DNA recombinant technologyIntroduction

It is the process of introducing genes in DNA sequences to certain desirable character also called genetic engineering

Applications:AgricultureTransgenic plant

to produce genetically modified plants like a BT cotton Disease resistant and pest resistant and to give high yield

Golden Rice: to resolve a vitamin A deficiency in human

Medicine:Humulin:

Manufactured by injecting the human insulin into E. coli

Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII: used for haemophilic patients for clotting of blood

HIV test HIV protein is administrated to find the antibody secretion of HIV.

Bioremediation Superbugs – Pseudomonas putida to reduce the non-degradable oil spills in seas and oceans

Aesthetics: to create a different colour the flower & leaves in plants.

Food production: Non-pathogenic mutants of E. coli can produce Chymosin from which cheese can be

produced.

Animal husbandry: To produce the disease resistant animals by cloning

Eg: Dolly by Ian Wilmut

Tools used: Polymerases Ligase Restriction endonucleases Plasmid

Conclusion: These are the application of DNA recombinant technology

Global warmingIntroductionRise of temperature in earth atmosphere due to the release of greenhouse gasGreenhouse gasCarbon dioxide nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons

Effects of global warmingChange in temperaturetemperature had been increased up to 0-6 degree Celsius 20th century1998 - hottest year

Change in sea levelincrease the up to 0.1 meter to 0.2 m

Decrease of snow and Ice contentIce content in the Arctic and Antarctic region are decreased by 10% Increases the sea level

In ecosystemocean acidification extinction of species

Human inundationInundation of islands like Maldives –leads - migration of people

Food productionHigh in high latitude and low in low latitude

International efortsUNFCCC 1994to maintain the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere

Montreal 2005Developed nations to reduce the emission

Kyoto protocol, 2005Reduction of emission by 5% from 1992 emission

Nairobi in 2006Developing nations like India refused to reduce the emission until the developed nations to do so

Durban 2011Green climate fund to help poor nationIn IndiaAfforestation by Forest conservation act 1980Bijini Bachalat Yojana in Rajasthan to give compact fluorescent lamp.

Conclusion:In Tamil Nadu, Pasumai Kudil Thittam (Green house building) introduced in 2013

ATPIntroductionATP: Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is also called as energy currency of cellnucleotide responsible for the energy transmission in the human body

Structure:Exactly a ribose sugar, adenosine & phosphate groupduring hydrolysis, high energy bond breaks and releases high energy

FormationPhotosynthesis Respiration Fermentation

During photosynthesisThylakoid membranes of chromosomelight reaction1 glucose = 38 ATP4 - oxidation of FADH230 - oxidation of NADH24- substrate phosphorylation

UsesMechanical - muscular contractionChemical - macromolecules actingTransportation of substance between membrane

ATP as on off switchCombines with protein to form the complex proteinthe protein regain its function after separation of ATP

ATP in energy transferATP exothermic ADP by liberation of energyADP endothermic ATP Utilization of energy

ATP as energy currencyCannot store energy but receives & liberates energyit releases high energy during hydrolysis

ConclusionSo ATP called as energy currency of the cell.