DiversityMaterialsScienceandMaterialsScienceEduca3on

WoleSoboyejoPrincetonIns3tuteofScienceand

TechnologyofMaterialsAnd

TheDepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringPrincetonUniversity

Acknowledgments

•  Dr.DanSteinberg(Princeton)•  Ms.ShannonSwilley(Princeton)•  DeanMinnieMcGee(OSU)•  Ms.RubyDee(OSU)•  Prof.AlfredSoboyejo(OSU)•  Mrs.AnthoniaSoboyejo(OSU)•  Na3onalScienceFounda3on•  PrincetonGrandChallengesProgram

BackgroundandIntroduc3on

•  Myparentsandmyteacherswerethepeoplethatshapedandsustainedmyinterestmyinscienceandengineering

•  Howeverthiswaslargelyunplannedalthoughtheimpacthasbeenlifelong–  EarlyvisitstotheUniversityofLagos(Inspira3onaltoachild)

–  Clearexplana3onofdifficultconceptsbymyparentsandafewteachers(solidfounda3on)

– Mentorsthatshowedmehowtodothings(cri3cal)

•  Sotherealques3onsis‐Howdowedothisonalargerscale?

Objec3vesofThisTalk

•  Thistalkpresentssomecasestudiesofminorityeduca3onandoutreachac3vi3es

•  Thegoalistoiden3fythelessonslearnedfromsuchac3vi3es

•  Thetalkisdividedintothreepartsthatcorrespondtothethreeins3tu3onsthatIhavetaughtatsince1992– OhioState(1992–1999)– MIT(1998–1999)–  Princeton(1999–Present)

FirstFewEfforts…

•  Myfirstfeweffortsateduca3onandoutreachstartedin1992whenIbecameafacultymemberatTheOhioStateUniversity(OSU)

•  Developedacoherentplan(NSF)andpartnershipwithMinorityOfficeatOSU

•  Theprogramhadthreethrusts– Earlystageinterestinscience(K‐1)– Highschoolstudents(11thand12thgrade)– Minorityundergraduatesinengineering

EarlyStageInterestinScience

•  K‐1outreachinthecityofColumbus–innercityschool

•  Visitedschooltolearnfromteacherandprincipal

•  ObservedKstudentsandstayedwiththemthrough1stgrade

•  Developedconceptoflearningthroughplaye.gsongen3tled“AtomsandMolecules”

•  Resonatedwellwithstudents

HighSchoolMinorityOutreach

•  Thegoalofthisprogramwastoaaractstudentstoprogramsinmaterialsscienceandengineering

•  Theini3alapproachwaswrong–showingmaterialssciencevideosinadarkroom!

•  Subsequentapproachesinvolvedhands‐onlabsthatexcitedthestudents…..–  Pullingglassfibersfrommoltenglass–  Sandcas3ngsoftheOSUfootballstadium

•  Recruitmentgainswereobservedwhencollegerecruitmenttalkswerecombinedwithpersonalinterac3onswithstudentsandparents

CollegeEduca3onandOutreach

•  Oncethestudentsgettocollege–thereareocenthreekeychallenges– Overcomingdeficienciesinmathema3cs–  Theneedforcon3nuousinterac3onsandincome– Assistancewithjobsearch

•  Threeprogramswereorganizedtoaddressthesechallenges–  Tutorialsandpre‐collegesessionsinmathema3csandmechanics(alongwithProf.AlfredSoboyejo)

–  Providingjobsforminoritystudentsinmylab– Organizingmockinterviewswithlocalprofessionalse.g.ASM/TMSchapter

LessonsLearnedFromOSUExperience

•  WorkcloselywithMinorityProgramsOfficee.g.MinnieMcGeeandRubyDeeatOSU

•  Avoidstandardvideosthatdonotconnecttopeopleandtheirinterests

•  Useexperien3allearningandexci3nghands‐onac3vi3estos3mulatetheinterestsofstudentsinscienceandmath

•  Workpersonallywithindividualminoritystudentsun3ltheyendupinthework‐force

•  Iden3fystrengthsandweaknessesandbridgethegapswithstructuredandunstructuredac3vi3es

•  Providesolidfounda3onandsharepersonalexperiencese.g.TheThingsIWishIKnewBeforeGoingtoWorkasaMaterialsScien3standEngineer

LessonsFromMITExperience

•  IspentoneyearworkinghereatMITasaVis3ngMar3nLutherKingprofessor(between1997and1998)

•  IfoundthistobearichenvironmentforminoritystudentsiguidedbyDeanLeoOsgood

•  Par3cipatedinprogramsorganizedbytheins3tute•  Realimpactwasintheclassroomwithafewstudents–  e.g.WilliamPine(fromMITtoStanfordandLockheed)

•  Onceagainthekeyappearstobepersonalinvolvementandworkingwithstructuredprograms

LessonsFromPrincetonUniversity

•  Since1999IhavebeenonthefacultyatPrinceton

•  Myeffortstherecanbedividedinto2phases– BeforeDanSteinbergandShannonSwilley– AcerDanSteinbergandShannonSwilley

Ini3alEffortsatPrinceton

•  NSBEmathandscienceoutreach–  ProgramsorganizedwithPUNSBEchapter– Mathandeverydaylife– Hypersonicsandtheshrinkingoftheearth(FromTokyotoNewYorkin2Hours)

•  Researchexperienceforminorityhighschoolandundergraduatestudents–  SeyeTairu(fromNewarktoPrincetonandtheUniversityofChicago)

– Mixedresultswithundergraduates(NathanHosanah,AnthonyTurner,SenayetAgonafer,KemeshaDelisser)

AcerDanandShannon

•  ThepartnershipwithDanSteinbergandShannonSwilleyhasbeenakeyelementofmyminorityeduca3onandoutreacheffortsatPU

•  DanandShannonruntheeduca3onandoutreacheffortsaspartofourMRSEC–  PrimaryfocusonminoritystudentsfromTrenton–  EngagedPeteGange(HighSchoolTeacher)

•  Theyalsoworkedwithmeoneduca3onandoutreacheffortsthatweresupportedbyUSAMIandAmericasprograms– Addedinterna3onalcomponenttoeduca3onandoutreach–  Resonatedwellwithmanyminorityandnonminoritystudents

Approach

•  Programintegratedresearchandeduca3on•  Jointdevelopmentofprogrammodules–faculty,coordinators,teachersandstudents

•  DanandShannon(Coordinators)organizedandtakecareofthedetails

•  PeteGangefacilitatescommunica3onwiththestudents+hands‐onlabmodules

•  NSFfundingensurescon3nuityofprogramssuchasThePrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy(PUMA)

P.U.M.A.2002‐2009

PrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy

GoalsforP.U.M.A.• GivestudentsrealexperienceinMaterialsScience• Giveunderrepresented,disadvantagedstudentsachanceforexposuretoandcareersinscienceandengineering• Studentswillleavewithabeaerapprecia3onofscience• HighSchoolstudentsinteractwithPrincetonUniversityMaterialsScien3sts

Integra3onWithResearch‐Cell/SurfaceInterac3onsandNewwaysofDetec3ngandTrea3ngCancer

•  Currentinterestincell/surfaceinterac3onswithsocandhardmaterialswithapplica3onsinbiomedicaldevices

•  Exci3ngnewwaysofdetec3ngandtrea3ngdiseasessuchascancer

TissueNanotargets ImplantableBioMEMS FlexibleBio‐MEMS

DrugDeliverybyResis3veHea3ng

Heat Trigger

•  Hydrogels or PDMS sit on metallic plates •  Current running through plates heat plates •  Temperature controlled by current •  Current controlled by open/closed switch programming

SHEARASSAYMEASUREMENTOFCELLADHESION

Shear Flow Schematic

Cell Detachment

  Shear stress for detachment is given by

  Where Q - flow rate & µ -dynamic viscosity

  Considering initial onset of detachment to correspond to “adhesion” strength:

  τ = 70 Pa Polystyrene (PS)

  τ = 81 Pa Ti Coated PS

Micro‐GrooveGeometryandCell/SurfaceInterac3ons

•  Cellscanundergocontactguidancewhenincontactwithmicro‐groovedgeometries

•  Thisdependsonthesizeofthegroovesrela3vetothesizeofthecells

•  Contactguidancehasimplica3onsforwoundhealingandscar3ssueforma3on

100µm

Cell

12 µm Micro-Grooves 2 µm Micro-Grooves

Our Approach to Early Cancer Detection and Treatment!

CAMD

Magne3ccore

Polymershellwithly3cpep3deconjugates

CAMD

Wet Chemical Synthesis of Nano-particles

 Metallic,polymericandmetal‐polymerNano‐par3clesusingboaom‐upapproaches

 NovelMicroreactortechnologyforscale‐upandcontrolledsynthesis

 Synchrotronradia3onbasedX‐rayabsorp3onSpectroscopiccharacteriza3on

 Capabilitytoaaachbio‐molecules

LHRH‐SPIONUptake‐37Cfor3Hours

•  MNPs‐LHRH,37DegreeC,3Hr

•  Noteencryp3onprocessbywhichcellsaaach

•  Engulfedcellscarriedwithinthecell

•  Excretedoregestedwithin30days

In‐VivoExperiments‐TEMandHistologyofOrgans

•  Miceinjectedin4differentways:1.  LHRHnanopar3cles2.  Salinesolu3on3.  Nanopar3cles4.  LHRHnanopar3clesinmice

withoutbreasttumorOrgansobtained:

–  breastorprostatetumor–  Kidney–  Lung–  Liver

SPION/SPION‐LHRHinTumor

SPIONinTumor LHRH‐SPIONinTumor

BiologicalDistribu3onofSPIONs

LHRH‐SPIONinMouse SPIONinMouse

T2ImagesofTumors–ContrastEnhancementDuetoLHRH‐MNPs

PrincetonUniversityMaterialsAcademy2002‐2009

• PartnerwithTrentonUpwardBound,GEARUP,MercerCountyCommunityCollege,MentorPower,PUPP,MiddlesexHS

Partnersprovide:

• Students• StudentTracking

PCCMprovides:

• Curriculum

• LeadTeacher• ScienceContent

• FacultyScien3sts• Administra3veSupport

Topics• BioMems

• EarlyCancerDetec3onusingAFM

• Ceramic/OrganicWaterFilterDesign

• SportsMaterials

• SmartSensors

• SolarOvens

• Materials

• Evalua3on• Labs/Classrooms

• Equipment

• Meals

• NSFFunding

BackgroundandIntroduc3on•  TheproblemofcontaminatedwateristhesinglebiggestcauseofthesteepdeclineinlifeexpectancyinAfrica–  ImpactbiggerthanthatofHIV

–  ExampleofNigeria

•  However,itisalsoanopportunitytoshowhowwecanaddvaluetomaterialswhileaddressingamajorAfricanorglobalproblem

TheProblemofContaminatedWater

•  ContaminatedwaterisamajorcauseofdiseaseinAfricaandthedevelopingworld

•  WHOes3matesthat5000liveslostperday

•  Morethanhalfofalldiarrheaiscausedbypathogensinwater

•  Manyofthevic3msarechildrenundertheageof5–limitedresistance

•  Needsustainablesolu3onsforruralandurbanenvironments

PhotographbyKarenKessi‐Williams

Poten3alWaterTreatmentMethodsSolutions Pros Cons Boiling Water

- 100% potable if boiled for at least 20 min. - Can be done in the home all year round.

- Requires time to gather fuel (fire wood) - Requires time for heating and cooling - Causes a Change in the taste of water - Method does not remove turbidity

Adding Chlorine

-Effectively kills bacteria -Simple to use -Can be used anytime -Low cost technology

- Effects the taste of water - Must be applied periodically - Does not remove turbidity - Most be purchased and transported

SODIS -Low cost -Can be large or small -Remove turbidity -Can be us

- Does not work in shade, night or rainy season - Requires 4-6 hours to reach required to heat - Requires Time for water to cool - Change in the taste of the Water. - Does not remove turbidity

Bio Sand Filter - Can be large or small

- Easy to use - Local materials

- Appropriate sand must be available. - Does not remove microbio. contaminants - Time to cultivate bio-sand.

Filtròn Water Filter

- Kills bacteria 99% - Easy to use -One time transportation -No change of taste -Culturally acceptable - Self-encased water Container permits serving. - Made locally -Works all year around 24 hours a day. -Low cost

-  Cost, US$ 7.50 to $25.00 (depending on country) -  Heavy compared to the other systems. -  Fragile, easy to break -  Periodic cleaning is required (turbid water clogs the filtering element). -  Combustion for the production process -  Should be replaced after two years

PuR (P&G)

-Effective -Good for emergencies -expensive ( US $ 4.20 a month )

US $0.14 cents a day for 20 liters

Point‐of‐UseWaterFiltra3onSystems

19cm

26cm

Schema3cDiagram

Pathogen

Ag+Par3cleLining

Pores

PUMAWaterFiltra3onModule

•  Integra3onofhands‐onfiltermakingwithceramicwaterfiltra3on

•  Linkingtheac3vi3eswithdevelopmentneedstoconnecttothestudentsandtheirorigins

P.U.M.A.:SummerProgramsforHighSchoolStudents•  Trenton‐96%minoritypopula3on,65%

eligibleforreducedpricelunchprogram•  20ormorestudents/year

–  100%minority–  Over60%female

•  100%ofourTrentonStudentsgraduateHS,and85%goontocollege(2002‐2009)

•  Comparewithgradua3onrateofTrentonHSof65%

•  Only50%of9thgradersmakeitthrough12thgradetograduate

Studentsengagedincampustoursandlabs

ThestudentsalsohadtheopportunitytovisitPrincetonUniversity,wheretheyweretreatedtolabandcampustoursandhadthechancetotalkwithPrincetonstudentswhowereoncerefugeesthemselves

USAMIpartneredwiththeInternaSonalRescueCommiTeetoofferascienceoutreachprogramforaboutnewly‐arrivedrefugeeyouth

Throughthis6‐weeksummerprogram,JuniorHighandHighSchool‐agedchildrenwhooncelivedinrefugeecampslearnedaboutscienceofwaterfiltra3onandalterna3veenergybydesigningclaywaterfiltersandsolarenergycookers

USAMI‐supportedundergraduateandgraduatestudentsalsoactedasmentors,givinginsightsintotheAmericanhighereduca3onprocessandapplica3onprocedures

The50refugeestudentshailedfromSierraLeone,Liberia,Guinea,Burma,Nepal,TibetandIraq

USAMI-IRC Summer Science Outreach Program

Interna3onalEduca3onalandOutreachPrograms

•  Faculty–Lou(Rice),Bhalerao(UIUC),Allameh(Kentucky)

•  Graduateprograms–  Uganda(Obwoya),Nigeria

(Oparinde)–  USA(Bly,Thomas,Okwo,

Agonafer)•  Undergraduateprograms(solar,

housing,water)–  Kenya(Sud,Davis,

Rogers,Vocaturo,NancyRubensteinandDanRubenstein)

–  Tanzania(Sud,Davis,Cohen,Li,Vocaturo,Tesha)

–  Ethiopia(Lape3no,Asfaw)–  Brazil(Sud,Huang,Ghavamiand

Savastano)

Middle/HighSchoolPrograms

•  BioMEMSModules–  TrentonHighSchool/PUMAProgram(Grades8‐12)

•  SolarCookerModules–  PrincetonProgramforMinorityHighSchoolStudents(Grades8‐12)

–  LeikijiandMpalaSchoolsinKenya(GradesK‐8)–  AangSerianCommunitySchoolinMonduliJuinTanzania(Grades8‐12)

•  MaterialsScienceProgram– MiddlesexHighSchool(Grades8‐12)

US/AfricaEduca3onandOutreach

EngagementofUSStudentsinUS/AfricaWorkshopsandNetworks

•  OrganizedUS/AfricaworkshopsinSanDiego,PuertoRico,Cairo,CapeTown,Dar‐es‐Salaam,Abuja

•  Developinglinkagesbetweenthematerials,manufacturingandmodelingcommuni3es

•  Mostofthestudentsdeveloplinkagesbeyondtheworkshopse.g.AfricaMaterialsNetwork

•  Goodwaytoiden3fyandrecruitfuturefacultymemberse.g.RodPriestley

•  Specialprogramsmaybeneededtomaketheseworke.g.post‐docgapyearbeforestar3ngposi3ons

OutcomesofOutreachandEduca3onalModules

•  MostofthestudentsengagedinthePUMAprogramshavegoneontocollege

•  Somearepursuingprogramsinscienceandmath•  TheundergraduateREUstudentshaveeithergonetograduateschoolormedicalschool

•  Therearesomemajorsuccessstories–  SenayetAgonafer(DukeUniversityMD/MBA/PhD)–  KemeshaDelisser(Physician‐MountSinaiMedicalCenter)

– AnthonyTurner(Merck)

ConcludingRemarks

•  Thistalkpresentsanoverviewofmypersonalexperiencesineduca3onandoutreachtominori3es

•  Ihavetriedtocrystallizeoutthethingsthatworkedandthethingsthatdidnotwork

•  Thekeysappeartobeworkingwithinstructuredprogramsorworkingdirectlywithindividualstudentsforenough3metomakeadifference

•  Thestructuredprogramsrequireintegratedteams–teachers,coordinators,undergraduate/graduatestudentsandfaculty+integra3onwithresearchanddevelopment

•  Theunstructuredprogramsrequirealongtermcommitmentandaaen3ontospecialneedsofstudents

•  Integratedna3onal/interna3onaleffortneededtoachievethedesiredoverallimpactthatiscri3caltothefuturesuccessoftheU.S.inscienceandtechnology

THANKYOU!