DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 101 406 CS 500 970

AUTHOR Daly, John A.TITLE Communication Apprehension: A Preliminary

Bibliography of Research.PUB DATE Nay 74NOTE 18p.

EDRS PRICE NF-S0.76 HC-S1A58 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS *Anxiety; *Bibliographies; *Communication (Thought

Transfer); *Communication Skills; Higher Education;Interpersonal Relationship; Psychological Patterns;*Research; Self Concept; Speech Skills

IDENTIFIERS *Communication Apprehension

ABSTRACTThis 243-item bibliography represents a preliminary

step in the collection and synthesis of research in communicationapprehension. No qualitative criteria were used in the selection ofitems for this bibliography, except that the item had to deal withapprehension as a major part of the rel, rt. Basic texts that mentionapprehension but that do not extend eithwr the theoretical orempirical knowledge of the area were excluded, "Works concerningreticence, stage fright, speech anxiety, and similar constructs,whether directed toward public speaking or the interpersonal context,were included. Also included were listings of materials relevant toapprehension of writing. (Author/RB)

BESt

U.S. DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH,EDUCATION 6 WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OP

EDUCATIONTHIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROMTHE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONSSTATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OFEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

Communication Apprehension

A Preliminary Bibliography of

Research

by

John A. Daly

Purdue University

11(i- qt., A.t ' r C.Re,NTFI) av

John A, Daly

1D t 14v . I IONS OPFAAIINC,UNfEF' .l:F Yi "11 V.!! H 114E NATIONAL IN511To'l i iiR1Hf P REPRO-

F. ERIC !;),,TEM RE.QUIRE ; i 001!. ..JN THE COPYRIGHT

This bibliography represents a preliminary stepin the collection and synthesis of research in com-munication apprehension. RoAlualitative criteria wereused in the selection of items for this bibliography,except that the item had to deal with apprehensionas a major pert of the report. Basic texts that men-tion apprehension, but do not extend either the theor-etic or empirical knowledge of the area were excluded.

Communication apprehension in this bibliography isconsidered to be a broad based anxiety about communicationwith other people. Thus, works concerning reticence, stagefright, speech anxiety, and similar constructs, whetherdirected towards public speaking or the interpersonal con-text were included. Also included are listings of materi-als relevant to apprehension of writing.Acknowledgement is made to Dr. tames McCrosksy, West

Virginia University and Dr. Gustav Friedrich, Purdue Uni-versity, for their assistance in the preparation of thisbibliography.

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1. Adams, R.L. A study of the effect of a group counseling program on self-perceived speech anxiety. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University ofKansas, 1968.

2, Ainsworth, S.H. A study of fear, nervousness, and anxiety in the publicspeaking situation. rntublished doctoral dissertation, NorthwesternUniversity, 1949.

3. Amato, P.P. and Ostermeier, T.H. The effects of audience feedback on thebeginning public speaker. 1111117eacherb 1966, 16, 56-60.

4. Baker, I.E. An experimental study of speech distrubances for the measure-ment of stage fright in the basic course. Southern Speech Journal,1963, 29, 232-245.

5. Barker, L.L., Cegala, D.J., Kibler, R.J., and Wahlers, K.J. Hypnosis andthe reduction of speech anxiety. Central States Azad Journal, 1972,23, 28-35.

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6. Barnes, R.E. and Giffin, K. Negativ4 self-image in relation to balance theory.Paper presented at the Annual 4onvention of the International Communi-cation Association, Montreal, Quebec, 1973.

7. Derrick, J.B., McCroskey, J.C., and Ralph, D. The effects of systematicdesensitimntion on speech and test anxiety. Paper presented at theAnnual Convention of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, 1968.

8. Bashore, D.N. Relationships among speech anxiety, trait anxiety, IQ, andhigh school achievement, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Illinois StateUniversity, 1971.

9. Bassett, R., Behnke, R.R., Carla*, L.W., and Rogers, 3. The effects ofpositive and negative audience responses on the autonomic arousal ofstudent speakers. Southern Speech Journal, 1973, 38, 255-261.

10. Behnke, R.R. and Carlile, L.W. Heart rate as an index of speech anxiety.Speech mmesugm, 1971, 39, 62-67.

11. Bertram-Cox, J.D. Relaxation: An approach to platform poise. SpeechTeacher, 1965, 14, 235-236.

12. Blubaugh, J.A. The effects of positive and negative feedback on selectedvariables of speech behavior of normal speaking college students. Un-published doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas, 1966.

13. Bode, D.L. and Brutten, E.J. A palmer sweat investigation of the effect ofaudience variation upon stage fright. Speech Monographs,' 1963, 30,92-96.

14. Boman, T.O. An investigation of selected causes and effects of stress in acommunicator-audience situation. Dissertation Abstracts, 1967, 27,2384-2385.

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15. Bonner, M.R. Changes in the speech pattern under emotional tension.American Journal of Laftlen, 1943, 56, 262-273.

16. Borin, L.H. The construction and evaivation of a group procedure de-signed to raise the confidence levelii of beginning students of speech.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, 1949.

17. Borkovec, T.D., Wall, R.L., and Stone, N.P. False physiological feed-back and the maintenance of speech anxiety. Journal of. AbnormalPsYchologx, 1974, 83, 164-168.

18, Borman, E.G. and Shapiro, G. Perceived confidence as a function of selfimage. Central States Much Journal, 1962, 13, 253-256.

19. Bradley, K. A study of self-perceived stage fright: We relation toprevious speaking experience, a course in fundamentals, and groupcounseling as remedial approach. Unpublished master thesis,University of Kansas, 1966.

20. Brooks, W.D, and Plate, S.M. The effects of speech training upon self con-cept as a communicator. Speech, Teacher, 1968, 17, 44-49.

21. Bruskin Associates, What are Americans afraid of? The Bruskin Report,1973, No. 53.

22. Burgoon, J.K. Unwillingness to Communicate and conflict as predictors ofinformation processing behaviors. Paper presented at the AnnnalConvention of Speech Communication Association, Chicago, 1974.

23. Burgoon, J.K. and Burgoon, M. Unwillingness to communicate, anomie-alienation, land communication apprehension as pradictors of smallgroup communication. Journal of !apology, 1974, 88, 31-38.

24. Bush, J.D. and Bittner, J.R. The effect of the video-tape recorder onlevels of speaker anxiety, exhibitionism and reticence. Paper pre-sented at the Annual Convention of the Speech Communication Asso-ciation, New Orleans, 1970.

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25. Carlile, L.W. and Behnke, R.R. A retort to the criticism of "Heart rateas an inder of speech anxiety", "beech, Monosraohs, 1973, 40, 160-164.

26. Case, K.B. An investigation into the backgrounds for the study and measure-ment of personality in speech commJnication. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, University of Denver, 1948.

27. Cegala, D.J., Barker, 1../4., Kibler, R.J. and Wahlers, K.. Hypnosis andreduction of speech anxiety. Paper presented at the Annual Conventionof the Speech Communication Association, New Orleans, 1970.

28. Chenoweth, B.C. The adluotment of college freshmen to the speaking situa-tion. Quarterly Josual of &mach, 1940, 26, 585-588.

29. Clevenger, T., Jr. A defidltion of stage fright, Central States Speechjournal, 1955, 7, 26 -JO,

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30, Clevenger, T., Jr. An analysis of variance of the relationship of experiencedstage fright to selected psychometric inventions. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, Florida State University, 1958.

31, Clevenger, T., Jrs. A synthesis of experimental research in stage fright.Quarterly Journal of Speech, 1959, 55, 124-145.

32, Clevenger, R., Jr. The effect of physical change in the speech situation uponexperienced stage fright. Journal of Communication, 1959, 9, 131-135.

33, Clevenger, T., Jr. and Phifer, O. What do beginning college speech texts sayabout stage fright. Speech Teacher,, 1959, 8, 1-7.

34, Clevenger, T., Jr. and King, T.R. AL factor analysis of the visible symptomsof stage fright. Speech, Mbnoaraphs, 1961, 28, 245-247.

35. Cole, L.E. A critical evaluation of methods of controlling stage fright inthe classroom. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Emerson College, 1964.

36. Cole, R. Attitudes and needs as expressed by various groups of oral communi-cations I students. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Kansas State Univeri-sity, 1959.

37. Cottrell, N.D. Performance in the presence of other human beings: Merepresence, audience, and affiliation effects. In E.C. Simmel, R.A.Hoppe, and G.A. Milton (eds.) Social facilitation imitative be-havior.

38. Craig, F.G. A study of the problem of stage fright. Unpublished Master'sThesis, Sacramento State College, 1955.

39. Crowell, L., Katcher, A. and Hiyamoto, S.F. Self concept of communicationskill and performance in small group discussions. lembiNboosraphs,1955, 22, 20-27.

40. Daly, J.A. The effects of differential durations of time on interpersonaljudgments based on vocal activity. Unpublished Master's Thesis, WestVirginia University, 1974.

41. Daly, J.A. and McCroskey, J.C. Occupational desirability and choice asa function of communication apprehension.. Paper presented at theAnnual Convention of the International Communication Association,Chicago, 1975.

42. Daly, J.A. and Miller, M.D. Apprehension of writing as a predictor ofmessage intensity. Journal of fltAdta, 1975, 89, 175-177.

43, Daly, J.A. and Miller, M.D. The development of a measure of writing appre-hension. Research in t he Teaching of English, 1975 (in press).

44. Daly, J.A. and Miller,'M.D. Further studies on writing apprehension: I.

SAT scores, success expectations, Willingness to take advanced coursesand sex differences. Research in lb/Machina of lultith, 1976 (inpress).

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45. Daly, J.A. and McCroskey, J.C. Occupational desirability and choice as afunction of communication apprehension. Journal of Counseling Psychology,(in press).

46. Denny, D.A. A study of the causes and effects of microphone fright. Un-

published MA. Thesis, University of Tulsa, 1951.

47. Dickens, M., Gibson, F. and Prall, C., An experimental study of the overtmanifestations of stage fright, Speech Monographs, 1950, 17, 37-47.

48. Dickens, M. and Parker, W.R. An experimental study of certain physiological,introspective, and rating scale techniques for the measurement of stagefright. Speech Monographs, 1951, 18, 251-259.

49. Dixon, C. Stuttering adaption in relation to assumed level of anxiety. In

W. Johnson (ed.) Stuttering in children and adults, Minneapolis: Un-

iversity of Minnesota Press, 1955, 232-236.

50. Doppleman, L.F. and McNair, D.M. An experimental analog of public speaking.Journal of Consultin& & Clinical Pspcholopp, 1971., 36, 91-96.

51. Douglass, R.L. The relation of feelings of personal security to effectivepublic speaking. Unpublished Masters Thesis University of Redlands, 1947.

52. Duncan, M.H. An experimental study of some of the relationships betweenvoice and personality among students of speech. Mach Monographs,1943, 12, 47-73.

53. Dymacek, D.A. Effects of number of classroom speeches on anxiety reductionand performance improvement. Paper presented at the Annual Conventionof the Speech Communication Association, 1971, San Francisco.

54. Dymacek, D.A. Effects of number of classroom speeches on anxiety reductionand performance improvement. Unpublished Master Thesis, Illinois StateUniversity, 1970.

55. Eckert, R.G. and Keys, N. Public speaking as a cue to personality adjustment.Journal of Applied, Psychology, 1940, 24, 144-153.

56. Elliott, D.R. The use of teacher administered systematic desensitisationin reducing speech fright. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, StanfordUniversity, 1970.

57. Emery, R.M. An evaluation of attitudes of fear and confidence in speakingsituations at the eight and eleventh grade levels. Unpublished MastersThesis, Boston University, 1950.

58. Ertle, C.D. A study of the effect of homogeneous grouping on systematicdesensitisation for the reduction of interpersonal communication appre-hension. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Michigan State University,1969.

59. Finger, V. Study of a complex space-time pattern and its relation to stagefright. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Northwestern University, 1932,

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60. Fisher, J.Y. and Infante, D.A. The relation between communication anxietyand human motivation variables. Central States Speech, Journal, 1973,24, 246-252.

61. Freimuth, V.S. The effects of communication apprehension on communicationeffectiveness. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State Uni-versity, 1974.

62. Friedrich, G.W. The PRCS as a measure of self reported speech anxiety: anempirical explication of a construct. A paper presented at the Annual.Convention of the Speech Communication Association, New York, 1969.

63. Friedrich, G.W. An empirical explication of a concept of self-reportedspeech anxiety. Speech Monographs, 1970, 37, 67-72.

64. Garrett, E.R. A study of the effect of three classroom orientations uponstagefright in beginning college speakers. Unpublished Doctoral Dis-sertation, University of Denver, 1954.

65. Geer, J.H. Effect of fear arousal upon task performance and verbal behavior.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1966, 71, 119-123.

66. Gibb, J.R. The effects of group size and threat reduction upon creativityin a problem solving.situation. American Psychologist, 1951, 6, 324.

67. Gibson, F.P. An experimental study of the measurement of auditory mani-festations of stage fright by means of rating scale end film sound tracktechniques. Speech mgeoulel, 1955, 22, 144.

68. Gibson, F.P. An experimental study of the measurement of auditory manifesta-tions of stage fright by means of rating scale and film sound techniques.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California, LosAngeles, California, 1954.

69. Giffin, K. Interpersonal trust and speech fright - a preliminary descriptionof a research project. Research Monograph, FR/30.0 (Lawrence, Kansas:The Communication Research Center, The University of Kansas) 1966.

70. Giffin, K. Testing and counseling for speech anxiety. Speech and gumService Center Bulletin of the University of Kansas, 1967, 11, 1-22.

71. Offin, K. A theory of speech anxiety in interpersonal communication. Apaper presented at the Annual Convention of the National Society forthe Study of Communication. New York City, April, 1968.

72. Giffin, K. and Adams, R.L. The helping relationship for speech anxietycounseling. Research Monograph.= (Lawrence, Kansas: The Communica-tion Research Center, The University of genus, 1967).

73. Giffin, K. Recent research on speech anxiety, Retcsrch Monograph P 26(Lawrence, Kansas: The Communication Research Center, The Universityof Kansas, 1967).

74. Giffin, K. and Bradley, K. Group counseling for speech student with low selfconfidence: An approach and a rationale. Research Marlah vat TheCommunication Research Center, University of Kansas, 1967.

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75. Giffin, K. and Bradley, K. An exploratory study of group counseling forspeech anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psycholca, 1969, 25, 98-101.

76. Giffin, K. and Gilham, S.M. Relationships between speech anxiety and motiva-tion. Speech Monoaqiell, 1971, 38, 70-73.

77. Giffin, K. and Haider, M. The relationship between speech anxiety and thesuppression of communication in childhood, The Psychiatric QuarterlySupplement, part 2, 1967.

78. Giffin, K. and Heider, M. An experimental program of instruction in the funda-mentals of speech for students with a high degree of speech anxiety, Re-search Report, #35. Lawrence, Kansas: Tha Communication Research Center,The University of Kansas, 1970.

79. Giffin, K., Haider, M., Groginski, B., and Drake, B. A study of the relation-ships'among four variables: speech anxiety, self concept, social aliena-tion, and trust of ethers. Research Resort, #24. Lawrence, Kansas: TheCommunication Research Center, The University of Kansas, 1970.

80. Giffin, K. and Masterson, S. A theoretical modal of the relationships be-tween motivation and self confidence in communication. CommunicationSpectrum, 1968, 7, 311-316.

81. Gilham, S.M. A correlational study of speaker self-confidence and motiva-tion. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Kansas, 1968.

82. Golkinson, H. Social fears as reported by students in college speech classes.I5..2!!ch graphs, 1942, 9, 141-160.

83. Gilkinson, H. Al questioneira study of the causes of social fears among collegespeech students. Speech tiionosraphs 1943, 10, 74-83.

84. Gilkinson, H. and Knower, P. individual differences "song students of speechas revealed by psychological tests. Quarterly Journal of graph, 1940,26, 243-255.

85. Gilkinson, H. and Knower, R.H. A study of standardised personality tests andskills in speech. Jo_ urnal of Bducational Psychology, 1941, 32, 161-175.

86. Goss, B. The implementation of systematic desensitization in a basic coursein college. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the CentralStates Speech Association, Minneapolis, 1973.

87. Gottschalk, C.A. and Prank, B.C. Estimating the magnitude of anxiety fromspeech. Behavioral Science, 1967, 12, 289.

88. Greenleaf, P.I. An exploratory study of stage fright. Quarterly Journal (21sittsh, 1952, 38, 326-330.

89. Greenleaf, P.I. An experimental study of social speech fright. UnpublishedMasters Thesis. The State University of Iowa, 1947.

90. Gruner, C. A further note on speech fright. pouch Teacher, 1964, 13, 223-224.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE91. Grutseck, L.F. A search for invariant characteristics of reticient elementary

school children. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Pennsylvania State Univer-sity, 1969.

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92. Gynther, B.A. The effects of anxiety and of situational stress on communicationefficiency. Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology, 1957, 54, 274-276.

93. Hahn, B.F. A study of the relationship between the social complexity of theoral reading situation and severity of stuttering. Journal of SpeechDisorders, 1940, 5, 5-14.

94. Hamilton, P.R. and Taylor, S.A. An analysis of alternative procedures inidentifying and analysing the use of systematic desensitization. Paperpresented at the Annual Convention of the Central States Speech Associa-tion, Milwaukee, 1974.

95. Hamilton, P.R. The effect of risk proneness on small group interaction,communication apprehension, and self disclosure. Unpublished MastersThesis, Illinois State University, 1972.

96. Hamilton, W. A review of experimental studies on stage fright. PennsylvaniaS41.22tch Annual, 1960, 17, 41-48.

97. Hayworth, D. A search for facts on the teaching of public speaking: IV.Quarterly, Journal of Speech, 1942, 28, 347-354.

98. Heider, M.L. An investigation of the relationship between speech anxiety inadults and their indication of parental communication suppression duringchildhood. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Kansas, 1968.

99. Henchy, T. and Glass, D.C. Evaluation apprehension and the social facili-tation of dominant and subordainate responses. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 1968, 10, 446-454.

100. kenning, J.H. A study of stage fright through the comparison of studentreactions and instructor observations during the speech situation. Un-published Masters Thesis, 1935.

101. Isorikson, E. Some effects on stage fright of a course in speech. QuarterlyJournal of Speech, 1943, 29, 490-491.

102. Henrickson, E.H. A study of stage fright and the judgment of speaking time.Journal of Applied Psychology, 1948, 32, 521-535.

103. Hensley, W.E. and Batty, P. The measurement of communication anxiety amongstudents in public speaking courses. Indiana Speech Journal, Nov. 1974,7-10.

104. Herriot, S.H. The effects of vicarious exposure to systematic desensitisa-tion on public speaking anxiety. Paper presented at the Annual Conven-tion of the Speech Communication Association, New York, 1973.

105. Hewgill, M. Typologies of anxiety responses. A paper presented at the AnnualConvention of the Speech Association of America, New York City, December,1965.

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106. Heston, J.K. Unwillingness to communicate and conflict as predictors ofinformation processing behaviors. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,West Virginia University, 1974.

107. Heston, J.K. and Anderson, P. Anomie-alienation and restrained communicationamong high school students. Paper presented at the Annual Conventionof the Western Speech Association, Honolulu, 1972.

108. Heston, J.K. and Burgoon, M. Unwillingness to communicate, anomie alienation,and communication apprehension as predictors of small group communication.Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Speech CommunicationAssociation, New York, 1973.

109. Heston, J.K. and Paterline, E.J. Unwillingness to communicate; explicationand scale development. Paper presented at the Annual Convention ofthe International Communication Association, New Orleans, 1974.

110. Holtzman, P.D. An experimental study of some relationships among severalindices of stage fright and personality. Unpublished Doctoral Disser-tation, University of Southern California, 1950.

Hopf, T.S. Reticence and the oral interpretation teacher.1970, 19, 268-271.

Iches, W.K. A classical conditional model for reticence.1971, 35, 48-55.

Speech Teacher,

Western Speech,

Infante, D.A. and Fisher, J.Y. The influence of receivers' attitudes, au-dience size and speakers' sex on speakers' premessage perceptions.Central States Speech Journal, 1974, 25, 43-49.

114. Iverson, N.E. A descriptive study of some personality relationships under,.lying a range of speaker confidence as determined by the thematic apper-ception test. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Denver,1952.

115. Johnson, C. Speech reticence. Fort Collins, Colorado; Shields PublishingCompany, 1973.

116. Johnson, T., Tyler, V., Thompson, R. and Jones, E. Systematic desensitizationand assertive training in the treatment of speech anxiety in middle schoolstudents. Psychology in the Schools, 1971, 8, 263-267.

117. Jones, M.M. The alationships of certain personality traits to stage fright.Unpublished Masters Thesis, Stanford University, 1947.

118. Karst, T.O. and Most, R.A. A comparison of stress measures in an experimentalanalogue of public speaking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical !fr.cholosty, 1973, 41, 342-248.

119. Karst, T.O. and Texler, L.D. An initial study using fixed role and rational-emotive therapy in treating public speaking anxiety. Journal of Con-sulting and Clinical Psychology, 1970, 34, 360-366.

120. King, T.R. An experiment to determine the relationship between individualvisible manifestations of stage fright and the degree of stage frightreported by the individual. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Florida StateUniversity, 1958.

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121. Kinsley, W.A. An investigation of the phenomenon of stage fright in certainprominent speakers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, NorthwesternUniversity, 1950.

122. Kinsley, W.A. An investigation of the phenomenon of stage fright in certainprominent speakers. Speech Monographs, 1951, 18, 124-125.

123. Kissel, S. Stress reducing properties of social stimuli. Jourlil of Personalityand Social ftycholoxy, 1965, 2, 378-384.

124. Kleinsasser, D. The reduction of performance anxiety as a function ofdesensitization, pro-therapy vicarious learning and vicarious learningalone. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University,1968.

125. Knower, F.H. A study of speech attitudes and adjustments. Speech, Monographs,1938, 5, 130-203,

126. Kondas, 0. Reduction of examination anxiety and 'stage fright' by groupdesensitisation and relaxation. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1967,5, 275-280.

127. Krause, M. & Pilisuk, M. Anxiety in verbal behavior: A validation study.Journal of Consulting psychology, 1961, 25, 419.

128. Lamb, D.H. The effects of public speaking on self-report, physiological,and behavioral measures of anxiety. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,Florida State University, 1970.

129. Lomb, D.H. ,Speech anxiety: Towards a theoretical conceptualisation andpreliminary scale development. Speech Monograph:4 1972, 39, 62-67.

130. Lang, P.J. & Lazovik, A.D. Experimental desensitisation of aphobia.Journal of Abnormal and Social ytycholoxy, 1963, 66, 519 -525.

131. Lashbrook, V.J. The implementation of systematic desensitization in abasic course in high school. Paper presented at the Annual Conventionof the Central States Speech Association, Minneapolis, 1973.

132. Urea, L. A preliminary study of dim verbal behavior of speech rright.Speech Monographs, 1956, 23, 229-233.

133. Levin, H., Baldwin, AA., Gallwey, M. and Paivio, A, Audience stress, person-ality, and speech. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1960, 61,469-473.

134. Lillywhite, H. Symposium on '41. broader concept of communication disorders'.Journal of Communication, 1964, 14, 3.

135. Lahr, J.W. & McManus, M.L. The development of an automated program ofsystematic desensitisation for speech anxiety and a further note on PRCAvs. PRPSA pretests. Unpublished researct report, Iowa State University,Ames, Iowa, 1974.

136. Lomas, C.W. The psychology of stagefright. Quarterly Journal of speech,1937, 23, 35-44.

137. Lomas, C.W. Stagetright. Quarterly Journal of sing, 1944, 30, 479-485.

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138. Lomas. C.W. A study of stage fright as measured by student reactions tothe speech situation. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Northwestern University,1934.

139. Low, G.M. The relation of psychometric factors to stage fright. UnpublishedMestere Thesis, University of Utah, 1950.

140. Low, C.M. & Sheets, B.V. The relation of psychometric factors to stagefright. fteepit Monoxraphs, 1951, 18, 266-271.

141. Lustig, M.W. Verbal reticence: A reconceptualization and preliminary scaledevelopment. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the SpeechCommunication Association, Chicago, 1974.

142. Lustig, M.W. & Grove, T.G. Interaction analysis of small problem solvinggroups containing reticent and non-reticent members. Paper presentedat the Annual Convention of the Speech Communication AssociatIon, NewYork, 1973.

143. Marcia, J.B. , Rubin, B.M. & Efram, J.S. Systematic desensitization:Expectancy change or countercondition? Journal of Abnormal Psvcholoav,1969, 74, 382-387.

144. Martens, R. Palmer sweating and the presence of an audience. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology, 1969, 5, 371-374.

145. Mason, J.W. & Brady, J.V. The sensitivity of psychoendocrine systems to socialand physical environment. In Leidermen, P. and Shapiro, D. (eds.)11c aproaches to social behavior. Stanford, California:Stanford University Press, 1964.

146. McCroskey, J.C. Measures of communication bound anxiety. Speech Monographs,1970, 37, 269-277.

147. McCroskey, J.C. The implementation of a large scale program of systematicdesensitization for communication apprehension. The Speech, Teacher,1972, 21, 255-264.

148. McCroskey, J.C. The effect of the basic speech course on students' attitudes.!Peach Teacher, 1967, 16, 115-117.

149. McCroskey, J.C. &Leppard, T. The effects of communication apprehension onnonverbal behavior. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of theEastern Coasunication Association, New York, 1975.

150. McCroskey, J.C., Ralph, D.C. & Derrick, J.B. The effect of systematicdesensitization on speech anxiety. The Speech Teacher, 1970, 19, 32-36,

151. Meichenbaum, D.E., Gilmore, J.B. & Pedoravisius, A. Group insight versusgroup desensitization in treating speedh anxiety. Journal of Consultingand Clinical Pgycholosz, 1971, 36, 410-421.

152. Mauchofor, J.D. Causes and cures of stage fright. Southern beech Journal,1938, 3, 20-23.

153. Menchofer, J.D. Cause and cure of stage fright. Western S 4.12211.k. 1938,3, 9-11.

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154.. Metsger, N.J. Description and diagnosis of reticent speakers: Who, what,and shy. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the CpeechCommunication Association, New York, 1973.

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155. Meyers, R.M. Validation et, systematic desensitisation of speech anxietythrough galvanic skin respons.. Igesh Monographs, 1974, 41, 233 -235.

156. Miller, M.D. & Daly, J.A. The empirical development of a measure of writingapprehension. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the InternationalCommunication Assoeation, Instructional Division, Chicago, 1975.

157. Mimms, L. A study of the relations of dominance-submission to speechparticipation. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Denver, 1939.

158. Miyamoto, S.F., Crowell, L. & Katcher, A. Self-concepts of communicettveskills among beginning speech students. Speech Heliographs, 1956,23, 66-74.

159. Moore, D.L. The effects of systematic desensitisation on communicationapprehension in an aged population. Unpiblished Masters Thesis,Illinois State University, 1972.

160. Moore, W.B. Factors related to achievement and improvement in publicspeaking. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 1943, 29, 213-217.

161. Morgan, J.M. Self modeling versus other modeling versus practice in thereduction of public speaking anxiety. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,University of Arizona, 1970.

162. Motley, M.T. Stage fright reduction by (false) heart rate feedback.Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Western SpeechCommunication Association, Newport Beach, California, 1974.

163. Hewer, 0. R. Stage fright and self regard. Western Speech, 1965, 29,197-201.

164. Mower, 0.R. Stage fright and self regard. A paper presented at the AnnualConvention of the Speech Association of America, Chicago, December, 1964.

165. Muir, F. L. Case studies of selected exemplei of reticence A ftuency.Unpublished Maters Thesis, Washington State Universit.. 4°1/Pk.

1664 Mulac, A. & Sherman, A.R. Behavioral assessment of speew., zty.Unpublished paper, University of California, Santa Barc;:-t, 1973.

167. Mulac, A. & Sherman, A.R. Behavioral assessment of speech anxiety.bawl! Journal of Speech, 1974, 60, 134-143.

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171. Nelson, B.C. An experimental study of four methods of teaching beginningspeech in college. Speech Monographs, 1955, 22, 214.

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