Docking (~91 %), castrating (~78%), and disbudding are management practices routinely performed on sheep and goat farms.

Maintaining a high standard of animal welfare shouldbe a consideration in all decisions related to docking, castrating, and disbudding.

Docking lambs

The tail protects the sheep's anus, vulva, and udder from weather extremes.

Docking prevents fecal matter from accumulating on the tail and hindquarters of sheep and lambs.

Research has shown that tail docking greatly reduces fly strike (wool maggots), while having no ill effect on lamb mortality or performance.

Banding tailsThe simplest and most

common method: apply a rubber ring (band) to the tail using an elastrator tool.

Banding is a bloodless method of tail docking.

The band cuts off the blood supply to the tail,

The tail falls off in 7 to 10 days.

Some producers cut the “dead” tail off before it falls off.

Lambs should be at least 24 hours old before bands are applied,

Bands should only be applied during the lamb's first week of life.

When the elastrator technique is used, it is very important that the lamb be protected against tetanus

If it is practical, the use of a local anesthetic, such a lidocaine, can be used to reduce the pain felt by the lamb.

Scrub with betadine for disinfecting, also it helps for position correctly the rubber band

Landmark: no shorter than the distal end of the caudal tail fold

Too short rectal & vaginal prolapse

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6EkEm7Rbm7k

Castration of rams and bucks The decision to castrate ram lambs and buck

kids should be based on the management preferences of the producer and the demands of the market place.

Ram lambs grow faster than ewe and wether lambs and when ram lambs are marketed at a young age (less than 5-6 months), the market place usually does not discriminate in price.

Buck kids grow faster than wether kids until they reach sexual maturity

Castration by banding

An elastrator band can be placed around the neck of the scrotum, with care taken not to place the band over the rudimentary teats.

The scrotum will shrivel up and fall off in two to three weeks.

As with docking, the “dead” scrotum may be removed after a few days.

Both testicles must be below the placement of the band. If one testicle is missed

Castration Both testicles must be

below the placement of the band.

If one testicle is missed, it will be retained in the belly cavity, resulting in a "bucky" lamb or kid.

A short-scrotum is a male whose testicles are pushed above the band.

Castration by banding is painful and should be done at a young age (1 to 7 days). Some experts advocate the use of lidocaine to reduce the pain felt by the animal.

As with banding tails, lambs and kids should be protected against tetanus though either colostridial immunity or use of the tetanus anti-toxin at the time of castration.

10 days later

Surgical castration of ram lambs and buck kidsTesticles may be surgically removed. With

surgical castration, a sharp knife or preferably a scalpel is used to remove the bottom one-third of the scrotal sac.

The testicles are removed and the wound is allowed to drain and heal naturally.

It is essential that proper aseptic technique be used when the surgical method of castration is used.

http://www.esgpip.info/PDF/Technical%20bulletin%20No18.html

Castration – small ruminantsBurdizzo emasculatome Crushes the spermatic cord

which crushes the blood vessels (thus depriving the testicles of blood supply) and causing them to shrivel up and die

Don’t use cattle-size Burdizzo By six weeks of age

Hoof care

Squeeze shut

METHODSDisbudding

Electric disbudding ironChemical cautery

DehorningBarnes dehorner (pg 503)Gigli wire

Pros and Cons of dehorning PROSPROS

Dangerous weaponsDangerous weapons Damage can done by Damage can done by

fighting fighting Feedlots typically pay less Feedlots typically pay less

money for horned animals money for horned animals Can cause damage to the Can cause damage to the

facilities facilities Horns may also become Horns may also become

tangled in fences, branches, tangled in fences, branches, and other objects and other objects

It is the best interest of the It is the best interest of the animal to remove the horns animal to remove the horns at the early age at the early age

CONS (dehorning)tetanus sinusitis myiasis Abortiondecreased milk production Deathprolonged healing time of

the resultant surgical defect

regrowth of the horns (scur formation)

Longitudinal cross-section of a horn, showing extension of Longitudinal cross-section of a horn, showing extension of the frontal sinus of the skull into the horn. Dehorning, the frontal sinus of the skull into the horn. Dehorning, which is performed at the base of the horn, exposes the which is performed at the base of the horn, exposes the sinussinus

Disbudding destroys horn cellsDisbudding destroys horn cells

Surgical RemovalDehorning is usually performed on a conscious, Dehorning is usually performed on a conscious,

sedated animal with local anesthesia for control sedated animal with local anesthesia for control of pain. of pain.

Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual nerve in the bovine. The cornual nerve follows the temporal ridge to the base of the horn

Anesthesia for dehorning in the goat. A, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the lacrimal nerve. B, Needle placement for desensitizing the cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve

Infratrochlear: halfway between the medial horn base and the medial canthus of the eye

Cornual nerve: blocked halfway between the lateral horn base and the lateral canthus of the eye

DehorningAnesthesia

Feed and water should be withheld for 24 hrs. and 12 hrs., respectively

Xylazine 0.05 mg/lb (20 mg/ml) and butorphanol 0.05 mg/lb mixed together and given IM or IV followed by local block

Tolazoline (reversal for xylazine) at 2 mg/lb If general anesthesia is preferred

ketamine and valium can be added to the below protocol by mixing ketamine and valium together 1:1 and administering 1cc/20lb of the combination IV.

inhalation anesthesia may be used Local block

1 cc of 1% lidocaine or bupivicaine SQ (cornual and infratrochlear) lidocaine toxicity (muscular tremors, severe depression, hypotension

and occasionally convulsions) avoid using more than 13cc of 2% lidocaine per 100 lb

Dehorning

1. Surgical preparation2. The skin is incised approximately 1.5 cm from the base of the horn (incorporate all germinal or nonhaired epithelium in the horn removal to lessen the likelihood of regrowth or scur formation)3. Assistant supporting the goat's head 4. Gigli wire is seated under the caudal aspect of the skin incision on one side and the horn is sawed off in a cranial direction 5. Hemostasis can be applied to control hemorrhage from the superficial temporal artery6. Remove all blood clots and bone chips/dust from the frontal sinuses 7. Bandage (nonadherant dressing (Adaptic®) covered with antibiotic ointment): EOD – week 1; SIW until sinuses’s close8. Flunixin should be administered for 2-3 days post-operatively and antibiotic administration is at the discretion of the

surgeon. Tetanus antitoxin (500 IU) should always be given and a dose of a CD-T bacterin can also be administered to boost immunity.

Chemical CauteryExample Procedure for DehorningExample Procedure for Dehorning1. 10 min before dehorning calves are1. 10 min before dehorning calves aresedated with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg IM).sedated with xylazine (0.2 mg/kg IM).2. Hair is clipped around each horn bud, a2. Hair is clipped around each horn bud, athin film of caustic paste (2 cm diameter)thin film of caustic paste (2 cm diameter)is rubbed into the scalp until each hornis rubbed into the scalp until each hornbud is evenly coated, and a ring ofbud is evenly coated, and a ring ofpetroleum jelly is applied around the pastepetroleum jelly is applied around the pasteto prevent spreading.to prevent spreading.3. Calves are allowed to rest sternally until3. Calves are allowed to rest sternally untilrecovered from sedation.recovered from sedation.

(A) Well-healed scabs after caustic paste dehorning (B) Over-application of caustic paste can damage the calf.

Dehorning “Chiva”Dehorning “Chiva”

Heat Cautery - DisbuddingThis is he fast and almost bloodless method is This is he fast and almost bloodless method is

popular, specially in goat kids (3-7 days)popular, specially in goat kids (3-7 days)The tip of the disbudding iron is shaped in an open The tip of the disbudding iron is shaped in an open

circle. circle. When the electric disbudding ironWhen the electric disbudding iron is sufficiently is sufficiently

heated, the tip is centered over the horn bud and heated, the tip is centered over the horn bud and applied with circular “rocking” motion with light applied with circular “rocking” motion with light pressure pressure circular tip of the iron should be about ¾ of an inch in diametercircular tip of the iron should be about ¾ of an inch in diameter 8 to 15 seconds8 to 15 seconds You will see a “copper-colored" ring around the horn bud if the procedure You will see a “copper-colored" ring around the horn bud if the procedure

went as it shouldwent as it should

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Referenceshttp://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/

castdockdisb.htmlhttp://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/

article/articleDetail.jsp?id=587158&sk=&date=&pageID=2

ReviewID - BreedsTerminologyhttp://quizlet.com/3852511/production-

animal-final-flash-cards/TPR of ruminants and PEGestation period of ruminantsRestraintManagement procedures: docking,

dehorning/debudding, castration