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PREIIISTORIC WORN)
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DINOSAURS! is published byOrbis Publishing LtdGriffinHouse161 Pammersmith Rd
HISTORY IN PI€1'URE$l H , ft <‘5’i?'332Y»’r‘i.r‘s‘r5’u»rasrang
Lc"'Ll'L- :::r2r;'r::.::5'G~bv36 LondonHouse
What did dinosaurs really looklike? Discover how opinionsdiffer in THE CHANGING
Stegosaurus is ambushed by twoFACEOF STEGOSAURUS 1912 Allosaurus 1908
More fascinating trivia and the ff,’,;S.§,.”;’.';f,’5“‘,‘.§‘;“°"”Rd
A DAY IN THELIFE OF weekly quiz ‘I918 N80 94 1o 13ISBN0 7489 ‘I680 6Printed in Italyby Officine GraficheDeAgostini,Novora
DILOPHOSAURUS 1916
IDENTIK
AMZ§(§{éOIONAmebelodon had the two tusks we AGE OF 1-H; E|_EpHAN1'5see on elephants today, plus two The first elephants lived in Africa. Theymassive shovel-shaped tusks. 100kedm01“e1ike t0daY’S Pygmy
hippopotamus than elephants. Later,elephants weremuch larger andhad
reat areas ofgrass covered tusks. They fed on plants andbecame Verymuch of the World during successful. Soon they spread all over thethe LateMiocene, 10million World. By the Miocene there were dozensyears ago. These grassy of different types roaming the plains.
plainswere criss—crossed by broad riversthat teemed with a Wide Variety ofplant BIGTUSKERlife.Amebelodon was a 7m- - Amebelodon was a ‘shovel-tusker’.long elephant that used Shovel-tuskers were among theits amazing tusks like
T ‘ 1* T most common large
the scoop ofan mammals that livedearth-mover—to during the Mioceneploughup the
I Period. Theyplants that belonged to thelived in the gomphothereshallow family of
elephants.
PACK ITINAfter it had sliced offVegetationWith itstusks, Amebelodon probably used its trunkto pick up clumps of plants and push themup into itsmouth.Amebelodon may alsohave used its trunk to drinkwater, justlike today’s elephants.
'
Amebelodon had a second set of tusks,whichwere shaped like shovels. It used them to scoopup food, iust as an earth-mover scoops up earth.
SPADE BLADEAmebelodon got its name because of itstusks—the name means ‘bluntWeapontooth’. The two strange tusks on the lowerjaw ofAmebelodon formed aWide cuttingtool. Each flattened tusk looked ratherlike a spade and ended in a sharp blade. :
Amebelodon used its knife-like tusks to 'slice through large clumps ofvegetation
' i
When it ate. It may also have used itstusks to dig up the ground to get todelicious plant roots.
TERRIFIC TRUNKSAlthough there is no direct fossilevidence, experts thinkAmebelodon had thesamekind offlexible trunk astoday’s elephant.
5
GENTLE GIANTSApart from its shovel tusk,Amebelodonwas verymuch like today’s elephant. Itwas about the same size and it hadthesame shaped body. The prehistoricmammal also had the same long, pillar-like legs to support its greatweight.Amebelodon was a peaceful grazer and,
like today’s elephants, it wasprobably a sociable animal and
mayWell have lived in aherd.Familymembers
probably stayedtogether alltheir lives.
ST FA‘ NAME:Amebelodon (gm-eh-be_l-oh-don)
means ’bluntweapon tooth’GROUP:mammalSIZE: up to7m longFOOD:water plants
. LIVED: about 10millionyears ago inthe LateMiocene inNorthAmerica
C
C)OOCJ
ALL CHANGEAmebelodon’s tuskswere ideally suited toscooping up Water plants.When theclimate changed and the rivers dried up,Amegyelodon was in trouble. The shovel-tuskers could not adapt to eat anythingexcept plants and they died out, to bereplacedby today’s elephants.
A mother and babyAmebelodonstroll down to the riverto feed onthe succulentwater plants. The
baby's tusks are nowhere near fullsize, but they can scoop up
enough food tosatisfy hisappetite.
PROOERATOSAUR!/SProceratosauruswas cafierce meat-eater with strong iciwsand teeth.
P,-ace,-atosam-us’skull was .Procerafosaurus (pro-§_e_r-at-oh-Q-rus)‘ discovered in England in 1910. m ° ° “ 5 ’bef°_'eCer°"‘°5°'”"”5'Experts disagree aboutwhich .GROUP‘ d'”°$°‘”meat—eaters are its closest .SIZE: Up lo 3"‘ l°"9
relatives Some believe it is an ancestor of .FOOD:meat' .LIVED: 200millionyears ago inMidthe ceratosaurs and some that it is one of. J ' Ethe earliest tyrannosaurs.Umsslc Umpe
NOSEY KILLERProceratosaurushad a small_horn on itsnose. Ceratosaurus had a similar horn,which isWhy some scientists think theyare related. Proceratosaurus was a typicalcarnosaurwith a large head,strongjaws and sharpteeth. It probablyhad strong legsand shortarms.
Even a fierce meat-eatersuch as Proceratosaurushad enemies.Megalosauruswas twice as bigand couldeasily have killed thesmaller dinosaur.
aesmrosucm/sMillions of years ago, giant armouredreptiles roamed the land.
The two curved horns on its ,back madeDesmatosuchusone of the fiercest lookingplant eaters. This tank—like Lam
creaturewas an aetosaur. Theywere agroup of armoured reptiles that lived inthe Late Triassic Period.
SHELL SHOCKDesmatosuchus hadplates ofbonecovering its back, tail andpart of itsstomach. A pair of tusk-like spines juttedout from its shoulders. Its bony armourwould have deterred larger carnivores,such as Ornithosuchus, from attacking it.
NAME: Desmafosuchus (des-mat-oh-sci-l<us)means ’musl< crocodile’GROUP: reptileSIZE: up to l.3m longFOOD: plantsLIVED: 220million years ago inLateTriassicNorthAmerica .~A".1:’,—
PIN HEADDesmatosuchus may have lookedmenacing,but it was a peaceful plant-eater. It had a small head, its jaws werenot very strong, and its teeth Wereweakand peg—like. Itshead ended in apig—like snout.Desmatosuchus
L
VA A A A
may have 54
nosed aboutfor its foodjust like apigdoes.
1901
GREAT BRITAINMany Early Cretaceousdinosaurs have beenfound in Britain. In 1983,a new giant flesh-eatingdinosaur, Baryonyx(1),was discovered byamateur fossil hunterOffindSIn 1994new ‘I Polacanthus (2) fossilswere discovered on the Isle ofWight, which have changed how i
we think it looks.. ., In 1811 in Dorset,MaryDragons or giants. For years the Amine and her brotheridentity of giant bones found in found mefirs, comp.Europe remained a mystery. fossil Icthyosaur
PORTUGALPeaceful plant
e know what dinosaurs looked edierlike and how they lived because CGMPTOSGW
Av scientists have studied their (4) ‘”"f
fossils. But until 1841nobody had ever f°"“d '“.heard of the word ‘dinosaur’.A few fossils T°"°s
of giant reptiles had been found, but no vedr°s°
one knewwhat they were. Some peoplethought theywere dragon bones, somethought they belonged to giants, andothers that they were animals thathad lived before Noah’s flood. Itwas in Europe that scientistsfirst began tostudy dinosaur ifossils. They realisedthat the bonesbelonged to a specialtype of ancient reptile.This map shows some ofthe important fossil finds in Europe.
1902
SPAINFossils of one of the longestsurviving dinosaurs,Hypsilophodon (5), have beefound in Spain.
BELGIUMIn 1878 the first complete dinosaur skeletons
i
=:- in Bernissart,Belgium. They1770giant prehistoric reptile
ones were found inaastricht. They belonged
to the Cretaceous marinelizard Mosasaurus (7).
1‘‘ fossils have been found in the limestone‘ro around Solnhofen. One of the best findswas a perfectArchaeopteryx (9).
/Even the outline of its feathers
J5been preserved in the rock.
Some of the earliest Europeandinosaurs have beenlfound inHalberstadt and Trossingen.Skeletons of Plateosaurus (10),are especially common.
Transylvania. It may to a family called‘ the saurorn' hoidids, but this
Lfamily is ought nly to
UNGARYSeveral fossilsof smalldinosaurs,includingStruthiosaurus(12)
T have beena iscovered in
T Puska.
FRANCEAmazing finds of giant eggs laid bythe sauropod Hypselosaurus (13) havebeen found in Aix-en-Provence.
1903
Remains ofNlosasaurus, a.T
g
kind of marine reptile, werefound inHolland in 1770.
|:|Rs'|' Foss“ |=|ND These two illustrations show how experts havechanged their ideas about what Polacanthuslooked like.The new picture (below left) hasmore spikes and they pointupwards rather thansideways, like the old picture (below right).
The first gigantic fossils from the timeof the dinosaurs were found by workmenin Maastricht, Holland, in 1770. Theysold the head andjaws to a local doctor,Dr Hoffman. Wenow know they were theremains of a giant sea reptile calledMosasaurus. But at that time, no oneknewwhat the bones were.
A TROPHY orWAR ‘gTheMosasaurus fossils were it '
put into the Maastricht Museum.In 1795 France invaded, andGeneral Charles Pichegru took thefossils back to Pariswhere they remaintoday, a trophy ofwar!
FOSSILS IN THE COALIn 1878Belgian coal miners found a fossilbone. They dug it out and sent it to theBelgiumNaturalHistoryMuseum. Ascientist, Louis Dollo, recognised it as abone from an Iguanodon.Over the next 20years he found a herd ofabout 30 , _
Iguanodon in the samemine. ’ '
. ”
1904
TOOTHY STONESIn the early 1800s an amateurfossil hunter from England,Gideon Mantell, was given
3 some strange stoneswithlarge teeth embedded inthem. He believed theybelonged to a giant prehistoricreptile, but the expertsdisagreed. Years later, peoplerealised Mantell was right.The teeth belonged to anIguanodon that lived about110 millionyears ago.
LATEST FINDSIn 1994 a complete Polacanthusskeletonwas found on the Isle ofWightin England. The front half of the animalhadbeen found 100years earlier, butnobody knewwhat the whole thing lookedlike. The new fossils promise to reveal the
GMNT CLAWS
truth aboutPolacanthus andwe shouldsoon knowwhat it really looked like.
In 1983 an amateur fossil hunter calledWilliam Walker found a perfectly preservedclaw in a clay pit in Surrey, England. Theclaw was huge -31cm long and sharplycurved. Mr Walker took his find to theNatural History Museum,which set up a digimmediately. They discovered an almostcomplete skeleton. After months of study,they named the new dinosaur Baryonyxwalkeri in honour ofWilliamWalker.
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AmateMOST FOSSILS ARE FOUND BY
ORDINARY PEOPLEFossils finders are not always scientists. Most fossilsare found byordinary people or amateur
fossil hunters. Itis the job ofpalaeontologiststo study the finds and decide what the animal
is,what it looked like and how it lived.
1905
On the grassy plains of Late Miocene NorthAmerica, a herd of Amebelodon are grazingpeacefully.With their great bulk and massivetusks, adult Amebelodon arewell equipped to
protect themselves against predators. But thevery young and very old are vulnerable toattack. A large stabbing cat has spotted a babyaway from the rest of the herd and is about to
pounce. It has to be quick to escape with its killbefore the herd is alerted by the baby's cries.
In the woodland of LateJurassic NorthAmerica,twoAllosaurus arepreparing to ambush aStegosaurus.Takenunawares,Stegosauruswon’t be able to use itsmain form of defence—itsspiky tail. Stegosaurus’neck is protectedby apattern of bony studs,but this won’t be enoughto save it from theAllosaurus’ sharp teeth.
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lues to consider are: whenyears ago. But not all of them were did the °1'9atu1”e1iV9?was it. . during the Age of the
1l;':.:;?|:;'s°s;':c;i|:(ya°l.ue:‘:l':::::1:il'and Dinosaurs?Does it it look and behave likea dinosaur? Check the answers opposite to
SPOTWl'|l¢l'I Clre The dl|10$C|U|‘Sl see how good a dinosaur spotter you are.we?”.,_
CREATURE I CREATURE 2 CREATURE 3SIZE: 60cm long SIZE: up to 3m long SIZE: 3m longLIVED: LateTriassic LIVED:MidTriassic LIVED: CretaceousCLUE: had five-fingered hands CLUE: swam in the sea CLUE: held out tail when running
. 43“:CREATURE 4 CREATURE 5 CREATURE 6SIZE: 1.5m long SIZE: 8-10m long SIZE: 9m longLIVED:Triassic LIVED: Late Cretaceous LIVED: CretaceousCLUE: crocodile-like creature CLUE: had a toothless beak CLUE: ate dinosaurs
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CREATURE 7 CREATURE 8 CREATURE 9SIZE:wingspan over 63cm SIZE: 30cm long SIZE: I0m longLIVED: Late Jurassic LIVED:MidTriassic LIVED: LateCretaceousCLUE: hadwings made of skin CLUE: agile hunter CLUE: armoured body
1910
SPO'l"I'ER'S I
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JHDSOUIP n 4ou sgM
snq4nu5ou,(3 (1 l)4” JODSOUIP n 4ou sg
sdoha (9l lCREATURE IO CREATURE 11 "'°9°“!P ° 5!SIZE: ‘I0-'I2m long _ SIZE: Im long """""°5"""""H (91)LIVED:Cretaceous “ LIVED:Triassic "“°‘°"!P '°5!
sdouuaaKLpn.:g (171)mnsougp n .|ou sg
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mnsougp n sgsn.mnsou_:d5 (01)
‘AH .. .— mosougp D sg
CREATURE I3I
’"‘'"‘’‘°’’(’’"‘’ (5)CREATURE ‘I2SIZE: Up IO lOl'|g SIZE. 3'“ long _]npsou!P p _|ou 5!LIVED: Late Jurassic '
, _ smpnso5n1 (3)LIVED: Early Permian Period mosougp D 4ou sgL E: IC U mePans CLUE: four sprawling legs 5-‘='P4°s (L)mnsougp n s!
Vx. Ff41.5-s»«.4_4;¢:__,W sn.mnsouaq)V (9)
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L’ mnsougp D 5;\ sn.mnso.:pnH (9)
mosougp n 4ou sg$nlpn50.l9.[O.Id (17)mnsougp o sg*P°I°W!5KJ$ (9)CREATURE 14 CREATURE 15
SIZE: up to 4m long SIZE: 4m long mason", n ‘cu5!LIVED‘ Late Cretaceous LIVED'Middle Jurassic smnDs°q‘°N (Z)
mnsougp n s!sndoqog (1)
PERMIAN PERIOD290-245 MYA
TRIASSIC PERIOD245-204MYA
SIZE: up to 2m long SIZE: up to 2m long 2 0 4 " “ )MYA
LIVED: Early Permian LIVED: Early IOMidTriassic CRETACEOUS PEMODCLUE: ate fish and amphibians CLUE: may have heldWhiskers 140-66MYA
CLUE: had distinctive neck frill CLUE: spikes on tail
1911
‘altered over the years. How and
The changingface ofStegosaurus
Reconstructions of Stegosaurus havePerhapsStegosaurusused its platesas weapons. Itmay havebeen able toturn them topoint towardsan enemy,iust
why have its looks changed?
5:3,magine you have a plastic
‘ construction kit of an, aeroplane or a ship. Now
imagine that half the pieces are missing,but you still have to build the model.You likemany,‘would just have to try to guess What the porcupinemissingbits were like andmake them uefi),out ofmodelling clay. This is just likereconstructingdinosaur skeletons—theyare hardly ever complete andpalaeontologists have to use agreat deal of imagination.
WE DON'T '
KNOW ITALLEvenwhen they are almost complete,as in the case of two knownStegosaurus skeletons, there areno instructions. Again,you have to useyour imagination.
1912
Early artists showedStegosauruswith a doublerow of plates in pairs.
X‘
. .
that th‘ere’s;a difference‘-g’_ between a reconstruction
’
’ and a restoration? A
“
A CONFUSING JUMBLEWhen they are found, Stegosaurusskeletons are usually lyingon their sides.In life, the plates and spines wereembedded in the skin rather than attachedto the skeleton. Now they lie scatteredaround. It might be obvious how the bones
ms
Usually when a palaeontologist talks about a‘?reconstruction, he or she means a fossilizedskeleton put together from pieces and built up intoof the Skeleton fit together: butWhere do a whole. A restoration, on the other hand, is a
the Plates and spines go? That is the picture, or a model, ofwhat the artist thinks thequestion that has puzzled palaeontologists animal looked likewhen ifwas aliveever since this animalwas first discoveredby OthnielCharlesMarshback in 1877.
SLAP-DASHARTISTSWhenMarshfirstdescribedhisideasofwhatStegosaurus lookedlike,he mentioned adouble row ofplatesdown its back.However, thediagram of theskeleton that hepublished onlyseemed to show a single row ofplates.He may have drawn it this way tomake the picture clearer.Artists wholookedat the diagramwithout reading thepaper then restoredStegosauruswith asingle row ofplates along its back.
Some scientists believed thatthe plates of Stegosaurus layflat. Thiswould have given "ita similar protection to today'spangolin (above).
NOVELGUESSWHAT KIND OF PLATE RACK? One or two scientists thought that theLater artists were more careful, painting plates did not stick up at all. TheyStegosauruswith a double row of plates. believed that they lay flat on the back ofUsually, the plateswere drawn arranged Stegosaurus. This would certainly havein pairs. Duringthe 1920smore and more made the platesmore useful as armour.palaeontologistscame to believe that theplateswere arranged in a double row, but AND HOWMANY SPINES?in an alternating pattern—a plate on the Most experts agreed that Stegosaurus hadleft being followed by one on the right spines growingfrom the end ofits tail, butfollowed by one on the left, and so on. were there two pairs, or were there four?
1913
i
F0:A PUZZLING POINT 4S that Stegosaurus ma)’
» Jim Farlow, an
plateswere not
Duringthe 1970s another puzzle croppedup. Scientists not onlyWondered how theplateswere arranged, but they began towonderWhat they hadbeen used for.
have had two brains?/
This is on old idea based on thetact that there is a big hole in $tegosaurus'
hip bones, near the spine. This may have beenCHINKED ARMOUR .. . h d 1 d th t th where all the leg and l'C1ll nerves come together, orSclentlsts '3 a Ways assume a e it may have held CI gland otsome sort. Itdidn't
plateswere armour of some sort. But hold an extra brain!there was still some doubt.Why did theplates stick up in the air—as mostscientistswere sure they did—whenarmour should really lie flat?Whywere they not attached to theskeletonbut only embedded in theskin, Where theywould have beeneasilyWrenched out ina fierce fight?
TEMPERATURE .
REGULATORS
Americanpalaeontologist, cameup With anotheridea.Maybe these
armour at all. Maybethey were heatexchangers. If theywere coveredin skin, they couldbe heldup to thesunlight to W a r m the animal’sbloodwhen it was cold.
..n»_ ‘ “- »»
African elephantsuse their broadears to cool down.The wind passingover their largesurfaces cools theblood. PerhapsStegosaurus usedits plates in thesameway.
VEIN EVIDENCEWhen the plateswere cut across,scientists found that they were filledwithbloodvessels. Skin containsVeins andarteries, so perhaps the plateswerecovered in skin. However,if the plateswere for armour, they Would have beencovered in horn.Though the hornwouldhave needed bloodVessels, too!
1914
FIT FORTHE JOBHowwould the function ofthe platesaffect their arrangement? Plates forarmourwouldWork best lyingflat.One scientist,Robert T.Bakker,hassuggested thatthe armourplates stuck ‘
straight up, buttheir bases were embedded inmasses ofmuscle. This would mean thatthey could be turned so that their sharpedges could be pointed at an attacker.
SUNBATHING /'9
The idea that the plates were usedto heat up or cool down the ,. .,animal fits in with the 1920s theorythat the plateswere arranged in
alternating rows- with this If the plates were used to control Stegosaurus’~~“"" Pattern: One Plat‘?Would haV9 temperature, then the most sensible pattern
had less chance ofshading another. would be a double row of alternating plates.Also, the biggest area possible wouldbe exposed to the sun or thewind.
OLD IDEA REVISEDIn 1977 the palaeontologist and sculptorStephen Czerkas suggested that theplates Were arranged in a single row. Histheory was different from the single-row theories that hadgone before,because he believed the platesoverlapped slightly.
WHAT NEXT?The latest ideas are based on askeleton found in 1992 bypalaeontologist BrianSmall. Thisfossil seemed to suggest that the plates,whatever they were used for, werearranged in a double alternating row.However, the spines on the end of thetail pointed outwards. What will thenext skeleton show?
Back to the single rowtheory. In 1977Stephen Czerkas putforward the idea of onerow of slightlyoverlapping plates.
1915
HISTORY IN PICTURES
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Answers to the questions on inside back cover 9
DIPL000005Toget the basic shape ofyourDiplodocus, draw atriangle, in pencil, aboutthe size youwant yourcompleted picture to be.Use a ruler to do this.Don’tmake the linestoo dark, so that youwill be able to rubthem out whenyou are happywith yourfinishedpicture.
9-‘ : - Now put in some more faintpencil lines tomark theposition of the legs andbody.Make sure you leaveenough space around thetriangle so that therewill be room to fill inDiplodocus’ tail andhead. If not, it is
still easy torub out themarks andstartagain.
:1:Now comes the excitingpart! Draw in yourDiplodocuswith strong,bold lines, using thepencilmarks forguidance. Don’tworryif it doesn’t lookexactly like this one.Remember, eventhe expertsdisagreeabout howdinosaursreallylooked!
Ityou look through your copies otDlNOSAURS!,you will find that Dip/oc/ocus’ skin isotten paintedto looked like elephant skin—coloured grey-blue,with a wrinkled texture. Ityou tind this difficult tocopy, he'll look just as good all one colour!
, mmms .N..A.“3 1 0.:
Take a walkthroughJurassic NorthAmerica inPREHISTORICWORLD.Meet the dinoscavengers inTIMEDETECTIVE.
Pyb. SCI e 5DINOSAURS‘ F 5
. . 3_ . Three fascinating flKeep your copies safe and neatwith these creatures in IDENTIKIT 2
f ’ ° and 5-antashc binders. 2Your binders have been designed to look good at home or at school. Each is HISTORY IN PICTURES =sturdy and hardwearing—it even has a Wipe-clean cover —and holds 13 3-D GA|_|_ERY 2issues.You’ll Want to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again— 3for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So don’t let your copies go GIANTS 0': THE PAST 3missing; keep them in your own set of binders. 5
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available and cost 1%12%'a'!%1:‘L°::,:11:1:;;:,‘:2L:‘§;:thissiz '~Just £4.95 1905TR,19101312; J.Sibbic1</The
Naiura1hHiséory' ' Museum 1902BR, 1903TL, 191OBC; R'c ar(lncludlng £1 p&p)' Coomber/P1anetEarfh 1912C; Peter N1enze|/Science -APlease refer to theEhgto
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DeidreMcHa1e BC; PaulMitchell/Black Hat 1911BL; '5'Roben Monon 1‘/’O5BL,' Nick Pike/WLAA 191215 0°1913T1., 1914C, 19151, B;Michael Rowe/WLAA g.1897, 1898-99;Graham Rosewarne 1900,19o1,1903112, C,CR, BR,191OTR,1911TR, CTR, CBR; :°Peter David3:011/WLAA 1906-7,1911CiL;Chris n
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1908-9.
DrDavidMmrmmn allEumhrldgeUniversity answers yourdinosw question
My answer is one based on common If you discover asense. Given the variety of small dinosaur that iscarnivorous dinosaurs, such as new to science,
Compsognathus, and lizards, it might besuch as Bavarisaurus, that named afterlived at the same time as you.WilliamArchaeopteryx, it is likely Walker found thethatArchaeopteryx would remains of a newhave chosen to build a nest dinosaur that was namedBarjyonyxup in the tree tops to stop walkeri. Sometimes dinosaurs are namedits eggs being stolen. after the scientist’s friends or relatives.Unfortunately,we have no Leaellynasauruswas named after the
proof that it did so because daughter of the palaeontologists Pat andnests in trees do not stand Tom Rich. Sometimes dinosaurs are
much chance ofbeingpreserved as fossils. namedafter peoplewho sponsorexpeditions or support research. The nameDiplodocus cczrnegii marks the huge
financial contributionmadeby Andrew
One of the biggest bones Carnegiefound so far is the shoulder to fossilbone of the giant sauropod researchSupersaurus,whichwas earlier thisfound by Jim Jensen in century.America. It is nearly3111long. It will beinteresting to see howbig the same bone is in the really giantdinosaur Seismosaurus, if it is ever found.
