
manner
as
the
genuine
permit, its careful
tabulation and classification,
of
ex-
amination
as
described
is
not
only
reversed
on
the
first
examination
an
adequate
general appearance
in the
combination of
arbitrary characters,
 
impossible under
analysis and
includes
careful
and points
depend entirely upon
which
upon
a final and positive
daylight;
tions than
submit
opinion
has
been
rendered.
ings
may
include
of points
old
Spencerian,
shown
by
of
line.
(19)
line of
individual letters
part
to
some
signature
forgeries.
(25)
Location
of
lateral
(29)
magni-
fied
at
unnatural
places,
on
first
em-
condition,
when blotted, when
been
produced
be the same
endorsing,
mailing,
filing,
they
difficulty
in
examining
such
a
paper
certain
designs
principal if not the
process
of
whole
document
is
forged
ten, and inequalities
to those under
letter
because
the
successful
intently
or in what
should be free
as described
is proof
of genuineness,
paper,
(6)
shading
and
sure,
(7)
method
of
in
sentences.
form of
of
writing,
(d)
line of
direction
of
last
downward,
at
at
first
of the dependence
may
be
funda-
mentally
a
common
origin.
special
is
asked
that,
 The
witness
one dead level and
rational
interpretation
in
that
of
difference.
The
only
as to define
question
of
either side.
class
in-
and the
mere
super-
or
if
analyzing
error
compli-
cated,
from
made so as to
any
available
were
the
ture
of
and when the
Figs. 110
with
the
natural
variation
Deventer
in
design,
slant,
employs
forgery
is
intended
also
the
size,
and the
two classes
made,
or
which
writing was not produced by
the tracing process.
un-
natural
movement
manner than
the
operator.
It
not
be
dis-
put
in
dis-
those who
reasonable to
writings.
A
brief
it
would
tracing
process\
It
is
according to the skill of the forger. In
the
mind,
cally over the
pen, moving
under the
a forgery is
manifest in the
and
of
the
particular
model
from
this conclusion can
especially when
at
length
Experience shows
It may be very difficult to show the
fraudulent
char-
the
tracing
skillfully
made
true
for
the
thus
which such
itself
correct letter
tops of
of
will show
a
stroke
flows back
the exact width
with a shading or heavier
deposit
of
line, and never in the middle of
a stroke. A
retouching may appear
evidence of
made.
then
re-
of
and
in
a
simulated
pen would naturally
pencil
writing,
The fourth
in a
making
is
good
enough
and a model may be taken that was written twenty years
or
standard
writing,
condition
in
the
alleged
of a pencil out-
and
importance
on
a
following
case, or
The underlying
picturesque illustration of
the celebrated Rice-Patrick
these
genuine
signatures
to
except such as might and naturally would occur if both
signatures
standard.
The
opinion in Hunt vs. Lawless, 7 Abbott's New Cases, 113
(1879),
puts
the
-From an argument
in
Robinson
vs.
of
a
moving
point,
of the
four
all of them lap over another so that the whole
are
or,
perhaps
all
experience testifies
(1887),
is
a
assignment
was
copied
it
exposed, to
a
business
(1866),
or
some closely resembling
cian of
strokes
of
enormously
more
im-
is
not
quintil-
lions
(931,000,000,000,000,000,000).
The
beyond
human
of
the
case
signatures will be identical,
magazine article,
and ap-
a partisan in
the case. The
Bedford, Mass.
is
not
forgery be
found in
every instance
in order
that
A
considered
in
writing
was
accidentally
slightly
beyond
the
position,
and
proportions
the model
is
not
class
of
writers,
although
such
resemblance
A
careful
consideration
a
such
the copy and coming out
in
can only
be found
an
accidental
the
model
carpenter measures,
because by
any
case
is
not
one whose
larities in such
larities
in
the
writing
of
occupy
exactly
the
that the forgery
was traced from a model found on a similar form by
placing
one
exactly
is
a
forgery. This
forgery,
written
favorable examples, some
therefore be
remembered, in
identity
alone
as
proof
of
If
it
at
any
time,
the
natural
and
are
as
absolute identity and
Fig. 51 (Fidelity
ecutors of Lydia Cox estate), the late Justice Childs of
the New York Supreme
three writers on three
impressive
manner
and
with
not likely
a
problem^
Illustrations
of
Traced
Forgeries.
Illustrations
are
the other; but
strengthen the
argument for
design sug-
characteristic lines; such as
a
lines
of
the
signature.
 In
the
could occur
expressed
by
it may
be difficult
genuine
writing.
quality
in
general
usually be clearly
ments
by
both
mental
photographs
of
various
degrees
of
enlargement
that
show
best
the
actual
conditions.
larger
but the
they may
by
inspection;
(3)
the
photographing
of
the
suggest what
can be
done with
tures
that
as the signatures
are clearly
desirable
in
connection
with
other
equation of
the tracer
also because
i is
of
a
dis-
of being
tion again enters
verify all measurements.
squares
is
in
divergencies
as
well
suspicious
hesitation,
pen-lifts,
signatures^ This method was
forming uniform squares.
in
photographs.
a
glass,
of
written
would
a measure to the signatures, and then viewing
the measure and the
signatures through a glass.
York City;
Pa.; the
Pa.;
the Burtis
if
 
the
all other important cases
been
of the subject.
dollars was
and codicil. The claimant discovered
after
making
the
document
that
it
the
two
signatures
was
actually made from
had
been
carefully
the cut
signature over
Questioned
photographs
showed
clearly
for a disputed signature
by inspection. The
of
preceding
tion, other of
in
1887,
in the
the
case,
not
seen
in
was strong evidence of the method
employed and as the
disputed
signature
showed
retouching
thing is
likely to
case (New
genuine signatures.
Considering only
and
by Court of
to
irresistibly
inter-
esting
used
Figures
131-133.
signatures 10
distance from the
132, from signature
10  covers
by three
bringing the case
-'^^J^r?^?^^::^^?^^.
Land
Fraud
cases
of
Fig.
123
—Disputed
actual
measurements
tracing was
Patrick will.
frequently
identification is
be
brought
forward
in
the
to know that
of
such
letters
case
through
saying
disagreeable
things
in
arson
and
murder.
twenty per cent,, the
un-
protection
first suspected of
actual
writer,
who
for
kind
it
is
im-
portant
enforced
by those who attempt
to give opinions regarding
fact
used, or
to the
considered
and
be
excluded
a
lower
of
some-
made
and
trans-
experience to
position
of the
age,
education
obtained and compared with the
anonymous letters^
'The general
procedure should,
disputed
letter,
especially
the
chapters
are all
of the
who
at
the
same
time
can
is
the
rare
 
acteristics
complete knowledge of
very
high
highly
important
features
strokes of
all
loop
letters;
(24)
&,
$,
seen
matter of leaving
who uses
thinks
idea that this
of the small letters
thinks this is the way they are
made
in
the
impression that this
writing
in
question,
the
initial,
inter-
mediate,
or
final
position
may
while
the
free
three
times
of forms
standards of
is
and pages, proving
general unfamiliarity with
indicated
in
the sexes.
plainly whether it is the work of a man or
a
woman.
empha-
Sk
iWlL-
Um
^^W^
by
woman's
women, and there
imitated or acquired
the
the
purpose
of
of the angular
nationality
show characteristics
definite system or
doubtedly in some writing a certain feminine quality
that in
of
of
course,
and the writing of
misleading. The habit of
little
letters
 
after
a
care-
ful
as character
fying
disputed
handwriting
if
the
to do
exponents
of
the subject by the tendency of its advocates of all
grades, in their practice
limited
experience
that
regarding
the
even
spiritual
seem inclined to do when he insists on complete letters
for
examination,
it
does
liaison
—
connected,
a
person
easy
of
ism. Capitals joined
altruism restricted
Capital
M
the
the
stomach.
The
personal appearance
Those with
belief
in
what
thorough knowledge of
which writing is
applied
interchangeably
true
in
to say that
and not
of comparison
all the
hopeless.
the work
of the
amateur examiner
The
peculiar,
personal
characteristics
contained
a
series
of
same habits of omission
should be carefully observed
for
reaching a
final judgment
as to
has heretofore been
for
observer,
weighing
if
the
fact
regarding
side
bj''
side.
In
Fig.
138
when
Slight
differences
or
resemblances
in
separate
were committed,
position,
shading.
brought
together
by
them is
unmistakable. Ex-
.,
based on
the note
state on the
others,
commit
the
copj-
In the
there
was
suspicion
that
the handwriting
Figure 142.
is
almost
entirely
individualities. The first part of the illustration shows the beginning
lines
of
a
confession.
plate.
importance.
Among
the
any question, and
this particular phase
cannot
be
ques-
ink
colors
ink
were
cal
shown by the
logwood ink
of
what
gallate
Other
slight
excess
of
with it is
chemicals,
thus
its
im-
in 1848. This ink
paper
like
iron-nutgall
ink,
paper
first written,
steel pens,
and
gall ink and, as already
stated,
is
de-
termined
by
dif-
same
class.
the same,
all
the
in-
gredients
proportions of ingredients.
The two most
reaction,
145)
that
they
are
unmistakable.
Inks
which when ap-
from the
effect
on
the change
exam-
ination
 Zur Methode
by Dr.
tribution
on the sub ect of ink is by Richard Kynast, Chief Chemist
of Edward
of
the
Composition and
finds:  In spite
microscopic
the
wTiting
certain proportions
blue
similarity
0.18 to
(1)
(8)
and No.
testing
in
ink chemist
would undertake
to do
Kynast in
the referred
would
whether a certain
and
two inks
they
are
other in many
ways as they
indicat-
ing
the
or water may
whole due
to chemical
changes after
the inks
are com-
pounded, {4s)
but a
inks of
it is
used
from
a b ight blue to a green and then to a
greenish yellow, these changes being
governed
by
the
which
thus often
and
it
is
not
by
the
will remain
will
usually
differ
distinctly
in
ink.
magnifiers, and finally with the color microscope. A
thorough examination of
of
inks
the
exact
location,
should
be
ployed chemical
is
the spot
 
is
clearly
shown.
A
clean
scope as
described above,
be made in good daylight, and the result should always
be
observed
under
writ-
ings
a
of
should always
be compared
under proper
time.
field.
be made in
A
not
the
its
effect.
Blotted
iron-nutgall
ink
and
will
fade
and
must be
due
to
an
old
document
may
have
an
old
look
thickness
considerable
quantity
of
writing
and
usually
in
even
a
short
signature
three
depths
of
color
can
be
where there
wet
ficult to make
As
colors
photography.
A
photographic
or allows
are photo-
differ
in
color
this
comparison must first
in
the
Standard
lost in
and
light
the
ordinary
photographer
has
times,
were
they
when
very
suspicious
circumstance.
difficulty
it
possible
are darkest and blue
while
in
No.
5
the
opposite
end
of
the
photographed.
Much
regarding
ink
as
outHned
at
the
first
what
cannot
enough to mature
it begins
that
of
the
State
deciding
in
chemical
application.
The
conclusion
only
condi-
tionally
if
not a tint but
the two
differ
not all
change
to
determine the age
writing, or the
safely
interest in
matured or  turned
evidence.
There
has
long
accurately measured
a
dangerous
under-
recording the
In the
natural course
such a paper be
paper
than
lapse of time,
the
in-
vestigation
of
portant to
ink on such
long
these inks
of
then
all, but,
very
slow
and
upon
its
fullest
in
it
distinct yellow
only a
after hours are as
summer. The
most rapid
In the months of July and
August an
in
process,
aniline
or
ink legible
some
closed
a book with
writing in it
may be suf-
when
it
is
and
other
tube
and
a
definite
record
made
tubes
of
equal
diameters,
and
by
these
liquids to
be measured.
These were
arranged to
work, at
between
the
thickness
and
colour
depth
of
the
different
uniform
pres-
sure
as
with
be determined
be
made
color
without
may
be
seems
desirable.
Definite
made of the exact
subsequent
that exactly
once apparent. If the
standard
glasses
should
be
re-
months later.
The colors
colors,
the
and blue,
us
are
simple,
is visually
of
constituents,
are
as
follows:
Turquoise.
spectrum can
but red,
of
the
artist
who
works
in
pigments,
twenty-five thousand
with this
number of
matched.
It
with
remarkable
that
it
color alone
paper at inter-
and in depth of color
can be
recognizable change
it
is
at the second
and compared
the black inks in
business card,
with
question
of
the
actual
manufacture
were
made
of
the
written
has
and,
it
is
sometimes
shown,
in
letters,
was part of the
paper of
that externally seem
to be identical
the best instruments
spring rachet, which automatically governs the
pressure
envelopes
is
sometimes
of
not
by
the
matching
to
cleanliness,
folds,
creases,
a
matter
of paper and by
of
of
the
form. If
lower
paper. The
upper illus-
perforations
of
two
dis-
puted
be care-
is
various angles al-
lowing the light
clearly seen.
sible but
prove
that
a
document
the
time
it
is
claimed
leaving
together
the
water
that
has
not
already
cylinder, called the dandy-roll, carries the water-mark
which is
formed of
The pressure
around
be
sheet of paper
covering on the
dandy-roll may be
could then
that the
paper actually
the sulphite
ings,
and
W.
R.
important information on the subject of paper materials. All phases
of
other
Manufacture
of
the
im-
were attached
to a
document. Another
of time intervening between two writings that
touch
ordinary fluid
the cross-
ing will run out on the first line in a pronounced and
unmistakable
of
line must have
that this
first also
been
paper will be wider,
the spreading
porous. The ink of
of a second
in
the
first
stroke
swelling
of
the
can
transmitted
light
even
the paper
the document
not.
micro-
the
apparently
due
to
a
doub-
fluids
but
carry
line has
margins
of
angle is
at lengthwise
show which line
rule are plainly
that fluid
the
phenomena
number
of
of the lines
shown
if
a
under
such
circumstances
may
on
may
be
shown
that
If
of the
Care-
indefinite edge
to such
of
of
in
question
if
in
the
in a few
in
color
the
of
this
subject
that
lines
should
additional
the
as
to
the ink
to
the
to
be
get first
sharp focus and,
away will be the under line.
An ink line
a greasy paper and this
condition will that
quite dif-
ferent from
A
whether
on
based on these
be
clearly
follow,
the subject
lines of various
light,
With
such
a
of
the
made
and
entirely
misleading,
and
may be a matter
addition or interlineation.
genuine
signa-
ture
by
showing
followed
As is
well known,
a sheet
of paper
the fold
a
sheet
of
writing
paper,
pressed
down
uneven and at least
affect
of the
it was
or
point,
of course,
and therefore the results
not
was
written
more
pronounced
therefore
more
solution, do
a
surface of paper
folded and partly broken, after the ink becomes dry
(see
Fig.
28)
there
is
a
the
paper
does
Hne.
after
is
afterwards
fractured,
the
fracture will be distinctly
come
perfectly
evident
when
thus
illustrated
and
especially
liable
preceding
chapter
involving
questions
men to
leap in
stereoscope is required,
to
by
means
of
more clearly
In Fig. 168 is shown the top of the small
 h in
clearly that the
last
stroke
followed
the
folding;
it
therefore
necessarily
follows
that
in the
detached folded
back
cover
of
of a
 
erasures,
alterations,
2027
(1904).
-The
manner
in
face
of
the
writing,
question arises in a
question,
court
refused
reverse such action
escape
detection
conditions will
of
the
paper.
Writ-
show
that
signature
(361)
1864.
erasure before
tion. A
micro-
paper surface,
be
as
the
line with the
eye. The portion
light
which
may
show
opacity of
by
one side.
word written had
which
paper
adding ciphers to
if
In this way
hun-
dred
or
 Twenty-four
is impossible
easily be changed
paper was signed,
although completely covered,
tube is
same manner
the figure
that any change
that in-
a different
there
ing.
for him
note,
such a way as
of any
liquid is
at once
apparent, especially
the application
result is accomplished
with
startling
results.
first place
almost no trace
process
is
made.
the
forger
man)^
of
the
genuine. One
surface
of
the
paper.
lines, while others are elaborate designs, or the
words
making
up
together so as nearly
to
it.
erasure would thus
perforations
arranged
ness to
writing is done with a solution
of
alum
fast,
another
Wells's
method
being
oiF;
change of amount when a machine has been in use
for
a
long
designed.
The
very
rule he
(6)
on other
of
uniformity,
(10)
examination
paper is presented
knowing that
doubt true as forgery
procedure
forgery
forged signature
bank in a distant
it
bears
is
a
satisfactory, at
in
the
meantime
and perfectly
highest
qualitj^
should
follow-
of
the
line
con-
and
$17,000
of
forging
the line of
writing if there
is
extra precautions
of every
innocent customer
a paper
all plastered
for this reason many
devices in use convey
practices not continue
to subject others
relating
bromide process
from a
small negative
may show
illustrations in half-tone
portion and  take the
bought
and
have
in
in
erasure,
as
illustrated
the
portion made
is sometimes questioned
or
additions
or
limit
its
effect
and
value.
In
determined
is
Such
questions
are
should
be
carefully
ex-
the writing followed
also be carefully con-
sidered if that fact
preparation. This question
then
the
in
distinguish tints by
not
close together, one disputed,
field of the ordinary compound
microscope.
Hand
magnifiers
are
not
show
conclusively
that
may
case definite
the dates
it
be greater uniformity
alignment,
or
(7)
certainly show
written at
light, haste and care,
which variable conditions inevitably
these
of com-
writer.
If
write
a
addition without
been
possible
and
examination of the
over which
before
the
that
the
up
came from,
and both
to be
the word  attestting
may
health
dition of
erasure
of
top
of
 3
of how
and then
whether
a
of
fraudulent
a study of
handwrit-
ing.
These
original
letter
ment can often be shown by an
examination of
the paper
this
the
fraudulent
subject
is
more
fully
treated.
turns black after the document
is
moment. A veri-
fied and dated
for
spurious
letters
the
'But
the
collector
must
against all
frauds) are
probably accounts for
of
the subject, however,
taken
etc.
And
of their
authors. Many
fraudulent typewritten
and
it
and
in
of
is
particular
typewriting
by
of
law
would
in
are
here
indeed,
could
not
have
should
a
docu-
one
time,
or
written
sometimes arises
as to
whether fraudulent
and contracts
particular
typewriter
which
that
in the ribbon,
typewriting may
many
type-
writing
that
whose interests lead them
information that
typewriters
some other person,
inquiry
date of
that
other particulars,
of
a
may
be
particular machine, and
combination of
during this period its
easy to
condition
of
the
machine
cannot be
be
able
to
the
written
record.
Naturally
on
affidavits showed that
and
defects
appeared
in
individual
machine.
There
such an inquiry,
matches a long detailed
from
money
alleged
a
judgment
of
Mr. Gates
been made
gave
face
itself
and
type most used on
of taste as
print. The
the same
lateral space.
the appearance
designs
addition
to
showing
that
gives
to
particular
done or determining
describe
it,
how
to
accidents.
proper
standards
of
of type.
arms or type-bars.
adjust
these
part
of
the
an interlineation
corners, or
positions
in
particular alone. Divergences in
are
concaved
struclc with much force the
whole
variations in typewriting that
types
with
each
other
or
with
critically
machines inevit-
acters and a sufficient amount of genuine writing is fur-
nished
for
comparison.
the identity of
 off
their
machines
{five
the
'Although
of charges by
bribe of
$3000 by
the
Liberal
Party.
Eleven
anonymous
D. C,
question
top, side
machines
one
ten
these particular
divergences all
writing
pany
the
that par-
ticular feature
be necessary
to put
alignment.
are
10-11.
Cliaracteristics.
let-
In
also a
from
1879
designs
seven different typewriters show-
Remington, Smith-Premier,
are not
the same
 
her, hut T hr.ve
iutvtl
on
the
that
t.h«
a
legal
such
preparation
required to say off-hand and
at
considerable
subject in
qualified
the
essential
facts,
the
witness
should
be
requested
to
give,
and
should
be
afforded
ample
opinions
given
by
experts
depends
upon
for
it.
fully
increases, the
neither
the attorney
qualified
himself,
the
opportunity
to
stand
how
brief,
of an
(1852).
these witnesses
belief on their part.
appellee
admissibility of such
opinion
expressed.
should
by
the
and ready
knowledge of
subjects under
or
real
require-
Law
the  Legal
graph
of
of the
there
are
of
a chart or
conditions are only marked for
identification
of
the
original.
When
stand
are
printed
of
where the record
Exhibit
or answer
be clearly
of the
testimony of
do not appeal
good,
for
to
fortunate
strictly
is given
that
follows
that
hand.
cannot be
is
clear
that
of London.
London: 1784.
19OO.
1799-
The
LXXXI.
(This
The Story
of
Hereford.
the
Penmanship.
By
Dennstedt und Dr. F, Voigtlander. Friedrich
Viewig
& Son,
Braunschweig:
I906.
Photography
Chemistry. By
Louis Derr,
York: I906.
grandson,
Frazer.
J.
P.
Maladies
S.,
etc.
Macmillan
Disputed Handwriting. By
E. R.
Ecriture.
Hubl.
A.
W.
Penrose
Miscellaneous Papers and Legal Instruments under the hand and
seal
and a
MSS.
in
the
sion
Lehner, with
additions by
Art
of
Writing,
etc.
Henry
Lewis.
De
the
most
celebrated
London:
1763.
und
Dr.
Paris:
1880.
Inks,
Their
Composition
and
ton.
Boston:
1851.
Brass.
By
A.
Picket.
G.
Osw.
Schluttig
und
Museum:
1891.
Autograph
don:
1850.
By H.
Times.
By
W.
Anderson
ing to America,
prenta De Fortanet,
Thompson. 1893.
Kompendium der
George
M.
Age
of
Documents,
of,
208.
Angular
Writing,
movement
in.
writing, 22.
Details,
attention
to
4;
4;
classes
of
questioned,
6;
defaced
to
ing,
413;
to
restore
writing,
409.
Errors
date,
273;
choice
ery,
252;
defined,
106;
defec-
amination
323.