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Jou
rn
al of R
esearch
in
Biology
Diversity and habitat preferences of butterflies in Gorumara National Park,
West Bengal, India
Keywords: Indian butterflies, diversity, habitat preference, Gorumara National Park, West Bengal, Eastern Himalayas.
ABSTRACT: Gorumara National Park is located towards the foothills of Eastern Himalayas in northern part in the state of West Bengal. A systematic survey on diversity, abundance and habitat preferences of butterflies was carried out from October 2009 to January 2011 to explore the butterfly richness of the protected area. An amazing 170 species of butterflies belonging to 109 genera, 21 sub-families, and five families were recorded from different habitats. Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae are the dominant families with maximum species count of 54 and 50 respectively; they are followed by Hesperiidae (33), Pieridae (18) and Papilionidae (15). Among the listed butterflies, 69 species are habitat specific; whereas 101 species are habitat generalists. Species count reaches the peak during pre-monsoon (April-May) period. Post-monsoon (October-November) and monsoon (June-September) periods have moderate species diversity and winter (December to March) period has least diversity. The abundance of butterflies is related to better availability and access to the larval host plants and nectar plants. In general forests and grasslands offer a better combination of habitat to the butterflies.
303-314 | JRB | 2012 | Vol 2 | No 4
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www.jresearchbiology.com
Authors:
Das RP, Saha GK, De JK and
Sanyal AK.
Institution: 1. Entomology and Wildlife Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India.
2. Entomology and Wildlife Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700019, West Bengal, India.
3. Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India. 4. 66, Dum Dum Road, Ahana Apartment, Flat-1C, Kolkata-700074, West Bengal, India.
Corresponding author:
Saha GK.
Email: 1. [email protected] 2. [email protected] 3. [email protected] 4. [email protected]
Phone No:
1. +91-98305-17019 2. +91-94331-82500 3. +91-94324-99611 4. +91-94325-99095
Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0172.pdf.
Dates: Received: 29 Dec 2011 Accepted: 11 Jan 2012 Published: 24 May 2012
Article Citation: Das RP, Saha GK De JK and Sanyal AK. Diversity and habitat preferences of butterflies in Gorumara National Park, West Bengal, India. Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314
Journal of Research in Biology
Original Research
An International Scientific Research Journal
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
INTRODUCTION
West Bengal is the only state in India consisting
of high peaks of the Himalayas in the northern extremes,
coastal regions down south, and regions such as plateau
and Gangetic delta intervening in between. The total
recorded forest covered area of the state is 13.38%
(11,879 sq. km km) which is well below the national
average of 23%. The state has a chain of five national
parks, fifteen wildlife sanctuaries, two tiger reserves, and
one biosphere reserve. Adequate rainfall, nutrient rich
soil profile, and rich ecological diversity of the state -
support and favour a great diversity of flora and fauna.
Gorumara National Park is a medium-sized
protected area covering only 79.45 sq. km. This park is
situated in the Jalpaiguri district of northern West Bengal
between 26°47’12.5’’N to 26°43’25.6’’ and 88°
52’4.2’’E to 88°47’7.3’’E. The area comes under the bio
-geographic zone of 7B-Lower Gangetic Plains (Rodgers
& Panwar, 1988). Three main rivers - Murti, Indong and
Garati flow through the area and become intermingled
before joining River Jaldhaka which forms the park
boundary in the eastern side. Also, there are few seasonal
streams in the National Park, which remain dry almost
throughout the year except monsoon. The overall climate
of the area is humid (maximum relative humidity
75-100%), with maximum recorded temperature of 37°C
(in summer) and a minimum of 4°C (in winter).
However, a considerable drop of night temperature
occurs during winter and sometimes winter nights are
severe. South-west Monsoon is the main source of
rainfall and maximum precipitation occurs between June
to September. Average annual rainfall is about 350 cm.
The terrain of Gorumara National Park is differentiated
into distinct high plateau and plain area, both runs
parallel from north to south. The soil profile of the area
is of alluvial and bhabar formations. The recorded four
major forest types are - Northern Dry Deciduous Seral
Sal Khair Sisoo Association, Eastern Bhabar and Terai
Sal, Sub-Himalayan Secondary Wet-mixed forests and
Sal Savannah (Champion & Seth, 2005). 10% of the total
area is grassland which is mainly confined to the river
plains. Also, sizeable area is covered with bamboo
brakes. Within the 326 identified plant species, the
commonest tree species are Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn,
1805, Dalbergia sisoo Roxb., Albizia spp.,
Acacia catechu (L.) Willd., Oliv., 1806, Bombax ceiba
L., 1753, Terminalia myriocarpa van Heurck & Müll.
Arg., Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. etc. The National
Park is also a home for 48 mammalian species, 193
species of birds, 29 species of reptiles including seven
species of turtles, 40 species of fishes and other macro
and micro-fauna (Anonymous, 2007). However, there is
a considerable study gap so far as the butterfly fauna is
concerned. The main objective of the present study was
to conduct a systematic survey on diversity, abundance
and habitat preferences of butterfly communities in
Gorumara National Park.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field surveys were carried out in Gorumara
National Park from October 2009 to January 2011
in-connection with the assigned project entitled
“Feasibility study regarding re-introduction of Pygmy
Hog (Porcula salvania Hodgson, 1847) at Gorumara
National Park, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal”. Three camps
namely Bamni (North Range), Garati and Medla (both in
South Range) were primarily selected as base camps.
These camps are located in the transition zones between
high forests and grasslands. This area falls under tropical
monsoon climate with four distinct season, summer or
pre-monsoon (April-May), monsoon (June-September), a
short autumn or post-monsoon (October-November) and
winter (December-March). A total of six surveys (pre-
monsoon-2, monsoon-1, post-monsoon-2, winter-1) each
having 15 days of duration were conducted. Special
emphasize were given on pre-monsoon and post-
monsoon periods, as because, these are the known
seasons when abundance of butterflies remain high
304 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314
Das et al., 2012
(Wynter-Blyth, 1957; Kunte, 1997). The forest trails in
different representative habitats were used as fixed
transects and total six such transects, each having 2km of
length were used for this purpose. The entire survey was
conducted on foot for seven hours per day; consisting of
two sessions’ 0700 h to 1100 h and 1300 h to 1600 h
(Borkar & Komarpant, 2004). Butterflies were sampled
following Pollard Walk technique (Pollard & Yates,
1993). Identification of butterflies was done in the field.
More emphasize were given on direct sighting and or
photographic evidences. Some rare and small butterflies
which are difficult to identify were caught and closely
observed after placing them in clear glass bottle. Then
they were released to the same habitat from where they
were caught. However, enough precautions were taken,
so that, by no means the entire procedure can cause any
damage to the target specimens. Photographs of both
upper and underside of the respective specimen were
also taken for further references (when possible). No live
or dead specimens were collected from the field. The
relative abundance of each species was estimated based
on sighting records in a single day for the entire period of
sampling (Rajasekhar, 1995). Then, butterflies were
broadly categorized into four groups: rare (<1%),
uncommon (1-5%), common (6-30%) and abundant
(>30 %) depending on their relative abundance.
The butterflies were identified using standard
literatures: Watson (1891); Evans (1932); Talbot (1939
& 1947); Wynter-Blyth (1957); Corbet & Pendlebury
(1992); D’Abrera (1982, 1986 & 1998); Haribal (1992);
Larsen (2004); Colin Smith (2006) and Kehimkar
(2008). The classification scheme followed here is based
on Ackery (1984).
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
During the entire survey from October 2009 to
January 2011, a total of 170 species of butterflies
belonging to 5 families, 21 sub-families and 109 genera
were recorded from Gorumara National Park (Table 1).
Nymphalidae was the dominant family, with highest
species count (54), followed by Lycaenidae (50),
Hesperiidae (33), Pieridae (18) and Papilionidae (15).
It is apparent from the analysis of the recorded
data that, the availability of butterflies is distinctly
influenced by the respective seasons (Figure 1).
Maximum 122 species of butterflies were recorded in pre
-monsoon (April-May), followed by 89 species in post-
monsoon (October-November) and 75 species monsoon
(June-September). However, a mere 41 species were
recorded in winter (December to March). 18 species
(Papilionidae - 1, Pieridae - 6, Lycaenidae - 4, and
Nymphalidae - 7) namely, Common Rose -
Atrophaneura aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775), Common
Das et al., 2012
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314 305
Figure 1: Seasonal variation of butterfly families in
Gorumara National Park, West Bengal, India
(October 2009 to January 2011).
Figure 2: Habitat-wise distribution of butterfly
families in Gorumara National Park, West Bengal
India (October 2009 to January 2011).
306 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-313
Grass Yellow - Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758),
Common Emigrant - Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius,
1775), Mottled Emigrant - Catopsilia pyranthe
(Linnaeus, 1758), Yellow Orange-tip - Ixias pyrene
(Linnaeus, 1764), Red-spot Jezebel - Delias descombesi
(Boisduval, 1836), Psyche - Leptosia nina (Fabricius,
1793), Western Centaur Oakblue - Arhopala
pseudocentaurus (Doubleday, 1847), Common Tit -
Hypolycaena erylus (Godart, [1824]), Purple Sapphire -
Heliophorus epicles (Godart, [1824]), Common Pierrot -
Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775), Common Five-ring
- Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775), Common Sergeant -
Athyma perius (Linnaeus, 1758), Common Sailer -
Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758), Plain Sailer - Neptis
cartica Moore, 1872, Chocolate Pansy - Junonia iphita
(Cramer, [1779]), Grey Pansy - Junonia atlites
(Linnaeus, 1763), and Lemon Pansy - Junonia lemonias
(Linnaeus, 1758) were recorded in all four seasons
during which the surveys were conducted (Table 1).
Overall species diversity in-connection with seasonal
variation is more pronounced in papilionids and
nymphalids; they are followed by lycaenids, pierids and
hesperiids (Figure 1).
Further, the population dynamics of individual
species vary in relation to habitat (Figure 2). More than
90% (154 species) are found in forested areas, whereas,
67% (114 species) and 8% (14 species) of the total
butterfly fauna were encountered from grassland and
bamboo habitats respectively (Table 1). Among the listed
butterflies, 69 species are habitat specific and 101
species are habitat generalists. Of the total habitat
specific butterflies, 53 are forest dwellers, 15 are
grassland species and a single species is restricted to
bamboo patches only. However, 11 species of the habitat
generalists butterflies (Lycaenidae -1, Nymphalidae -8,
and Hesperiidae -2) are found in all three habitats -
forest, grassland and bamboo. These are Common Tit -
Hypolycaena erylus (Godart, [1824]), Common Evening
Brown - Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758), Common
Palmfly - Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763),
Common Bushbrown - Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius,
1775), Dark-brand Bushbrown - Mycalesis mineus
(Linnaeus, 1758), Common Five-ring - Ypthima baldus
(Fabr icius, 1775), Common Four -r ing -
Ypthima huebneri Kirby, 1871, Lemon Pansy - Junonia
lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758), Great Eggfly -
Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758), Common Red-eye
- Matapa aria (Moore, [1866]), and Chestnut Bob -
Iambrix salsala (Moore, [1866]) (Table 1). Analysis of
the data also revealed that altogether forests and
grasslands offer a better combination of habitat to the
butterflies; as many as 88 species are common to these
habitats. This may be due to better availability and
access to the larval host plants and nectar plants in these
areas. However, both the combination of forest-bamboo
and grassland-bamboo habitats possess very poor, almost
nil (2 and 0 respectively) diversity (Figure 2).
Common Lantana - Lantana camara L., 1753,
Common Floss Flower - Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.
King & H. Rob., 1970, and Climbing Hempweed -
Mikania micrantha H.B.K., 1820 although considered as
invasive alien plant species, are the major source of
nectar for butterflies in both forest and grassland habitats
in the National Park (Kehimkar, 2000). Butterflies were
also seen nectaring regularly on two native Indian plants,
Hill Clerodendrum - Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. and
Indian Turnsole - Heliotropium indicum L., 1753. During
pre-monsoon season some butterflies (especially
papilionids, sometimes representatives of other families
also) were gathered in large numbers at selected sites like
sandy river-banks, damp soil patches etc. for mud-
puddling. This behaviour mostly performed by the male
butterflies, to get some important nutrients (such as
sodium, calcium, phosphate etc.) which are required for
spermatophore formation (Krushnamegh, 2002;
Smetacek, 2002). However, butterflies (nymphalids and
lycaenids) were also found sitting on over-ripe fruits
(rich in alcohol), bird-droppings, fresh elephant dung,
Das et al., 2012
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314 307
Das et al., 2012
dead and decaying animals, faeces of carnivores etc.
CONCLUSION
Gorumara National Park is not a big area, but, its
geographic position, good floral diversity, different
habitats, adequate source of water and unique climate
boast a rich diversity of butterfly communities. The
present study will be helpful for further long-term
monitoring of the butterfly fauna and for planning
conservation initiatives in Gorumara National Park.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to Forest Directorate
(Wildlife Wing), Govt. of West Bengal and Director,
Zoological Survey of India. Thanks are also due to the
D.F.O. (WL-II) and other local forest officials for their
help during the entire course of study.
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Butterflies. In: Vane Wright, R. I. and P. R. Ackery
(eds.), The Biology of Butterflies. Symposium of the
Royal Entomological Society of London, No. 11.
Academic Press. 9-21.
Anonymous. 2007. Management Plan: Gorumara
National Park (2007-08 to 2017-18). Divisional Forest
Officer, Wildlife Division II, Jalpaiguri, Wildlife Circle
(North), Government of West Bengal. 281.
Borkar MR and Komarpant N. 2004. Diversity,
abundance and habitat associations of butterfly species in
Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary of Goa, India. Zoos’ Print
Journal. 19(10):1648-1653.
Champion HG and Seth SK. 2005. A Revised Survey
of the Forest Types of India. Natraj Publishers, Dehra
Dun. 404.
Corbet AS and Pendlebury HM. 1992. The Butterflies
of the Malay Peninsula, 4th Edn. Malaysian Nature
Society, Kuala Lumpur. 595.
D’Abrera B. 1982. Butterflies of the Oriental Region,
Part I: Papilionidae, Pieridae & Danaidae. Hill House,
Victoria, Australia. 288.
D’Abrera B. 1985. Butterflies of the Oriental Region,
Part II: Nymphalidae, Satyridae & Amathusiidae. Hill
House, Victoria, Australia. 296.
D’Abrera B. 1986. Butterflies of the Oriental Region,
Part III: Lycaenidae & Riodinidae. Hill House, Victoria,
Australia. 153.
Evans WH. 1932. The Identification of Indian
Butterflies, 2nd Edn. Bombay Natural History Society,
Mumbai. 454.
Haribal M. 1992. The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya
and Their Natural History. Sikkim Nature Conservation
Foundation, Gangtok and Natraj Publishers, Dehra Dun.
217.
Kehimkar I. 2000. Common Indian Wild Flowers.
Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 141.
Kehimkar I. 2008. The Book of Indian Butterflies.
Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 497.
Kunte K. 2000. India - A Lifescape: Butterflies of
Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad and
Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. 254.
Kunte KJ. 1997. Seasonal patterns in butterfly
abundance and species diversity in four tropical habitats
in northern Western Ghats. Journal of Bioscience 22
(5):593-603.
Larsen TB. 2004. Butterflies of Bangladesh – an
annotated checklist. IUCN, Bangladesh. 158.
Pollard E and Yates TJ. 1993. Monitoring Butterflies
for Ecology and Conservation: The British Butterfly
Monitoring Scheme. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and
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Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Chapman & Hall,
UK. 274.
Rajasekhar B. 1995. A study on butterfly population at
Guindy National Park, Madras. Journal of the Bombay
Natural history Society. 92:275-278.
Rodgers WA and Panwar HS. 1988. Planning a
Wildlife Protected Area Network in India - The Report.
Volumes 1and 2, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
Smetacek P. 2002. The Study of Butterflies: 5 -
Congregations, Courtship and Migration. Resonance 7:6-
14.
Smith C. 2006. Illustrated Checklist of Nepal’s
Butterflies. Walden Book House, Kathmandu, Nepal.
129.
Talbot G. 1939. The Fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies, Vol. I. Taylor and
Francis, London. 600.
Talbot G. 1947. The Fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma: Butterflies, Vol. II. Taylor and
Francis, London. 506.
Watson EY. 1891. Hesperiidae Indicae: being a reprint
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Das et al., 2012
Table Continued
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314 309
Das et al., 2012
Sp
ecie
s C
om
mon
Na
me
Ha
bit
at
Dis
trib
uti
on
(se
aso
n-w
ise)
Rela
tive
Ab
un
da
nce
Forest
G
ra
ssla
nd
B
am
boo
A.
Su
per-f
am
ily
: P
AP
ILIO
NO
IDE
A
I. F
am
ily
: P
AP
ILIO
NID
AE
a.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: P
AP
ILIO
NIN
AE
1
Gra
phiu
m s
arp
edo
n (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) C
om
mon
Blu
ebott
le
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
2
Gra
phiu
m d
oso
n (
C. &
R.
Fel
der
, 18
64)
Com
mon
Jay
+
+
- P
rM, M
, C
3
Gra
phiu
m a
ga
mem
non
(L
inn
aeu
s, 1
758
) T
aile
d J
ay
+
+
- P
rM, M
, C
4
Gra
phiu
m a
nti
ph
ate
s (C
ram
er, [1
775])
F
ive-
bar
Sw
ord
tail
+
- -
PrM
, M
, C
5
Pa
pil
io c
lyti
a L
inn
aeu
s, 1
758
Com
mon
Mim
e +
+
- P
rM, M
, C
6
Pa
pil
io p
oly
tes
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
Com
mon
Mor
mon
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
A
7
Pa
pil
io h
elen
us
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
Red
Hel
en
+
- -
PrM
, P
oM
C
8
Pa
pil
io n
eph
elu
s B
ois
du
val
, [1
836]
Yel
low
Hel
en
+
- -
PrM
, M
, C
9
Pa
pil
io m
emno
n L
inn
aeu
s, 1
758
Gre
at M
orm
on
+
- -
PrM
, M
, C
10
Pa
pil
io p
rote
no
r C
ram
er, [1
77
5]
Sp
ang
le
+
- -
PrM
, M
, C
11
Pa
pil
io d
emo
leu
s L
inn
aeu
s, 1
758
Lim
e B
utt
erfl
y
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
12
Pa
pil
io p
ari
s L
inn
aeu
s, 1
75
8
Par
is P
eaco
ck
+
- -
PrM
, R
13
Atr
op
haneu
ra v
aru
na (
Wh
ite,
18
42
) C
om
mon
Bat
win
g
+
- -
W
R
14
Atr
op
haneu
ra
ari
sto
loch
iae
(Fab
rici
us,
1775)
Com
mon
Rose
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
15
Tri
od
es h
elen
a (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) C
om
mon
Bir
dw
ing
+
- -
M
U
II.
Fa
mil
y:
PIE
RID
AE
a.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: C
OL
IAD
INA
E
16
Eu
rem
a a
nder
son
i (M
oore
, 1
886
) O
ne-
spot
Gra
ss Y
ello
w
+
+
- M
U
17
Eu
rem
a b
lan
da (
Bois
du
val
, 1
836
) T
hre
e-sp
ot
Gra
ss Y
ello
w
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
18
Eu
rem
a h
eca
be
(Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) C
om
mon
Gra
ss Y
ello
w
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
19
Eu
rem
a l
aet
a (
Bois
du
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, [1
836
])
Sp
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ess
Gra
ss Y
ello
w
+
+
-
R
20
Ga
nda
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na
(H
ors
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[18
29
])
Tre
e Y
ello
w
+
+
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21
Cato
psi
lia p
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a (
Fab
rici
us,
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75
) C
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Em
igra
nt
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
22
Cato
psi
lia p
yra
nth
e (L
inn
aeu
s, 1
75
8)
Mott
led
Em
igra
nt
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
b.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: P
IER
INA
E
23
Ixia
s p
yren
e (L
inn
aeu
s, 1
764
) Y
ello
w O
ran
ge-
tip
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
24
Heb
om
oia
gla
uci
ppe
(Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) G
reat
Ora
ng
e-ti
p
+
- -
PrM
C
25
Ap
pia
s li
byt
hea
(F
abri
ciu
s, 1
775
) S
trip
ed A
lbat
ross
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
, W
C
26
Ap
pia
s ly
nci
da (
Cra
mer
, [1
77
7])
C
hoco
late
Alb
atro
ss
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
27
Pie
ris
can
idia
(S
par
rman
, 1
76
8)
India
n C
abbag
e W
hit
e +
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
28
Cep
ora
ner
issa
(F
abri
ciu
s, 1
77
5)
Com
mon
Gu
ll
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
, W
C
Tab
le 1
: S
yst
em
ati
c l
ist
of
bu
tterfl
ies
rec
ord
ed
from
Goru
ma
ra
Na
tion
al
Park
, W
est
Ben
ga
l, I
nd
ia (
from
Octo
ber
20
09
to J
an
ua
ry 2
01
1)
[A -
ab
un
da
nt,
C -
com
mo
n,
M -
mon
soon
, P
oM
- p
ost
-mon
soon
, P
rM
- p
re-m
on
soo
n,
R -
rare,
U -
un
co
mm
on
, W
- w
inte
r]
310 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4): 303-314
Das et al., 2012
29
Cep
ora
na
din
a (
Lu
cas,
18
52)
Les
ser
Gu
ll
+
+
- P
oM
U
30
Del
ias
pa
sith
oe
(Lin
nae
us,
17
67)
Red
-bas
e Je
zebel
+
+
- P
oM
, W
C
31
Del
ias
des
com
bes
i (B
ois
du
val
, 1
836
) R
ed-s
pot
Jeze
bel
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
C
32
Del
ias
hyp
are
te (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58)
Pai
nte
d J
ezeb
el
+
+
- P
rM
U
33
Lep
tosi
a n
ina (
Fab
rici
us,
17
93
) P
sych
e +
- -
PrM
,M,P
oM
,W
C
III.
Fa
mil
y:
LY
CA
EN
IDA
E
a.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: P
OR
ITII
NA
E
34
Po
riti
a h
ewit
son
i M
oore
, [1
866
] C
om
mon
Gem
+
- -
W
U
b.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: M
ILE
TIN
AE
35
Sp
alg
is e
piu
s (W
estw
ood
, [1
851])
A
pef
ly
+
- -
PrM
U
c. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
CU
RE
TIN
AE
36
Cure
tis
acu
ta M
oore
, 1
87
7
An
gle
d S
un
bea
m
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
d.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: T
HE
CL
INA
E
37
Arh
opa
la
pse
udo
cen
tau
rus
(Dou
ble
day,
1847)
Wes
tern
C
enta
ur
Oak
-
blu
e +
- -
PrM
,M,P
oM
,W
C
38
Arh
opa
la a
man
tes
(Hew
itso
n, 1
862
) L
arg
e O
akblu
e +
- -
PrM
U
39
Arh
opa
la a
tra
x (H
ewit
son
, 1
862
) In
dia
n O
akblu
e +
- -
W
U
40
Arh
opa
la f
ull
a (
Hew
itso
n,
186
2)
Sp
otl
ess
Oak
blu
e +
- -
PrM
U
41
Su
ren
dra
qu
erce
toru
m (
Moore
, [1
858
])
Com
mon
Aca
cia
Blu
e +
- +
M,
PoM
U
42
Lo
xura
aty
mnu
s (S
toll
, [1
780
])
Yam
fly
+
- -
PrM
U
43
Cher
itra
fre
ja (
Fab
rici
us,
17
93)
Com
mon
Im
per
ial
+
- -
PoM
U
44
Rem
ela
na j
an
gala
(H
ors
fiel
d,
[18
29
])
Ch
oco
late
Ro
yal
+
+
- M
U
45
Ho
rag
a o
nyx
(M
oore
, [1
85
8])
C
om
mon
On
yx
+
- -
PoM
R
46
Hyp
oly
caen
a e
rylu
s (G
od
art,
[18
24])
C
om
mon
Tit
+
+
+
PrM
,M,P
oM
,W
A
47
Zel
tus
am
asa
(H
ewit
son
, [1
86
5])
F
luff
y T
it
+
- -
PrM
, M
U
48
Chli
ari
a o
tho
na
(H
ewit
son
, 1
865
) O
rch
id T
it
+
- -
PrM
, P
oM
U
49
Sin
thu
sa n
asa
ka (
Hors
fiel
d,
18
29
) N
arro
w S
par
k
+
- -
PrM
R
50
Ra
pala
ia
rbu
s (F
abri
ciu
s, 1
787
) In
dia
n R
ed F
lash
+
+
- P
oM
, W
C
51
Ra
pala
ph
eret
ima (
Hew
itso
n)
Cop
per
Fla
sh
+
+
- P
oM
, W
C
52
Ra
pala
ma
nea
(H
ewit
son
, [1
863
])
Sla
te F
lash
+
+
- P
rM, W
C
53
Ra
pala
va
run
a (
Hors
fiel
d,
[18
29
])
Indig
o F
lash
+
+
- P
oM
U
54
Ra
pala
nis
sa (
Koll
ar, [1
84
4])
C
om
mon
Fla
sh
+
- -
W
R
55
Cata
paec
ilm
a e
lega
ns
Dru
ce, 1
873
Com
mon
Tin
sel
+
- -
PrM
, P
oM
U
56
Sp
ind
asi
s vu
lca
nus
(Fab
rici
us,
17
75
) C
om
mon
Sil
ver
lin
e +
+
- P
oM
U
e. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
LY
CA
EN
INA
E
57
Hel
iop
horu
s ep
icle
s (G
od
art,
[1
824
])
Pu
rple
Sap
ph
ire
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-011 311
Das et al., 2012
f. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
PO
LY
OM
MA
TIN
AE
58
An
then
e em
olu
s (G
od
art,
[1
824
])
Com
mon
Cil
iate
Blu
e +
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
59
An
then
e ly
caen
ina (
R.
Fel
der
, 1
868
) P
oin
ted
Cil
iate
Blu
e +
+
- M
, P
oM
C
60
Cale
ta e
lna
(H
ewit
son
, [1
87
6])
E
lbo
wed
Pie
rrot
+
+
- P
rM, M
C
61
Cast
ali
us
rosi
mon
(F
abri
ciu
s, 1
775
) C
om
mon
Pie
rrot
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
62
Ta
rucu
s n
ara
(K
oll
ar, 1
844)
Rou
nd
ed P
ierr
ot
+
+
- P
oM
U
63
Pet
rela
ea d
ana (
de
Nic
évil
le,
[18
84
])
Din
gy
Lin
eblu
e +
- -
PrM
, M
U
64
Naca
duba
ku
rava
(M
oore
, [1
858
])
Tra
nsp
aren
t 6
-Lin
eblu
e +
- -
M
U
65
Pro
sota
s a
luta
co
eles
tis
(Wood
-Mas
on
& d
e
Nic
évil
le,
[18
87
])
Ban
ded
Lin
eblu
e +
- -
PrM
, M
C
66
Pro
sota
s n
ora
(C
. F
eld
er, 1
860
) C
om
mon
Lin
eblu
e +
+
- P
rM, M
C
67
Pro
sota
s d
ubio
sa i
nd
ica (
Evan
s, [
192
5])
T
aill
ess
Lin
eblu
e +
+
- P
rM, M
C
68
Jam
ides
boch
us
(Sto
ll,
[17
82
])
Dar
k C
erule
an
+
- -
PrM
, P
oM
C
69
Jam
ides
cel
eno (
Cra
mer
) C
om
mon
Cer
ule
an
+
- -
PoM
R
70
Jam
ides
ale
cto
(C. F
eld
er, 1
860)
Met
alli
c C
eru
lean
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
71
Cato
chry
sop
s st
rab
o (
Fab
rici
us,
17
93)
Forg
et-m
e-n
ot
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
72
Cato
chry
sop
s p
ano
rmu
s (C
. F
eld
er, 1
860)
Sil
ver
Forg
et-m
e-n
ot
+
- -
PrM
R
73
Lep
tote
s p
lin
ius
(Fab
rici
us,
17
93
) Z
ebra
Blu
e +
+
- P
oM
U
74
La
mp
ides
bo
etic
us
(Lin
nae
us,
17
67
) P
ea B
lue
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
75
Ziz
eeri
a k
ars
an
dra
(M
oore
, 1
865
) D
ark
Gra
ss B
lue
+
+
- P
rM, M
, C
76
Pse
ud
ozi
zeer
ia m
ah
a (
Koll
ar,
[18
44
])
Pal
e G
rass
Blu
e +
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
77
Ziz
ula
hyl
ax
(Fab
rici
us,
177
5)
Tin
y G
rass
Blu
e +
+
- P
oM
, U
78
Ziz
inia
oti
s (F
abri
ciu
s, 1
787
) L
esse
r G
rass
Blu
e +
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
79
Meg
isba
Ma
laya
(H
ors
fiel
d,
[18
28
])
Mal
ayan
+
- -
PrM
, U
80
Acy
tole
pis
pu
spa
(H
ors
fiel
d,
[18
28])
C
om
mon
Hed
ge
Blu
e +
- -
PrM
, P
oM
C
81
Chil
ad
es l
aju
s (S
toll
, [1
780])
L
ime
Blu
e +
+
- W
U
g.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: R
IOD
ININ
AE
82
Ab
isa
ra e
cher
ius
(Sto
ll, [1
790])
P
lum
Ju
dy
+
- -
PoM
R
83
Zem
ero
s fl
egya
s (C
ram
er, [1
78
0])
P
un
chin
ello
+
+
- P
rM, M
, W
A
IV.
Fa
mil
y:
NY
MP
HA
LID
AE
a.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: D
AN
AIN
AE
84
Tir
um
ala
lim
nia
ce (
Cra
mer
, [1
77
5])
B
lue
Tig
er
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
85
Tir
um
ala
sep
ten
trio
nis
(B
utl
er, 1
87
4)
Dar
k B
lue
Tig
er
+
+
- M
, P
oM
U
86
Da
nau
s gen
uti
a (
Cra
mer
, [1
77
9])
S
trip
ed T
iger
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
87
Da
nau
s ch
rysi
ppu
s (L
inn
aeu
s, 1
758
) P
lain
Tig
er
+
+
- P
rM, M
C
88
Pa
ran
tica
agle
a (
Sto
ll, [1
782])
G
lass
y T
iger
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
89
Pa
ran
tica
sit
a (
Koll
ar,
[18
44
])
Ch
estn
ut
Tig
er
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
U
90
Eu
plo
ea r
ad
am
anth
us
(Fab
rici
us,
17
93
) M
agp
ie C
row
+
+
- P
rM, M
, C
91
Eu
plo
ea m
ulc
iber
(C
ram
er, [1
777])
S
trip
ed B
lue
Cro
w
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
92
Eu
plo
ea k
lug
ii M
oore
, [1
858
] B
row
n K
ing
Cro
w
+
+
- M
R
312 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314
Das et al., 2012
93
Eu
plo
ea a
lgea
(G
od
art,
18
19
) L
on
g-b
ran
ded
B
lue
Cro
w
+
+
- P
rM
R
94
Eu
plo
ea c
ore
(C
ram
er, [1
780])
C
om
mon
Cro
w
+
+
- P
rM, M
C
b.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: C
HA
RA
XIN
AE
95
Cha
raxe
s ber
na
rdu
s (F
abri
ciu
s, 1
793
) T
awn
y R
ajah
+
- -
M,
PoM
C
96
Cha
raxe
s m
arm
ax
Wes
twood
, [1
847
] Y
ello
w R
ajah
+
- -
PrM
R
c. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
SA
TY
RIN
AE
97
Mel
an
itis
led
a (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) C
om
mon
E
ven
ing
Bro
wn
+
+
+
PrM
, P
oM
, W
C
98
Let
he
euro
pa (
Fab
rici
us,
17
75
) B
ambo
o T
reeb
row
n
- -
+
PoM
U
99
Ely
mn
ias
hyp
erm
nes
tra (
Lin
nae
us,
17
63)
Com
mon
Pal
mfl
y
+
+
+
PrM
, P
oM
U
100
Myc
ale
sis
ana
xia
s H
ewit
son
, [1
862
] W
hit
e-bar
Bu
shbro
wn
+
+
- P
rM
U
101
Myc
ale
sis
visa
la M
oore
, [1
85
8]
Lon
g-b
ran
d B
ush
brow
n
- +
- P
oM
R
102
Myc
ale
sis
per
seu
s (F
abri
ciu
s, 1
775
) C
om
mon
Bu
shbro
wn
+
+
+
PrM
, M
, W
C
103
Myc
ale
sis
min
eus
(Lin
nae
us,
175
8)
Dar
k-b
ran
d B
ush
bro
wn
+
+
+
PrM
, M
, C
104
Ors
otr
ioen
a m
edu
s (F
abri
ciu
s, 1
77
5)
Nig
ger
+
+
- P
rM
U
105
Yp
thim
a b
ald
us
(Fab
rici
us,
17
75
) C
om
mon
Fiv
e-ri
ng
+
+
+
PrM
,M,P
oM
,W
A
106
Yp
thim
a h
ueb
ner
i K
irb
y, 1
871
Com
mon
Four-
rin
g
+
+
+
PrM
, M
, P
oM
C
107
Yp
thim
a a
ster
op
e (K
lug
, 1
832)
Com
mon
Th
ree-
rin
g
- +
- P
rM
U
d.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: H
EL
ICO
NII
NA
E
108
Cet
ho
sia c
yan
e (D
rury
, 1
773)
Leo
par
d L
acew
ing
+
- -
PrM
, U
109
Cir
roch
roa a
ori
s D
ou
ble
day,
[1
847
] L
arg
e Y
eom
an
+
- -
PrM
, P
oM
U
110
Ph
ala
nta
ph
ala
nth
a (
Dru
ry,
[17
73
])
Com
mon
Leo
par
d
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
, W
C
e. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
LIM
EN
ITIN
AE
111
Mo
du
za p
rocr
is (
Cra
mer
, [1
77
7])
C
om
man
der
+
+
- P
oM
U
112
Ath
yma
per
ius
(Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) C
om
mon
Ser
gea
nt
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
C
113
Ath
yma
ca
ma M
oore
, 1
858
Ora
ng
e S
taff
Ser
gea
nt
+
+
- P
oM
U
114
Ath
yma
ra
ng
a M
oore
, 1
857
Bla
ckvei
n S
erg
ean
t +
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
115
Ath
yma
nef
te (
Cra
mer
, [1
780
])
Colo
ur
Ser
gea
nt
+
+
- P
rM, M
U
116
Pa
nto
pori
a h
ord
onia
(S
toll
, [1
79
0])
C
om
mon
Las
car
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
117
Nep
tis
hyl
as
(Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) C
om
mon
Sai
ler
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
C
118
Nep
tis
ana
nta
Moore
, 1
85
8
Yel
low
Sai
ler
+
- -
PrM
U
119
Nep
tis
cart
ica M
oore
, 1
872
Pla
in S
aile
r +
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
C
120
Nep
tis
som
a M
oore
, 1
858
Su
llie
d S
aile
r +
+
- P
rM
U
121
Ta
naec
ia l
epid
ea (
Bu
tler
, 1
868
) G
rey
Cou
nt
+
+
- P
rM, M
C
122
Ta
naec
ia j
uli
i (L
esso
n,
18
37)
Com
mon
Ear
l +
+
- P
rM, M
C
f. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
CY
RE
ST
INA
E
123
Dic
ho
rrh
agia
nes
imach
us
(Do
yère
, [1
840
])
Con
stab
le
+
- -
PrM
R
Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314 313
Das et al., 2012
g.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: B
IBL
IDIN
AE
124
Ari
ad
ne
ari
ad
ne
(Lin
nae
us,
17
63
) A
ngle
d C
asto
r -
+
- P
oM
U
125
Ari
ad
ne
mer
ione
(Cra
mer
, [1
777
])
Com
mon
Cas
tor
- +
- P
rM
U
h.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: N
YM
PH
AL
INA
E
126
Sym
bre
nth
ia h
ipp
ocl
us
(Cra
mer
, [1
77
9])
C
om
mon
Jes
ter
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
127
Va
nes
sa i
ndic
a (
Her
bst
, 1
794
) In
dia
n R
ed A
dm
iral
+
+
- W
U
128
Va
nes
sa c
ard
ui
(Lin
nae
us,
175
8)
Pai
nte
d L
ady
- +
- W
U
129
Jun
onia
ori
thiy
a (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) B
lue
Pan
sy
- +
- P
rM, P
oM
U
130
Jun
onia
hie
rta
(F
abri
ciu
s, 1
798
) Y
ello
w P
ansy
-
+
- P
rM, P
oM
C
131
Jun
onia
ip
hit
a (
Cra
mer
, [1
77
9])
C
hoco
late
Pan
sy
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
A
132
Jun
onia
atl
ites
(L
inn
aeu
s, 1
763)
Gre
y P
ansy
+
+
- P
rM,M
,PoM
,W
C
133
Jun
onia
alm
an
a (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) P
eaco
ck P
ansy
+
+
- P
rM, P
oM
, W
C
134
Jun
onia
lem
on
ias
(Lin
nae
us,
175
8)
Lem
on
Pan
sy
+
+
+
PrM
,M,P
oM
,W
A
135
Hyp
oli
mn
as
bo
lin
a (
Lin
nae
us,
17
58
) G
reat
Eg
gfl
y
+
+
+
PrM
, M
C
136
Kall
ima
in
ach
us
(Bois
du
val
, 1
864
) O
ran
ge
Oak
leaf
+
- +
PrM
, P
oM
U
137
Do
lesc
hall
ia b
isalt
ide
(Cra
mer
, [1
77
7])
A
utu
mn
Lea
f +
- -
M
U
B.
Su
per-f
am
ily
: H
ES
PE
RIO
IDE
A
V.
Fa
mil
y:
HE
SP
ER
IID
AE
a.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: C
OE
LIA
DIN
AE
138
Ha
sora
ba
dra
(M
oore
, [1
85
8])
C
om
mon
Aw
l +
- -
PrM
, M
, W
C
139
Ba
dam
ia e
xcla
mati
on
is (
Fab
rici
us,
17
75)
Bro
wn
Aw
l +
- -
PrM
, M
, P
oM
C
140
Cho
asp
es
ben
jam
inii
(G
uér
in-M
énev
ille
,
1843)
India
n A
wlk
ing
+
- -
PoM
U
141
Bib
asi
s se
na
(M
oore
, [1
866
])
Ora
ng
e-ta
il A
wl
+
- -
M
R
142
Ha
sora
ch
rom
us
(Cra
mer
, [1
78
0])
C
om
mon
Ban
ded
Aw
l +
- -
M
U
b.
Su
b-f
am
ily
: P
YR
GIN
AE
143
Cel
aen
orr
hin
us
leuco
cera
(K
oll
ar,
[18
44
])
Com
mon
Sp
ott
ed F
lat
+
- -
PrM
, P
oM
U
144
Sp
iali
a g
alb
a (
Fab
rici
us,
17
93
) In
dia
n S
kip
per
+
+
- P
rM
U
145
Sa
ran
ges
a d
asa
hara
Moore
, [1
86
6]
Com
mon
Sm
all
Fla
t +
- -
W
C
146
Cola
den
ia a
gn
i (d
e N
icév
ille
, [1
884
])
Bro
wn
Pie
d F
lat
+
- -
M
R
147
Pse
ud
oco
lad
enia
da
n (
Fab
rici
us,
178
7)
Fu
lvou
s P
ied
Fla
t +
- -
PrM
, P
oM
C
148
Ger
osi
s b
hag
ava
(M
oore
, [1
866
])
Com
mon
Y
ello
w-
bre
aste
d F
lat
+
- -
M
R
149
Ta
gia
des
ga
na (
Moore
, [1
866
])
Su
ffu
sed
Sn
ow
Fla
t +
- -
PoM
R
150
Ta
gia
des
jap
etu
s (S
toll
, [1
781])
C
om
mon
Sn
ow
Fla
t +
- -
M,
PoM
U
c. S
ub
-fa
mil
y:
HE
SP
ER
IIN
AE
151
Ori
ens
go
loid
es (
Moore
, 1
881
) C
om
mon
Dar
tlet
+
+
- P
rM
U
152
Tel
ico
ta c
olo
n (
Fab
rici
us,
17
75
) P
ale
Pal
m D
art
+
+
- W
U
153
Tel
ico
ta a
nci
lla (
Her
rich
-Sch
äffe
r, 1
86
9)
Dar
k P
alm
Dar
t +
+
- P
rM
U
154
Cep
hre
nes
ch
ryso
zona
(P
lötz
, 1
883
) P
lain
Pal
m D
art
+
+
- P
rM, M
, P
oM
C
314 Journal of Research in Biology (2012) 2(4) : 303-314
Das et al., 2012
155
Ba
ori
s fa
rri
(Moore
, 1
878
) P
ain
tbru
sh S
wif
t -
+
- P
rM, P
oM
U
156
Pa
rna
ra g
utt
atu
s (B
rem
er &
Gre
y, [
18
52])
S
trai
gh
t S
wif
t -
+
- P
rM
U
157
Bo
rbo
cin
nara
(W
alla
ce,
18
66)
Ric
e S
wif
t -
+
- P
rM, M
U
158
Pel
op
ida
s co
nju
nct
a
(Her
rich
-Sch
äffe
r,
1869)
Con
join
ed S
wif
t -
+
- P
rM
U
159
Arn
etta
atk
inso
ni
(Moore
, 1
878
) A
tkin
son
’s B
ob
+
+
- M
R
160
Ma
tap
a a
ria
(M
oore
, [1
866
])
Com
mon
Red
-eye
+
+
+
PrM
, P
oM
, W
U
161
Ba
racu
s vi
tta
tus
(C.
Fel
der
, 1
862
) H
edg
e H
op
per
-
+
- P
rM
U
162
Iam
bri
x sa
lsa
la (
Moore
, [1
866
])
Ch
estn
ut
Bob
+
+
+
PrM
, M
, P
oM
C
163
Sa
ncu
s fu
lig
o (
Mab
ille
, 1
876
) C
oon
-
+
- P
rM
R
164
An
cist
roid
es n
igri
ta (
Lat
reil
le, [1
824])
C
hoco
late
Dem
on
+
+
- P
rM, W
U
165
Noto
cryp
ta
curv
ifa
scia
(C
. &
R
. F
eld
er,
1862)
Res
tric
ted
Dem
on
+
- -
PrM
R
166
Ud
asp
es f
olu
s (C
ram
er, [1
77
5])
G
rass
Dem
on
+
+
- M
U
167
Am
pit
tia d
iosc
ori
des
(F
abri
ciu
s, 1
793
) B
ush
Hop
per
+
+
- M
, P
oM
C
168
Ast
icto
pte
rus
jam
a
jam
a
C.
&
R.
Fel
der
,
1860
Fore
st H
op
per
+
+
- P
rM, M
C
169
Aer
om
ach
us
pyg
maeu
s (F
abri
ciu
s)
Pyg
my
Scr
ub H
op
per
-
+
- P
rM, P
oM
U
170
Ha
lpe
po
rus
(Mab
ille
, [1
87
7])
M
oore
’s A
ce
- +
- P
rM
R
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