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06/06/22 handout-SI-032204 KSI -by:sol's- 1 SI-032204 Konsep Sistem Informasi (4-sks) Oleh : Solikin WS.,M.T. [email protected]

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Diktat Kuliah Konsep Sistem Informasi

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Page 1: DK-122 Konsep Sistem Informasi

04/08/23 handout-SI-032204 KSI -by:sol's- 1

SI-032204

Konsep Sistem Informasi(4-sks)

Oleh :

Solikin WS.,[email protected]

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SI-032204

Konsep Sistem Informasi(4-sks)

Prasyarat : Pengantar Teknologi Informasi Tujuan :

memahami dan menguasai konsep sistem informasi,

dapat menjelaskan peranan informasi dalam suatu organisasi,

struktur dari suatu sistem informasi, dukungan komputer terhadap suatu sistem

informasi, dan nilai informasi bagi pengambilan keputusan

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• Materi :

1. Pengertian data dan informasi

2. Konsep dasar sistem dan sistem informasi

3. Konsep organisasi dan manajemen dalam kaitannya dengan suatu sistem informasi

4. Struktur sistem informasi: komponen, aktivitas, peran, dan tujuan pembangunan sistem informasi

5. Jenis-jenis sistem informasi berbasis komputer

6. Peran sistem informasi untuk pengambilan keputusan

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• Buku Referensi :

1. Couger, J.D. and Mc Fadden, F.R., "Introduction to Computer- Based Information Systems", John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976.

2. McLeod Jr., Raymond, “Management Information System A Study of Computer-Based Information System”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

3. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System A Contemporary Perpective”, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1990.

4. Laudon, Kenneth C. dan Laudon, Jane P., “Management Information System Management The Digital Firm, Seven Edt.”, Prentice-Hall,New Jersey, 2002.

5. Turban-McLean-Wetherbe, “Information Technology For Management,Second Edition”, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 1999.

6. Steven Alter, “Information Systems Foundation of E-Business, 4Ed”, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,2002.

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Pengertian Data dan Informasi

Data : “Streams of raw facts representing events

occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use”, 4.p8-9).

(adalah aliran dari fakta yang direpresentasikan melalui kejadian dalam organisasi atau lingkungan fisik sebelum diorganisasi dan di susun ke dalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan digunakan oleh user).

Data adalah fakta / sebagian fakta yang mengandung arti berupa angka, huruf, symbol khusus atau gabungan darinya.

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Informasi (1)

“Data have been shaped into form that is meaningful and useful to human beings”.

(Informasi adalah data yang disusun kedalam bentuk yang dapat dimengerti dan bermanfaat bagi user) atau.

Informasi adalah “hasil dari kegiatan pengolahan data yang memberikan bentuk yang lebih berarti berupa suatu informasi” atau

Informasi adalah data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan.

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Data vs Informasi

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Informasi(2)

Untuk menjadi informasi,umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan.

Sifat informasi dapat perfect (sempurna, tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian) dan dapat pula imperfect (tidak sempurna, mengandung unsur ketidakpastian).

Data InformasiProcess

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Informasi(3)

Sumber Informasi :Pengamatan lapangan (observasi)KuesionerKejadian / event (pencatatan,

perekaman ataupun penangkapan sinyal digital secara langsung).

Pemodelan (forecasting, econometric, operational research, simulation, heuristic, dsb).

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Informasi(4)

Karakteristik (kualitas) Informasi yang baik : Timeliness (informasi harus tepat waktu,

tersedia manakala dibutuhkan) Accuracy (informasi harus akurat / teliti) Reduced Uncertainty (informasi

ketidakpastiannya harus ditekan / diminimize/diperkecil)

Element of Surprise (informasi tidak mengandung unsur / elemen kejutan)

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Informasi(5) Informasi disampaikan kepada pengguna (user)

dapat direpresentasikan dalam media : Kertas/hardcopy Tampilan/display-monitor/video Suara/audio

Informasi yang dibutuhkan manajemen umumnya dalam bentuk laporan. Ada banyak variasi dan tipe laporan antara lain : Loran Periodik Laporan Indikator Kunci Laporan berdasarkan permintaan (on-call report) Laporan Khusus Laporan Penyimpangan (exception report)

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Informasi(6) Laporan dapat di representasikan dengan

berbagai bentuk, antara lain yang umum digunakan : Narasi Tabel Grafik dan Gambar Kombinasi Kertas/hardcopy

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• System ?

Input Output

Feedback

System

“A group of elements or parts that are integrated and coordinated for the purpose of achieving a goal”(Sekumpulan komponen atau bagian yang terintegrasi dan dikoordinir untuk maksud mencapai suatu tujuan / gol)

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information system

An information system (IS) is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization

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What is a System?

ManufacturingProcess

Input ofRaw Materials

Output ofFinished Products

Environment

Other Systems

Control byManagement

ControlSignals

ControlSignals

FeedbackSignals

FeedbackSignals

System Boundary

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The Internetworked -Business

Manufacturingand

Production

Engineering &Research

Accounting,Finance, andManagement

Suppliers and Other Business Partners

Procurement, Distribution, and Logistics

Advertising Sales Customer Service

Consumer and Business Customers

Company

Boundary

Intranets

The Internet

Extranets

Ext

ran

ets

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A Federation of Information Systems

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Information System Applications

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Focuses for Information Systems

Knowledge — the raw material used to create useful information.

Process — the activities (including management) that carry out the mission of the business.

Communication — how the system interfaces with its users and other information systems.

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The CMM Process Management Model

Capability Maturity Model (CMM) – a standardized framework for assessing the maturity level of an organization’s information system development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity:

Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process.

Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality.

Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed. All projects use a version of this process to develop and maintain information systems and software.

Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are established.

Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4.

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Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

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Types of Information Systems

Transaction

Processing

Systems

Process

Control

Systems

Enterprise

Collaboration

Systems

Operations

Support

Systems

Management

Information

Systems

Decision

Support

Systems

Executive

Information

Systems

Management

Support

Systems

Information Systems

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A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions.

A management information system (MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization.

A decision support system (DSS) is an information system that either helps to identify decision making opportunities or provides information to help make decisions.

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An expert system is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of nonexperts.

A communications and collaboration system is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.

An office automation system is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers.

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Other Categories of Information Systems

Expert Systems

Knowledge Management Systems

Functional Business Systems

Strategic Information Systems

Cross-Functional Information Systems

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The Information Systems Development Process

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Management Challenges of the E-Business Enterprise

•Business Strategies•Business Processes•Business Needs

•Customer Relationships•Business Partners•Suppliers•Business Customers

Ethical ConsiderationsPotential Risks?Potential Laws? Possible Responses?

•IS Human Resources•IS Development

•IT Infrastructure•IS Performance

•Organization Structure•and Culture•User Acceptance

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Chapter Summary

Information Systems play a vital role in the efficient and effective operations of E-Business, E-Commerce and enterprise collaboration.

The business professional must know: Foundations (fundamentals) of IS Information Technologies Business Applications Development Processes; and Managerial Challenges

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Chapter Summary (cont)

A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.

An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities.

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IS Resources: Hardware Resources Software Resources People Resources Data Resources Network Resources

Products: Paper Reports Visual Displays Multimedia Documents Electronic Messages Graphics images Audio Responses

Chapter Summary (cont)

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Information systems perform three vital roles in business firms. They support: Business processes and operations, Business decision making; and Strategic competitive advantage

Major application categories of information systems include: Operations Support Systems; and Management Support Systems

Chapter Summary (cont)

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Data : Tipe DataLima tipe utama data pada sistem informasi yang sekarang yaitu : 6.p132-177)

1. predefined data item,2. images,3. text,4. audio, dan5. video

Pada sistem informasi tradisional hanya berisi predefined data item dan text. Pada saat ini, akibat pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi IT data dapat dibuat dalam bentuk gambar, suara dengan menggunakan teknik seperti digitization, voice messaging dan video conference

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Predefined data item

Predefined data item tediri dari numeric atau alphabetical item, yang mempunyai arti dan format khusus yang jelas dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengendalikan kalkulasi dan transaksi yang menggunakan data. Sebagai contoh credit card number, transaction date, purchase account, dan merchant ID.

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Text

Text terdiri dari letters, numbers, dan karakter lainnya yang pengertiannya dikombinasikan tidak hanya bergantung pada bentuk yang ditentukan (prespecified format) atau definisi dari item individual (defined of individual items).

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Images

Images adalah data dalam bentuk gambar, baik dalam bentuk photographs, gambar yang dibuat tangan (hand-drawn pictures), atau grafik yang dihasilkan dari data numerik. Images dapat disimpan, dimodifikasi, dan di kirim (transmitted) dalam banyak cara yang sama seperti text.

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Audio Audio adalah data dalam bentuk suara.

Video Video adalah kombinasi gambar dan suara yang

ditampilkan secara bersamaan. Penggunaannya misalnya melalui video conference.

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Satuan Data Bit satuan terkecil data Byte satu karakter=8 bit Word satu kata=2 byte=16 bit Double Word satu kata=4 byte=32 bit Data satu data=beberapa byte yang punya arti Record satu baris data Field satu lajur/kolom data Table satu table data (baris dan kolom) Library satu kumpulan file data Database satu bank data (kumpulan semua data)

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Evolution of DB Systems Flat files - 1960s - 1980s Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s Network – 1970s - 1990s Relational – 1980s - present Object-oriented – 1990s - present Object-relational – 1990s - present Data warehousing – 1980s - present Web-enabled – 1990s - present

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Basis Data (Database)

Elemen Basis Data Terdapat 3 elemen basis data yaitu : User, Isi

Data dan Tempat Penyimpan (memori) data. Dalam elemen user terdapat 3 golongan yaitu : Operator yang memerlukan fasilitas ‘Query’ atau

paket program yang sudah jadi Programmer yang memerlukan bahasa

pemrograman DBMS DBA (database administrator) yang memerlukan

data dictionary system (DDS)

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Pengertian Basis Data

Basis Data adalah kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan (berinteraksi) satu dengan yang lainnya, tersimpan di perangkat keras computer dan digunakan perangkat lunak untuk memanipulasinya.

Penerapan database dalam sistem informasi di sebut database sistem.

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Pengertian Sistem Basis Data

Sistem Basis Data adalah suatu sistem informasi yang mengintegrasikan kumpulan dari data yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya dan membuatnya tersedia untuk beberapa aplikasi yang bermacam-macam di dalam suatu organisasi.

Software yang digunakan untuk mengatur (manage) data adalah DBMS (Data Base Management System). Contoh DBMS : Excell, Access, FoxBase, FoxPro, Oracle, Informix, Sybase, dll

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Kenapa perlu konsep Basis Data

Dalam pendekatan pengolahan data tradisional sumber data ditangani sendiri-sendiri oleh masing-masing bagian untuk tiap aplikasi.

Sedangkan dalam konsep database, pengolahan data dilakukan secara terintegrasi dalam sebuah database, dimana tiap-tiap orang atau bagian dapat memandang database dari sudut pandangan yang berbeda.

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Organisasi File Basis Data

Organisasi data secara konvensional dirasakan kurang, karena berorientasi pada file, artinya data cenderung hanya berhubungan dengan data yang lainnya dalam satu file saja, kurang ada hubungan dengan data lain yang berada di file lain.

Oleh karena itu dikembangkan jenis organisasi data yaitu : Hirarki (berjenjang), Network (jaringan) dan Relasional (hubungan).

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Organisasi Hirarki (1)

Organisasi Hirarki / berjenjang atau disebut juga struktur data poon (tree). Suatu pohon dibentuk dari beberapa elemen grup data yang berjenjang, disebut dengan node. Node yang paling atas disebut root (level-1), tiap node dapat bercabang ke node-node yang lain. Dengan ketentuan setiap pohon hanya mempunyai satu root saja dan tiap-tiap node kecuali root hanya dapat mempunyai sebuah orang tua (parent) saja tetapi tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai beberapa anak (child).

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Organisasi Hirarki (2)

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Organisasi Network(1)

Pada Organisasi pohon tiap node tidak dapat mempunyai leih dari satu orang tua, maka pada strukur data jaringan tiap-tiap node dapat mempunyai lebih dari satu orang tua.

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Organisasi Network(2)

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Organisasi Relasional (1)

Hubungan di dasarkan pada field kunci (yaitu field yang unik / tidak ada duanya), contoh file MHS dan file NILAI dihungkan melalui field kunci NPM.

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Organisasi Relasional (2)

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Relasi Data

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Data, Informasi dan Sistem Informasi(..catatan tambahan)

SI sudah merupakan bagian dari perusahaan untuk mendukung usaha dengan CBIS (Computer Base Information System)

Resources : 5M + I Man Machine Money Material Method and Information

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Kenapa SI perlu dimenej?, karena resources terbatas, karena terbatas maka perlu di optimalkan pemanfaatannya

Sistem pasti mempunyai tujuan, komponen sistem apa saja, tergantung sistem apa, bisa metode, barang, dll

Karakteristik sistem :1. Transformasi input ke output (retrieve, update, representation)

Representasi : Text,suara,gambar, dll

2. Interdisiplinair yang tergabung dalam satu kesatuan

3. Holistik (menyeluruh)

4. Dapat dibedakan dengan yang lainnya (lingkungannya)

5. Sinergi

6. Hierarki

7. Ada aturan (regulasi)

8. Harus punya tujuan (objective)

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Information Systems Architecture(ISA) Overall blueprint for organization’s information

systems Consists of:

Data (Enterprise Data Model – simplified ER Diagram) Processes – data flow diagrams, process decomposition,

etc. Data Network – topology diagram (like fig 1.8) People – people management using project management

tools (Gantt charts, etc.) Events and Points in Time (when processes are performed) Reasons for events and rules (e.g. decision tables)

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Information Engineering A data-oriented methodology to create and maintain

information systemsTop-down planning approach. Four steps:

Planning Results in an Information Systems Architecture

Analysis Results in functional specifications…i.e. what we want

Design Results in design specifications…i.e. how we’ll do it

Implementation Results in final operational system

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Information Systems Planning

Strategy development IT Planning to meet Corporate strategy

Three steps:1. Identify strategic planning factors

2. Identify corporate planning objects

3. Develop enterprise model

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Identify Strategic Planning Factors (table 2.1)

Organization goals – what we hope to accomplish

Critical success factors – what MUST work in order for us to survive

Problem areas – weaknesses we now have

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Identify Corporate Planning Objects (table 2.3) Organizational units Organizational locations Business functions – these might become the

users Entity types – the things we are trying to

model Information (application) systems

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Develop Enterprise Model

Decomposition of business functions See figure 2.2

Enterprise data model See figure 2.1

Planning matrixes See figure 2.3

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Enterprise Data Model

First step in database development Specifies scope and general content Overall picture of organizational data, not specific

design Entity-relationship diagram Descriptions of entity types Relationships between entities Business rules

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Informasi

Data yang mempunyai nilai (berarti) bagi penerimanya dan dapat digunakan untuk dasar pengambilan keputusan

Untuk menjadi informasi umumnya data perlu mengalami proses pengolahan

Sifat informasi :1. Perfect (tidak mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)

2. Imperfect (mengandung unsur ketidakpastian)

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INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

Data Proses Informasi - Bisa sangat simple- Bisa dapat complicated

• Suatu data jika akan menghasilkan informasi yang baik, maka datanya harus bersih.

• prosesnya meliputi :1. Verifikasi2. Validasi3. Duplication data

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Macam-macam atribut suatu data :1. Identifier (sebagai identifikasi)

2. Locater (sebagai penunjuk lokasi)

3. Temporal

4. Classifier

5. Relational

Faktor yang mempengaruhi ‘nilai suatu informasi’ :1. Tepat ISI dan TELITI (accuracy)

2. Tepat WAKTU (timeliness)

3. Tepat GUNA (relevancy)

4. Tepat SAJI (presentation)

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Manfaat Informasi Terhadap Proses :

1. Menghemat Tenaga

2. Meningkatkan Efisiensi

3. Mempercepat Proses

4. Perbaikan Dokumentasi

5. Pencapaian Standar

6. Perbaikan Keputusan

Terhadap Produk :1. Peningkatan “feature”

2. Perubahan Karakteristik

3. Peningkatan Fasilitas Penyampaian Produk

4. Inovasi Produk barang atau jasa

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Terhadap Kualitas :1. Peningkatan kualitas proses (JIT,Feedback, dsb)

2. Peningkatan kualitas produk (standarisasi produk, peningkatan pelayanan, dsb)

Komponen SI :1. Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan)

2. Infoware (Database)

3. Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur)

4. Brainware (humanware)

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Technoware (S/W,H/W, Jaringan) Merupakan sistem komputer dan jaringan

Infoware (Database) DBMS (Data Base Management System) DBA (Database Administrator) Kegagalan DBMS pada umumnya pada updating karna

faktor SDM Jika data tidak diupdate, maka cutomer kecewa, ini akan

sangat berbahaya. Oleh karena itu perlu dijaga kedisiplinan agar data tetap up-to-date.

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Organware (Organisasi dan Prosedur) Mencakup Organisasi dan Prosedur Prosedur :

1. Prosedur Penyiapan Data

2. Prosedur Perekaman Data

3. Prosedur Pemrosesan Data

4. Prosedur Pengamanan Data

5. Dsb Jika sistem sudah “menyimpang terlalu jauh”, maka perlu di “Re-

Design” Dengan adanya prosedur baru, terdapat cara kerja baru dan ini

harus disosialisasikan Kalau mau mengembangkan SI harus mengacu kepada rencana

induk perusahaan Dulu EDP sekarang IT Division atau IS Division

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Brainware Mengatur Brainware paling sulit dibandingkan dengan 3

komponen yang lainnya Contoh job dalam bidang IT:

1. Operator Perekam Data

2. Teknisi Perangkat Kerja dan Jaringan

3. Pemrogram APlikasi Sistem (Programmer)

4. Analis Sistem (Analyst)

5. Administrator Database (Database Administrator)

6. Perancang Sistem (System Designer)

7. Perekayasa Perangkat Lunak (S/W Engineering)

8. Perekayasa Jaringan (Network Engineering)

9. Pengelola Proyek SI (IS Project Manager)

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Karakteristik Sistem

Sub Sistem

Sub SistemSub Sistem

Sub Sistem

Input Output

Interface(penghubung)

Input OutputProcess

Environment

Goals

Boundary(batas sistem)

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Siklus Pengolahan Data

PROSES(Model)

ENTRI DATAOUTPUT

(Informasi)BASIS DATA

USER(Penerima)

KEPUTUSANTINDAKAN

HASILTINDAKAN

CAPTURINGDATA

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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models The Need for Frameworks and Models The Work System Framework Work System Principles Relationships Beetwen Work Systems and IS The Principle Based Systems Analysis Method Measurement Work System Performance Clasification Related to

Understanding Systems from Business Viewpoint

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Amazon.com : An Evolving Business Models(Work System Snapshot, Amazon.com provides a different way to shop for books)

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The Work System Framework

The Customer The Product and Services The Business Process The Participant The Information The Technology Context Infrastructure

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The Customer

People who use and receive direct benefit from the products and services

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The Product and Services

The combination of physical things information and services that the work system produces for to customer

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The Business Process The sets of the steps or

activities that are performed within the work system

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The Participant

People who perform the work step in the business process

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The Information

The information used by the participants to perform their work

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The TechnologyThe hardware, software

and the other tools and equipment used by the participants

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Context

The organizational, competitive, technical and regulatory realm within which the work system operates

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InfrastructureIs share human and

technical resources that the work system rellies on even through these resources exist and are managed outside of it.

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CUSTOMER

People who purchases books Whosellers that supply the books Amazon.com Shipping departement

PRODUCTS AND SERVICES Information about books that might be purchased information describing cash book order books that are eventually delivered

BUSINESS PROCESS Purchaser log on www.amazon.com Purchaser identifies desired books or gives search criteria Purchaser looks at book related information and desides what

to order Purchaser enter order Amazon.com finds the books in it inventory and packs thm fpr

dhipping, if the book are no in its inventory, Amazon orderthem from a wholeseller and ships them to the customer afterthey arrive at the Amazon werehouse

Shipping departement packages order and sends it to thepurchaser

PARTICIPANTS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

People interested inpurchasing books

order fullfillmentdepartment ofwholeseller

Shipping departmentAmazon.com

Order for books price and other

information about eachbook

purchase hidtory andrelated information foreach customer

Personel computersused by purchaser

computers andnetworks use byAmazon.com for orderprocessing

the internet(infrastructure)

Work System SnapshotAmazon.com provides a different way to shop for

books

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Data and Knowledge Management (KM)I. Data Management :

1. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF)2. Data Life Cyle Process and

Knowledge Discovery3. Data Source and Collection4. Data Quality (DQ)5. Multimedia and OO Databases6. Document Management

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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

1. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing

2. Data Warehousing and Marts

3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining

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III. Data Visualization and Technology

1. Data Visualization

2. Multidimensionality

3. GIS

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IV. Marketing Databases in Action1. The Marketing Transaction

Database

2. Implementation in Example

V. KM1. Knowledge Base and Organizational

Learning

2. Implementing KM Systems

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I. Data Management

I. A Critical Success Faktor (CSF) The Difficulties

The Amount of data increases exponentially Collected by many individuals, using several

methods and devices Organization’s data are relevant for specific

decision Raw Data my be stored in different computing

systems, databases, formats, and human and computer languages

Data Security, Quality, and integrity

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These difficulties and the critical need for

Timely and Accurated information Search effective and efficient

Data management Support TPS Relational Databases Client/Server Environment Finding Data Quiqly and Easly

Creation of Data Warehouse

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2. Data Life Cyle Process and Knowledge Discovery Trace how and where data flows in

organization Business do not run on data, They

run on information and their knowledge of how to put that information to uses successfully.

The transformation of data into knowledge mybe accomplished in several ways

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Converting Data to Knowledge

DataSource

Collection

Data Sorage

Selection

Target Data Preproce-ssing Data

Prepro-cessing

Trans-formation

Datamining

Interpretation /Evaluation

iMac Use

Transfor-med Data

Patterns

Storage,Knowledge

Base

Knowledge

Data Warehousing Data Analysis

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3. Data Source and Collection The Data life cycle begins with the

acquisition of data from data sources. Data can include :

Documents Pictures Maps Sound and

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Animation Concepts Opinions Raw or Summarized or extrated data

Data Source : Internal Data Personal Data External Data

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Internal Data : are organizational internal data are

stored in one or more places About : people, product, services,

and processes

Personal Data IS user or other coorporate

employees by creating personal data

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External Data : Data are available on :

CD-ROM Internet Server (film, music or voice) Pictures (diagram, atlases) Television

Large amounts of external data are available on the internet.

The internet and commercial databases services -> Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

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Methods For Collection Raw Data Can be collected :

Manually or Instruments or sensors Scanned or Transferred Electronically

Manual Data Collected : Time studies Surveys Observations and Constributions from experts

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4. Data Quality (DQ) Data are frequently found to be :

Inaccurate Incomplete Ambiguous

The economical and social damage from poor quality data costs billions of dollars

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Problem Data : DQ Problem divide into four

catagories and dimension :1. Instrinsic DQ :

Accuracy, objectivity, believability, reputation

2. Accessability DQ : Accessability and security

3. Contextual DQ : Relevance, Value Added, timeliness,

completeness, amount data 4. Representasion DQ:

Interpretability, ease of understanding, concise representation, consistent representation

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Problem Data (cont..): Data are not correct Data are not timely Data are not measured or index

properly Needed data simply do not exist

One of the major issues of DQ is DATA INTEGRITY

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OOD are sometimes referred to as multimedia databases and are manage special Multimedia Databases Management Systems (MDMS)

These manage data in variety of formats in additional to standard text or numeric fields.

The formats include Images such as digitized photographs or forms of bit-mapped graphics

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6. Document Management (DM) Document Management Systems (DMS)

provide information to decision makers in an electronic format

DM is the automated control of electronic document, page images, spreadsheet, word processing document, and complex, compound documents through their entire life cycle within an organization, from initial creation to final archiving.

DMS usually include computerized imaging systems

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II. Data Warehousing, Mining and Analysis :

I. Transaction Vs Analytical Processing Data processing in organizations can be

viewed either as transactional or analytical

Transactional Processing, in the routine daily processing of the transactional of the organizations such as ordering or billing

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A good data delivery system therefore should be able to support : Easy data access by the end

users themselve Quicker decision making More accurate and effective

decision making Flexible decision making

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This improved option of analytical processing involves three concepts :1. A business representation of data for

end users

2. A client/server enviroment that gives the user query and reporting capabilities

3. A server-base repository, the data warehouse, that allows centralized security and control over the data

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2. Data Warehousing and Marts Data Warehouse, benefits :

1. To reach data quickly

2. To do it easly The purpose of data warehouse is to

establish a data repository that makes operational data accessable in a form rapidly acceptable for analytical processing activities such as decision support, EIS, and other user application.

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Data Warehouses allow for the storage of metadata, which include data summaries that are easier to index and search, especially with web tools

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Legacy

OLTP

External

Select

Extract

Transform

Integrate

Maintain

Preparation

OpeparationalSystem / Data

APIS

MIdleware

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

Flat screen

MetadataReposition

EnterpriseData

Warehouse

Data Mart

Data Mart

Data Mart

TargetDatabase(s)

(RDB, MDDB)

Replication

Marketing

RiskManagement

EngineeringData Mining

AccessApplicationEIS / DSS

Custom-BuiltApplication(4GL Tools)

ProductionReportingTools

RelationQuery Tools

Web Browses

OLAP /ROLAP

Data Warehouse Framework and Views

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Characteristic of Data Warehousing 1. Organization :

data are organized by detailed subject, containingly information relevant for decision support

2. Consistency Data in different operational

databases my be encoded differently, e.g gender data ‘0’, ‘1’ or ‘m’, ‘f’ and consistent manner

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3. Time variant The data are kept for 5 to 10 years

so they can be used for trends, forecasting and comparisons over time

4. Nonvolatile Once entered into the warehouse,

data are not update (Tdk dpt diubah)

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5. Relational Typically the data warehouse uses

a relational structure

6. Clent/Server The data warehouse uses the

client/server architecture mainly to provide the end user an easy access to its data

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Data Marts is a replicated subset of the data warehouse and is dedicated to a functional or regional area.

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Summary of strategic Uses

of Data Warehousing

Industry Functional Area of Use Strategic UseAirline Operations and Marketing analysis of route

profitability

Banking Product Development, Customer service,

operation and marketing trend analysis, product

and service promotion.

Reduction of IS

expenses

Healt Care Operation reduction of operational

expenses

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3. Knowledge Discovery, Analysis and Mining The program of extracting useful

knowledge from volumes of data is known as knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) or just knowledge discovery.

KDD’s objective is to identify valid, novel, potensially usefull, and ultimatelly understandable patterns in data

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KDD support by three technologies :1. Massive data collection

2. Powerfull multiprocessor computers

3. Data Mining Algorithms

Tools and Techniques of KDD KDD tools over time can be divided into

four major stage : 1. Data Collection (1960s)

2. Data Acess (1980s)

3. Data Warehousing and Decion Support (1990s)

4. Intelligence Data Mining (l-1990)

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The problem with the data collection and access techniques is that they are not suitable for a large volume of data, nor can they be used effectively by end user.

Even though Structured Query Language (SQL) use is becaming more user friendly.

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OLAP

(On Line Analytical Processing) OLAP refers to such end-user

activities as DSS modeling using spreadsheets and grahics, which are done online.

Unlike online transaction online processing (OLTP) application.

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Data Mining Data mining derives is name from the

similarities between searching for valuable business information in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable are.

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I. Impact on Organizations

II. Impact on Individuals at Work

III. Societal Impacts and The Internet Community

IMPACT OF IT ON ORGANIZATIONS, INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY

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1. Structure

2. Authority

3. Power and

4. Job Content

I. IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

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1. Job Satisfaction

2. Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

3. Impacts On Health and Safety

II. IMPACTs ON INDIVIDUALS AT WORK

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1. Opportunitis For People With Disabilities

2. Quality of Life Improvements

3. Other Impacts

III. SOCIETAL IMPACTS AND THE INTERNET COMMUNITY

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Structure,Authority,Power and Job Content a. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies

b. Staff-To-Line Ratio

c. Special Units

d. Centralization of Authority

e. Power and Status

f. Job Contens

g. Role Ambiguity and Conflict

IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.1. Structure

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Increased Productivity and increased span of control

Decreased number of experts FOH result from :

reduction in the total number of employees, reengineering of business process, and ability of lower-level employee to perform higher –

level job

A. Flatter Organizational Hierarchies (FOH)

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The number of professional and specialists could decline in relation to the total number of employees in the organizations.

B. Staff-To-Line Ratio

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Creating a technology centre Internet/electronic commerce unit Decision support system departement Intelligent system departement

C. Special Units

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Because of the trend toward smaller and flatters organizations, centralization become more popular.

Example : introduction of expert systems in general electric’s maintenance area increased the power of the desentarlization units because they become less dependent on the companys headquarters.

D. Centralization of Authority

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Knowledge is power Changing the power structure within

organization Example : expert system may reduce

the power of certain professional group, becaise their knowledge will be in the public domain.

E. Power and Status

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Job Conten is important not only because it is related to organizational structure, but also becase it is interrelated with employee satisfaction, compensation, status, and productivity.

Changes in job content occuur when work is redesigned.

Example : when BPR (Business Process Reenginerring) is attempted or when electronic commerce changes the marketing system.

F. Job Contens

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Employee Career Ladders Changes in Supervision Other Considerations

The Manager’s Job

IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.2. Personnel Issues

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Automation of routin decision Less expertise required for many

decisions Less reliance on experts to provide

support to top executive Power distribution among managers Electronic support of complex decision

(intelligent agents, DSS)

IMPACTs ON ORGANIZATIONS

1.3. The Manager’s Job

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Job Stress Repetitive Strain Injuries Lessening The Negative Impact

on Health and Safety Other Impacts

Impacts On Health and Safety

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Dehumanization : Negative effect on people’s individuality,

such : many people feel loss of identity. Expert systems or artificial intelligence

are increasingly replacing people in the creative arena.

Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts

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Psychological Impacts : Isolating influence : depression and

loneliness Distance learning : lack of social impact.

Dehumanization and Psychological Impacts(2)

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IS and Individual

The Individual

TheIndividual

Entertainmentbusiness and

education

Environmentand

application

Security

HomeInformation System Insurance

andBrokerage

Accountingand Legal

Policeand Fire

Library

Public andPrivate Service

System

Education andMedical System

CentreMedical

Database

HospitalAdm andtreatment

Laisure TimeSystem

ConsumerSystem

FinancialSystem

TravelReservation

Theater andEntertainment

HotelReservation

Drug StoreDepartment

Store

Supermarket

Money CardReal Estate

Stocks

IntegratedFinancialDatabase

Educationaland AdmRecord

ComputerAssisted

Education

e-Commerce

E-funds transfer