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UNIT 72 Direct and Indirect Speeches: Imperatives Grammar Explanations 1. Direct speech states the exact words a speaker used. In writing, use quotation marks. Indirect speech reports what a speaker said without using the exact words. There are no quotation marks. Examples “Come early and bring your insurance card,” said the doctor. The doctor told her to come early and bring her insurance card. 2. The reporting verb (such as say or tell) is usually in the simple past tense for both direct and indirect speech. Be careful! Use say when the listener is not mentioned. Do not use tell. Examples Direct Speech---“Drink warm milk,” he said. Indirect Speech---He told her to drink warm milk. He said to call him in the morning. NOT He told to call him in the morning. 3. Direct speech imperatives use the base form of the verb. Indirect speech imperatives use the infinitive to report: a. instructions b. commands c. requests d. invitations Examples Direct Speech---“Come early,” he said. Indirect Speech---He said to come early. Direct Speech---“Wait.” Indirect Speech---He told me to wait. Direct Speech---“Could you please arrive by 8:00?” Indirect Speech---She asked him to arrive by 8:00. Direct Speech---“Could you join us for lunch?”

Direct Speech and Reported

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Page 1: Direct Speech and Reported

UNIT 72 Direct and Indirect Speeches: Imperatives Grammar Explanations1. Direct speech states the exact words a speaker used. In writing, use quotation marks. Indirect speech reports what a speaker said without using the exact words. There are no

quotation marks. Examples

“Come early and bring your insurance card,” said the doctor. The doctor told her to come early and bring her insurance card.

2. The reporting verb (such as say or tell) is usually in the simple past tense for both direct and indirect speech.

Be careful! Use say when the listener is not mentioned. Do not use tell. Examples Direct Speech---“Drink warm milk,” he said. Indirect Speech---He told her to drink warm milk. He said to call him in the morning. NOT He told to call him in the morning.3. Direct speech imperatives use the base form of the verb.

Indirect speech imperatives use the infinitive to report: a. instructions b. commands c. requests d. invitations Examples Direct Speech---“Come early,” he said. Indirect Speech---He said to come early. Direct Speech---“Wait.” Indirect Speech---He told me to wait. Direct Speech---“Could you please arrive by 8:00?” Indirect Speech---She asked him to arrive by 8:00. Direct Speech---“Could you join us for lunch?” Indirect Speech---She invited me to join them for lunch.4. Use a negative infinitive (not+infinitive) to report negative imperatives. Examples Direct Speech---“Don’t go.”

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Indirect Speech---He told her not to go.5. In indirect speech, make changes to keep the speaker’s original meaning. a. Change pronouns and possessives. b. Change time phrases. c. Change this and here. Examples

He said to Ann, “Tell me your problem.” He told Ann to tell him her problem. “Call me tomorrow.” She said to call her the next day. “Sign this form here.” She told him to sign that form there.

INDENTIFY. Read this article about sleep disorders. Circle all the reporting verbs. Underline once all the direct imperatives. Underline twice all the indirect imperatives.Tossing and Turning by Connie Sung

Can’t sleep? You’re not alone. Millions of people are up tossing and turning instead of getting their zzzz’s. Dr. Ray Thorpe, Director of the Sleep Disorders Clinic, says, “Don’t think that loss of sleep is just a minor inconvenience.” During and interview he told me to think about what can happen if people drive when they’re tired. Every year up to 200000 car accidents are caused by drowsy drivers. Then he asked me to think about a recent industrial disaster. Chances are that it was caused at least in part by sleep deprivation.

Being an insomniac myself, I asked Dr. Thorpe for some suggestions. He told me to stop drinking coffee. He said to have a warm glass of milk instead. “A lot of old-fashioned remedies work. Have a high-carbohydrate snack like a banana before you go to bed,” he said. But he advises patients not to eat a heavy meal before turning in for the night. What about exercise? “Regular exercise helps, but don’t exercise too close to bedtime,” he suggested. Finally, he told me not to despair. “Don’t worry about not sleeping. It’s the worst thing to do,” he said I don’t know. After thinking about those industrial accidents, I doubt I’ll be able to sleep at all!

CHOOSE. Connie Sung visited Dr. Thorpe’s sleep clinic. Complete her notes with the correct words in parentheses.Last week I visited the sleep clinic. Dr. Thorpe called and asked me

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1. (arrive/to arrive) at 8:30 2. (tonight/that night). He 3. (said/told) me to bring 4. (my/your) nightshirt and toothbrush. I arrived on schedule. The technician, Juan Estrada, invited me 5. (watch/to watch) TV in the lounge. He 6. (said/told) to relax 7. (here/there) while they got my room ready. An hour later, Juan come back and got me ready to sleep. He attached electrodes to my body and hooked me up to a machine. “Could you please 8. (explain/to explain)?” I asked. The machine records brain activity. Juan instructed me 9. (don ’ t/not to) leave the bed until 10. (tomorrow/the next) morning. To my surprise, I fell asleep right away. In the morning, Dr. Thorpe told me that except for some leg movements during the night, I have healthy sleep patterns. He advised me 11. (get/to get) some more exercise.

REWRITE. Read the advice that TV news commentator John Stossel gave viewers about the common and very dangerous problem of feeling sleepy when driving. Rewrite his advice in indirect speech.1. “Pull over and take a brief nap.” 2. “Don’t take a long nap.” 3. “Sing to yourselves.” 4. “Turn your radio to an annoying station.” 5. “Don’t drink coffee.” 6. “Open your window.” 7. “Let cold air in.” 8. “Be careful when you stop your car.” 9. “Don’t stop on a deserted roadside.” 10. “Don’t drink and drive.”

EDIT. Read this student’s journal entry. Find and correct fourteen mistakes in the use of indirect imperatives. The first mistake is already corrected. Remember to check punctuation!

In writing class today, Juan read one of his stories. It was wonderful. After class, the teacher invited me to read a story in class next week. However, I asked her no to call on me next week because I’m having trouble getting ideas. She said me not to worry, and she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked to Juan, and I asked hem tell me the source for your

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ideas. He said that they came from his dreams, and he told me keep a dream journal for ideas. He invited me to read some of his journal. It was very interesting, so I asked him to give me some tips on remembering dreams. He said getting a good night’s sleep because the longer dreams come after a long period of sleep. He also tell me to keep my journal by the bed and to write as soon as I wake up. He said to no move from the sleeping position. He also told me to don’t think about the day at first. (If you think about your day, you might forget your dreams.) Most important---every night he tells himself that to remember his dreams tomorrow morning.