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Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

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Page 1: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

Digestion Unit Test Review Answers

Unit test Wednesday November 12th 2014

Page 2: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

REMINDER Make sure you still review your

notes. The review is not for sure the ONLY material on the test!

Study your digestion disorders from your presentations!

Study the digestion questions and the summary tables.

Study the worksheets you did in class.

Study your notes on diabetes, including the diagrams.

Study digestive system anatomy diagrams.

Page 3: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

Digestion Unit Test 24 multiple choice questions 6 marks - labelling diagrams (0.5 marks each) 5 marks - fill in the blanks (0.5 marks each – with word

bank) 5 marks – true or false – you must correct the false

statement 23 marks worth of short / long answer

Things like: Step by step how food is digested Digestion summary table information Diabetes Digestion disorders from brochure presentations etc...

TOTAL 63 marks

Page 4: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

1. List the organs of the gastrointestinal tract of humans in the correct order, starting with the mouth.

G. I tract = the direct path that the food passes through.

Mouth Pharynx Esopahgus Stomach Small intestine

(duodenum, jejunum, ileum) Large intestine

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

Rectum Anus

Page 5: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

2. Define the term “Accessory organ” and list the accessory organs that play a role in the digestion of food.

Accessory organs are organs that assist the function of other organs. They help with digestion but are not directly a part of the gastrointestinal tract. Teeth and tongue masticate food Salivary glands saliva Pancreas produces pancreatic juice Liver produces bile Gall Bladder stores bile

Page 6: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

3. What is the overall function of the digestive system? The digestive system’s role is to turn food into

energy and to get rid of waste. Your digestive system breaks down the food

we eat into small usable particles.

Page 7: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

4. What is the function of digestive enzymes? Explain with the use of three examples of enzymes and what each acts upon. Digestive enzymes chemically break down our food

into usable particles that can be absorbed by the body.

Amylase – in saliva – breaks down carbs into maltose Pepsin – in stomach – converted from pepsinogen

and digests protein to amino acid chains. Maltase – in S.I – breaks down maltose into glucose Lipase – in pancreas – breaks down lipids to glycerol

and fatty acids in the S.I Trypsinogen – S.I – Breaks down protein Peptidase – breaks down small peptide proteins to

amino acids etc

Page 8: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

 5. Explain what Mechanical and Chemical digestion are and how they are different.

Mechanical – physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces – chewing food in the mouth (mastication), or churning food in your stomach.

Chemical – enzymatic breakdown of food into usable substances by the body – pepsin in the stomach breaks down protein to peptides, amylase in saliva breaks down carbs to simple sugars.

Page 9: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

6. List a food source that is high in protein. Explain (in detail) how this protein is digested in the body (include where it is being digested, what enzymes take part in the digestion and where in the digestive system it is being absorbed into the bloodstream). Meat, nuts...1. You ingest the food. Your mouth (tongue and teeth) break it down into

smaller pieces (mastication). Your saliva creates a bolus that you swallow.2. Action of peristalsis moves the bolus down your esophagus into your

stomach.3. Once in your stomach:

1. The presence of protein makes the glands in your gastric pits release pepsinogen. 2. The pepsinogen is converted into pepsin. 3. The pepsin breaks down protein into small amino acid chains (peptides)4. The food mixes with HCl and forms Chyme.5. Hormone gastrin – signals pyloric sphincter to relax allowing food to move into S.I.

4. In Small intestine:1. Pancreatic juice from pancreas to duodenum neutralizes the stomach acid

(bicarbonate ions released)2. The peptidase in the S.I breaks the peptides into amino acids

5. Once proteins are chemically broken down into amino acids, they are absorbed in the villi of the S.I into the blood and circulated to cells of the body for use or storage.

Page 10: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

7. List a food source that is high in lipids. Explain (in detail) how this lipid is digested in the body (include where it is being digested, what enzymes take part in the digestion and where in the digestive system it is being absorbed into the bloodstream).

French fries, pastries etc.1. You ingest the food. Your mouth (tongue and teeth) break it down into

smaller pieces. Your saliva creates a bolus that you swallow.2. Action of peristalsis moves the bolus down your esophagus into your

stomach.3. Once in your stomach:

1. Mechanical break down by churning.2. Food mixes with HCl and forms chyme.3. Hormone gastrin – signals pyloric sphincter to relax allowing food to move into S.I.

4. In Small intestine:1. Pancreatic juice from pancreas to duodenum contains lipase that breaks down the

lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.2. Pancreatic juice also contains secretin which neutralizes the stomach acid.3. The bile produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder is added to the

duodenum and emulsifies the fat into smaller droplets.

5. Once lipds are chemically broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, they are absorbed in the villi of the S.I into the blood and circulated to cells of the body for use or storage.

Page 11: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

8. If you were a doctor with a patient with type 2 diabetes, how would you explain the difference between type 2 and type 1 diabetes to your patient?

Type 1 Type 2•Early onset •Diagnosed young (before 20)•Requires daily insulin injections•Symptoms are sudden and severe•Complications can be severe

•Late onset•Occurs later in life (~40-65)•Requires lifestyle change and oral meds•Rarely requires insulin injections•Symptoms are not as severe•Usually less complications

Page 12: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

9. Explain how food travels down the esophagus. What is the name of the process? Draw a picture to show this movement.

Peristalsis The wave-like contraction and relaxation of

the smooth muscles surrounding the esophageal wall.

Page 13: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

10. What is the importance of absorption in digestion? Where are the majority of nutrients absorbed into the blood stream? What are the structures that assist in this absorption? Draw a picture illustrating these structures.

Absorption allows the uptake of nutrients for use or storage in the body.

The majority of nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine through the villi and then into the bloodstream.

Villi: They are finger-like protrusions that increase the overall surface area of the small intestine.

Page 14: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

11. What occurs inside of our bodies when we experience heart burn? A burning sensation begins to build in the

upper abdomen, behind the breastbone, and makes your chest feel like it's on fire. It may be accompanied with a sour taste and the sensation of food re-entering your mouth.

It has nothing to do with your heart. It's a digestive problem that occurs when

stomach acid comes into contact with the lining of the esophagus, causing irritation.

HCl from the stomach backs up into the esophagus when the cardiac sphincter relaxes.

Page 15: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

12. Explain what an ulcer is and how it develops. An ulcer is a sore, which means it's an open,

painful wound. Peptic ulcers are ulcers that form in the

stomach or the duodenum of the small intestine.

This is where a section of the stomach lining is weakened by bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) and then eaten away by the acids and exposed.

It is then irritated by food you eat, the churning of your stomach, the acids causing further damage to the open wound.

Treated by antibiotics and antacids.

Page 16: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

13. Where is insulin produced? What purpose does it serve in our body? In the pancreas Purpose to allow the uptake of glucose from

the bloodstream into individual cells for cellular respiration.

Page 17: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

14. Where is bile produced? Where is bile stored? What purpose does bile serve in our body?

Bile is produced in the liver. Stored in the gallbladder. Bile emulsifies fats from large particles into

smaller ones.

Page 18: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

15. What are the components of pancreatic juice? Alkaline solution, mucus, enzymes:

Amylase – breaks down carbs like maltose into monosaccharides

like glucose. Trypsinogen –

chemical breakdown of peptides into amino acids Lipase –

breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol Secretin –

neutralizes acid from stomach

Page 19: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

16. Describe four functions of the liver. Makes bile Stores glycogen Detoxifies blood of toxins

Such as alcohol Makes proteins for blood clotting Stores vitamins

Page 20: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

17. What is cirrhosis and what causes it? Cirrhosis is permanent damage or

scarring of the liver. This scar tissue replaces the healthy tissue

This leads to blockage of blood flow through the liver thus preventing normal function.

This is usually caused by alcoholism but can also be caused by: Viral infections (like hepatitis) Certain diseases Severe reactions to prescribed drugs Prolonged exposure to environmental toxins etc

Page 21: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

18. Draw and label a diagram of the stomach lining.

Page 22: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

19. What do the glands in the stomach secrete? What is the significance of this secretion?

The stomach contains gastric pits that have glands that release mucus which protects the stomach walls. 

These glands also secrete pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin in the presence of protein.

These cells are constantly being replaced by the body to maintain a coating that will protect the stomach from the acids.

Page 23: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

20. What are two functions of the hormone Gastrin? Gastrin (hormone) found in the stomach and

released when protein is digested. It triggers the release of gastric juice (HCl) Relaxes pyloric (gastric) sphincter.

Page 24: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

21. If we do not ingest sufficient amounts of carbs what will happen and how does our body respond?

We won’t have enough energy. Carbs get broken down into glucose which

fuels our cells. Without glucose from carbs... You won’t have a lot of energy. You will feel tired, sluggish and dizzy since the

glucose from carbohydrates is the primary energy source for your brain.

Your muscles won’t respond properly or quickly. Your body will have a lack of vitamins etc....

Page 25: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

22. Fibre has no nutritional value to humans. What is fibre and why do we need it?

Fibre helps to: Keep your digestive system healthy and prevent

constipation by making stools bulky and soft. Lower blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Lower your risk of colon cancer, heart disease, and

digestive problems. Improve blood sugar in people with diabetes. Control weight gain by making you feel full so that

you eat less.

Page 26: Digestion Unit Test Review Answers Unit test Wednesday November 12 th 2014

23. Diarrhea, constipation, gas, odour from gas, and tapeworms are all associated with the large intestine. Consider how these different conditions might arise in an individual.

Eating undercooked food Eating contaminated food or food that has

spoiled Drinking contaminated water Not consuming enough fibre Eating foods that your body cannot properly

digest Eating foods you are allergic to