Michelle Ji, Sam Shober, April Zhang

Dietary Needs

Our TopicGoal: Assess dietary needs

of people in our areaDetermine whether men or

women were picker eatersConducted survey that

asked participants if any of the following were applicable:VegetarianDiabeticAllergic to any foodsDietingA picky eater

Took note of age range and gender

Oral Surveying ProcedureSystematic Random

Surveying Method Choose

shopping/entertainment centers with heavy foot traffic

RandInt locations to use

Survey every third person that passes

Pros: wide variety of people in

older age groupsCons:

Few teenagers Inconclusive data for

testingFewer non-response than

Facebook surveyingConclusion:

Most accurate/representative overall

Facebook ProcedureSystematic Facebook

Surveying MethodMake event and

invite all friendsEvery third response

is counted in data

Pros:More than 400 responsesReceived more data that

was in our favorConditions met proceed to

testingCons:

Only two people outside of 15-20 age range

Conclusion: Most amount of data

overall and in allowed us to test

Most representative of teenage age range

Background InformationVegetarianism

Lacto-Ovo (milk & eggs)Ovo (only eggs)Lacto (only milk)Pescatarian (fish & seafood)Strict (no meat/dairy/eggs

but other animal products allowed)

Vegan (no animal products for consumption or use)

Vegetarian Stats (2008)7.3 million Americans are

vegetarians3.2% of Americans are

vegetarians

Background InformationVegetarians

59% female 41% male 42% 18-34 years old 40.7% 35-54 years old 17.4% over 55 years old

Food Allergies 4% of Americans have food

allergies 6% of children have food allergies 2% of adults have food allergies

60% female, 40% male Tree nuts, peanuts, milk, eggs,

soy, wheat, fish, shellfish account for 90% of food allergies

Background InformationDieting

Dieting industry earned 55 billion dollars in 2006

Estimated 72 million dieters in US

In last 10 years, 70% of females and 30% of males have been on a diet1/3 of women and ¼

of men are currently on a diet

Background InformationDiabetes25.8 million people

have diabetes8.3% population0.26% people under 20 11.3% people above 2026.9% people above 6511.8% men 20 or older10.8% women 20 or

older

Pre-Survey/Test PredictionsFemales will

demonstrate pickier eating habits than males ie, more females will

identify themselves as having a food allergy, being vegetarian, or being on a diet

Prediction based on personal experience as well as commentary from some survey participants

Exploratory Analysis: Gender and Dieting

In our sample…11.67% of females were on

a diet4.76% of males were on a

dietConclusion:More females than males in

Bucks and Montgomery County that frequent shopping and entertainment centers are on a diet.

More likely that any given male or female will not be on a diet rather than on a diet

Dietno yes

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

GenderF M

count

Collection 3 Bar Chart

Collection 3

RowSummary

Column Summary

Diet

yes

Diet

no

F

MGender

120 14

84 4

204 18

134

88

222

S1 = count

Exploratory Analysis:Age and Dieting

In our sample… 6.15% of teens were on a diet 9.09% of young adults on a diet 17.5% of middle age adults were

on a diet 0% of senior citizens were on a

dietConclusion: Middle aged adults (age 31-59)

are more likely to be on a diet than any other age group

Very rare to find senior citizens on a diet in Bucks/Montgomery County

In all age groups, it is more likely to find someone not on a diet than on a diet.

Dietno yes

40

80

120

Age15-20 21-30 31-59 60+

count

RowSummary

Column Summary

Diet

yes

Diet

no

15-20

21-30

31-59

60+

Age

122 8

30 3

33 7

19 0

204 18

130

33

40

19

222S1 = count

Exploratory Analysis:Vegetarians (In general)

In our sample,6.31% of people

were vegetarians93.69% of people

were not vegetariansConclusion:Most people in the

Bucks and Montgomery area are not vegetarians

40

80

120

160

200

Vegetarian_Y_Nno yes

count

Collection 3 Bar Chart

Collection 3

RowSummary

Vegetarian_Y_N

yes

Vegetarian_Y_N

no

208 14 222S1 = count

1 Prop Z Test

State Check* SRS * random sample* np * 222(.0631) nq > 10 222(.9369) >10* pop > 10n * all vegetarians > 2220conditions met normal model 1 Prop Z Test

032.:032.:0

pHpH

A

p= .0631n=220^

^

Determine if the proportion of vegetarians in Bucks/Montgomery County is equal to the proportion across America.

^

1 Prop Z Test = 2.6297

P(z>2.6297)= .0043

We reject the Ho because our p-value of .0043 is less than an alpha level of .05.

We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of vegetarians is greater than 3.2%.

Therefore, we can conclude that the proportion of vegetarians in Bucks and Montgomery County is greater than the proportion of vegetarians all across America.

p= .0631n=220^

nppppz)1(

ˆ

Exploratory Analysis:Picky Eaters by Gender

In our sample,15.9% of males were picky

eaters19.4% of females were picky

eatersConclusion:Both males and females are

more likely to not be a picky eaters than to be a picky eaters.

It appears as if there are more female picky eaters than male picky eaters. To be sure, we need a 2 Prop Z test…

Pickyno yes

20406080

100120140

GenderF M

count

Collection 3 Bar Chart

RowSummary

Column Summary

Gender

M

Gender

F

no

yesPicky

108 74

26 14

134 88

182

40

222S1 = count

2 Prop Z TestTo determine if a larger proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County women identify themselves as picky eaters compared to Bucks/Montgomery County men.

StateCheck*2 independent SRS * random sample* nWpW * 134(.194) nWqW > 10 134(.806) > 10 nMpM 88(.1591) nMqM 88(.8409)* popW > 10nW *all female picky eaters > 1340 popM > 10nM * all male picky eaters > 880conditions met normal distribution 2 Prop Z test

pW= .194 pM=.1591nw=134nM=88

^^^^

^ ^

2 Prop Z Test = .6625

P(z>.7134)= .2538

We fail to reject the Ho because our p-value of .2538 is greater than an alpha level of .05.

We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County female picky eaters is equal to the proportion of Bucks/Montgomery County male picky eaters.

MW

MW

nqp

nqpppzˆˆˆˆ

MWA ppHppH MW

::0

^ ^

Exploratory Analysis:Gender and Food Allergies

In our sample…18.66% of females had food

allergies6.8% of males had food

allergiesConclusion:More likely to find a male or a

female without food allergies than with food allergies.

It appears that females are twice as likely to have food allergies than males.

To be sure these variables are related, we need a x2 test of homogeneity…

RowSummary

Column Summary

Allergies_YN

yes

Allergies_YN

no

F

MGender

109 25

82 6

191 31

134

88

222S1 = count

Allergies_YNno yes

40

80

120

GenderF M

count

X2 Test For HomogeneityTo determine if food allergies is related to gender.State Check*Categorical * Gender and allergiesdata are categorical*SRS * Random sample* All expected * all expected cell countscell counts > 5 > 5

conditions met x2 distribution x2 test for homogeneity

Collection 3

RowSummary

Column Summary

Allergies_YN

yes

Allergies_YN

no

F

MGender

109 25

82 6

191 31

134

88

222S1 = count

X2 Test For HomogeneityHo: There is no association between gender and

food allergies.Ha: There is an association between gender and

food allergies.

=6.1962P(X2>6.1962)=.0128 df=1

We reject the Ho because our p-value of .0128 is less than an alpha of .05.

We have sufficient evidence that there is an association between gender and food allergies.

...712.18

)712.1825(29.115

)29.115109(exp

)exp( 2222

ected

ectedobserved

ApplicationWomen in Bucks/Montgomery County

are more likely to have food allergies.However, our 2 Prop Z Test shows that

the proportion of female picky eaters is equal to the proportion of male picky eaters in Bucks/Montgomery County.

ApplicationProportion of vegetarians in

our area is greater than the proportion throughout AmericaCould be because of difference

in years (the study we referenced came from 2008)Concern with healthy eating

habits might have peaked since 2008more people may start becoming vegetarian

Or, our area could be more open to vegetarianism and healthy eating than other places throughout the country

Bias and Error No foot traffic at certain

locations Voluntary response bias

Facebook and man at Genaurdi’s

People carrying heavy loads, on the phone, walk past us, have little kids, listening to music, etc

Systematic random sampling is not an ideal method Explaining Large Groups

Wording of questions AP vs. High School

Non response bias People’s personal opinions or

perceptions Flexi-tarian, healthy eaters,

etc Age groups

15-20 on Facebook Older people at grocery stores

Stores closed at the times we want to survey

People giving unserious answers

Under-coverage People away for Memorial

Weekend or not out shopping while we were conducting our survey

Personal OpinionsSurveying in person is

definitely one if not the most difficult type of data collection Encounter strange people Probably will never be

utilized again, for any future projects (unless required)

Facebook data collection is the most efficient if you have many ‘friends’ But will probably be the

most biasedSurprised that women and

men were equally ‘picky’ eaters

Conclusions/Recap of Data Dieting:

Females > males in Bucks/Montgomery County on diet

31-59 most likely to be on diet Senior citizens will most likely NOT

be on a diet Residents in this area more likely

NOT to be on diet Vegetarians:

Most people in the Bucks/ Montgomery are not vegetarians

Proportion of vegetarians in Bucks/ Montgomery > proportion of vegetarians across America

Picky Eating: Proportion of female and male picky

eaters in Bucks/Montgomery County are the same

Males and females within this area are more likely to NOT be picky eaters

Food Allergies There is an association between gender

and food allergies Females > males

More likely to NOT have food allergies in Bucks/Montgomery

Surveying: Some methods better than others

Depends on time allotted and results you are hoping to get

Future Try different surveying methods Survey according to time of day

Attempted but was futile Survey more people Survey in a wider variety of places Make sure all questions are the same

when asked Be more clear about restrictions

Definition of picky eater/vegetarian is different depending on the person

Overall Conclusion: It is not likely to find picky eaters (in general) in the Bucks/Montgomery County area whether out of choice or inevitability.

Observations While Surveying“Save the world”Asking for a prize“REJECT THE NULL

HYPOTHESIS!”Voluntary response bias

NOT through Facebook2nd person in our survey

came up to April and asked to answer the questions

“See Food Diet”Couples and Picky

Eating