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Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing Troy Larson Azure | MSRC Microsoft Corp.

Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

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Page 1: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

DigitalForensics,IncidentResponse,and

CloudComputingTroyLarson

Azure|MSRCMicrosoftCorp.

Page 2: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•MSRC|Azure• Securityincidentresponseinvestigations.• Forensics@Microsoft.• Compromise|Intrusion|Breach.• Forensicsandincidentresponseinvestigationsforthecloud.

Page 3: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

What is cloud computing?

• Insider’sviewofcloudcomputing:• Technologyoverview.• Policy.• ForensicsandIncidentresponse.• Practices.• Challenges.• Opportunities.

Page 4: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

What is cloud computing?

Page 5: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

What is cloud computing?

•Automated datacenter,wheremachines are-• Deployedbymachine.•Managedbymachine.•Monitoredbymachine.• Forservices.• Fortenants.

Page 6: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Cloud Compute

Page 7: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Vacation Resources

Page 8: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Collectionofautomateddatacenters.•Primaryresources:• Compute.• Storage.• Network.

Page 9: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Datacenters.•Clusters.• Nodes(blades).

Page 10: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Computenode(hostserver).

Page 11: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Virtualmachine,fromthehost.

Host

Memory

Media

GPA1 GPA2

VHD1 VHD2

VHD1 VHD2

Page 12: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Thepersistent virtualharddrive.

Page 13: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Thevirtualharddrive.• Tothehost,afile.• Tothevirtualmachine,aphysicaldisk.• Partitionedandformattedtocreatevolumesandfilesystems.• Canbeorganizedlikephysicalharddrives:• Singledisks.• Dynamicvolumes—volumesspanningvirtualdisks.• RAID.

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Azure Technical Overview

•Virtualmachinememory.

PageFileonVHD

Page 15: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Azure Technical Overview

•Virtualmachine,fromwithin.

Memory

C:\ D:\

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Azure Technical Overview

•Differentviewpoints.•Onthehostsideofthehypervisor:• Memoryisguestphysicaladdressspace.• Disksarefiles.

•Ontheguestsideofthehypervisor:• Memoryconsistsofvirtualandphysicaladdressspace.• Diskappearasphysicalandlogicalmedia.

Page 17: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Policy

Page 18: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Policy

•Cloudadministratorsandsecurityteams:• ExtremelylimitedvisibilityintowhatishappeningwithtenantVMs.

• Tenantadministratorsandsecurityteams:• CompletevisibilityintowhatishappeningontheirVMs.• NovisibilityintowhatishappeningonothertenantVMsorhostorinfrastructure.

• Securityresponsibilityfollowsownership.

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Policy

•Security.• SharedSecurityModel:• Management.• Ownership.

Page 20: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Policy

•Securityincident.

TOR TOR TOR TOR TOR

Network

Page 21: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

EvidenceAcquisitionof

Cloud-BasedMachines

Page 22: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Virtualmachines,acquisition.

Page 23: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

Host/VM•Memory• AsGPA.• Assavedstatefile(s).

•Media• Asfiles.• Asblobs.

• Network• Fromvirtualswitch.

Guest/VM•Memory• Live.

•Media• Asphysicalorlogicaldisks.• Asblobs.

• Network• Live.

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Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

Host/VM• Runningorstopped.• Statecanbefrozen.*• Nocollectionartifacts.*• Consistentmemoryanddiskimages.*

Guest/VM• Running.• Stateisdynamic.• Collectionartifacts.• Inconsistentmemoryanddiskimages.

GPAVHD

VHDC:\

D:\

Memory

Page 25: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

Host/VM

•Cloudprovider.

Guest/VM

• Tenant.

Page 26: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Tenantevidenceacquisition:• Standardremotecollectionproceduresandtoolsshouldworkforacquiringcloud-basedVMs.*•Blobstorageofvirtualdisksallowsforquickacquisitionorsnapshotsofvirtualdisks.• Equivalentto,orbetterthan,currententerpriseremoteevidencecollectioncapability.*

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Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Cloudinfrastructure.• Consistsofhundredsofthousandsofphysicalmachines.• HugeamountsofRAM.*• Hugeamountsofdiskstorage.*• Noveldiskstoragetechnologies.*• Underextremelyheavyload.*

• Canexceedthecapabilityofcurrentforensicstoolsandpractices.

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Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Cloudinfrastructure.• Networkisnotastandardcorporatenetwork.• Nodomainauthentication.• Segmented.• Firewalled.

• Standardenterpriseremoteevidencetoolsandproceduresoftenwillnotwork.

Page 29: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

ForensicAnalysisOf

Cloud-BasedMachines

Page 30: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Cloudmachines:• Usestandardoperatingsystems.• Common,wellknownfilesystems,filetypes,structures,andstrings.• Amenabletostandardanalyticaltoolsandprocedures.• Subjecttocompromise,breach,andothercommonsport.

Page 31: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Securityincidentresponseandstateless virtualmachines.• PAASdesignedtobestateless.• Scalabilityandfaulttolerance.• Persistentdatagoestostorage.• Newinstancestartsclean.

• Remediationbycommandline.•Whatisthepointofdoingforensicsorotherin-depthsecurityincidentinvestigation?

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Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Cloud(virtual)machineadvantages.• Fromhost:• Fullyconsistentmemorydumps.• Fullyconsistentdrive(volume)images.• Statefiles.

• Bytenant:• Fullyconsistentdriveimagesfromstorage.*

Page 33: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

• Issuesofscaleandscalability.• Cloudinfrastructureisvast.• Cloudenvironmentismorevast.• Virtualentitiescanbedynamic,andendpointsephemeral.

• Tenantdeploymentscanbevastanddynamic,too.

Page 34: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Cloud-readyincidentresponseandforensics:•Mustbeabletoworkatscale.•Mustbescalable—monitoring,triage,loganalysis,forensics.*

•Problem:• DF/IRisdependentonsubjectmatterexpertise.• Subjectmatterexpertsdonotscalewell.*

Page 35: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

Researchtopics.

Page 36: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Whatisnormal?*

Theanalyticalopportunitiesofscale.

*JesseKornblumhttps://digital-forensics.sans.org/summit-archives/2010/eu-digital-forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer-forensic-tool-panel.pdf

Page 37: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Cloudmachines|“Roles”|n identicalinstances.• Role instances:• xyz-service-01_of_200• xyz-service-02_of_200• xyz-service-03_of_200• ...• xyz-service-56_of_200

Page 38: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•RoleInstances:• SameOSVHD.• Samehardwareanddrivers.• Sameconfigurationsettings.• Sameapplicationsandservices.• Sameprocessesandcommandlines.• Sameevents.

Page 39: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Processescreationevent(SecEventID4688):• Newprocessnameandpath.• Parentprocess.• Commandline.• Accountthatlaunchestheprocess.

•Whatprocessesruninexactlythesameway,onallroleinstances?

Page 40: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Role-specific,eventbaselines:• Identical4688events,acrossallinstances(perrole),showwhatruns,how,bywhataccount.• Whatisnormalforanyinstanceofthatrole.• Usage:Compareindividualtotheherd.• Detectionandmonitoring.• Liveanalysisandtriage(e.g.,Kansa).• Memoryforensics.• Diskforensics.

Page 41: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Role-specific,eventbaselines:• Signaltonoise:non-identical4688events.• Uniqueforaroleinstance.• Anomalous,mayindicatesecurityissue.• Usage:Whatstandsoutagainsttheherd.• Detectionandmonitoring.• Hunting.

Page 42: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

•Whatotherherdbehaviorcanindicatenormalorhighlightanomalies?• Taskschedulerandserviceevents.• Objectaccessevents?• Logon,sourceIPaddress?• Errorandfailureevents?• IPFIX?• Prefetch?• Amache.hve?

Page 43: Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud Computing · Digital Forensics, Incident Response, and Cloud ... •Cloud-ready incident response and forensics: ... forensics-incident-response-summit-jesse-kornblum-computer

Forensics, Response, Cloud Computing

Questions?