Devil - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Depiction of theDevil as seen in theCodex Gigas.

Devils - a frescodetail from the RilaMonastery

DevilFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Devil (from Greek: or dibolos =slanderer or accuser)[1] is believed in manyreligions, myths and cultures to be a supernaturalentity that is the personification of evil and theenemy of God and humankind. The nature of therole varies greatly, ranging from being aneffective opposite force to the creator god, lockedin an eons long struggle for human souls on whatmay seem even terms (to the point of dualisticditheism/bitheism), to being a comical figure offun or an abstract aspect of the individual humancondition.

While mainstream Judaism contains no overtconcept of a devil, Christianity and Islam havevariously regarded the Devil as a rebellious fallenangel that tempts humans to sin, if not commitevil deeds himself. In these religions particularlyduring periods of division or external threat theDevil has assumed more of a dualistic statuscommonly associated with heretics, infidels, andother unbelievers. As such, the Devil is seen asan allegory that represents a crisis of faith,individualism, free will, wisdom andenlightenment.

In mainstream Islam and Christianity, God andthe Devil are usually portrayed as fighting overthe souls of humans. The Devil rules hell, wherehe and his demons punish the damned. The Devilcommands a force of evil spirits, commonlyknown as demons.[2] The Hebrew Bible (or OldTestament) describes the Adversary (ha-satan)as an angel who instigates tests upon humankind.[3][4] Many otherreligions have a trickster or tempter figure that is similar to the Devil.

Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil

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Modern conceptions of the Devil include the concept that it symbolizeshumans' own lower nature or sinfulness.

Contents1 Etymology2 Abrahamic religions

2.1 Judaism2.2 Apocrypha/Deuterocanon2.3 Christianity2.4 Islam2.5 Bah' Faith2.6 Yazidism

3 Other religions3.1 Neopaganism3.2 New Age movement3.3 Satanism3.4 Zoroastrianism3.5 Hinduism3.6 Buddhism3.7 Ancient Egypt

4 World folklore5 Other names

5.1 Demons5.2 Titles

6 God as the Devil7 See also8 Footnotes9 References10 External links

EtymologyDevil descends from the Middle English devel, from Old English dofol,that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin diabolus.This in turn was borrowed from Ancient Greek dibolos (),"slanderer",[5] from diaballein "to slander": dia- "across, through" + ballein"to hurl". In the New Testament, "Satan" occurs more than 30 times inpassages alongside dibolos, referring to the same person or thing as


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Satan.

Abrahamic religionsJudaism

See also: Satan#Judaism

In mainstream Judaism there is no concept of a devil like in mainstreamChristianity or Islam. Texts make no direct link between the serpent thattempts Eve in the Garden of Eden from Genesis and references to aSatan in the first book of Chronicles[3] and in Job.[4] In Hebrew, thebiblical word ha-satan () means "the adversary"[6] or the obstacle, oreven "the prosecutor" (recognizing that God is viewed as the ultimateJudge). As much as the Devil exists in any form of Judaism, his role is asan adversary and an accuser which is assigned rather than assumed.

For the Hasidim of the eighteenth century, ha-satan was Baal Davar.[7]

Apocrypha/DeuterocanonSee also: Apocrypha, Biblical apocrypha, and Deuterocanonicalbooks

In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the one who broughtdeath into the world.[8] The Second Book of Enoch contains referencesto a Watcher angel called Satanael,[9] describing him as the prince of theGrigori who was cast out of heaven[10] and an evil spirit who knew thedifference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".[11] A similar storyis found in 1 Enoch; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori iscalled Semjz. In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host ofangels.[12] Mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through thesacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature.[13]The Book of Enoch contains references to Sathariel, thought also to beSataniel and Satan'el. The similar spellings mirror that of his angelicbrethren Michael, Raphael, Uriel and Gabriel, previous to his expulsionfrom Heaven.


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The Devil depicted inthe Temptation ofChrist, by AryScheffer, 1854.

ChristianityMain article: Devil in ChristianitySee also: Satan#Christianity and War in Heaven

In mainstream Christianity the Devil is known asSatan and sometimes as Lucifer, although it hasbeen noted that the reference in Isaiah 14:12 toLucifer, or the Son of the Morning, is a referenceto the Babylonian king.[14] Some modernChristians consider the Devil to be an angel who,along with one-third of the angelic host (thedemons) rebelled against God and hasconsequently been condemned to the Lake ofFire. He is described as hating all humanity, ormore accurately creation, opposing God,spreading lies and wreaking havoc on the soulsof mankind. Other Christians consider the devil inthe Bible to refer figuratively to human sin andtemptation and to any human system inopposition to God.

Satan is often identified as the serpent who convinced Eve to eat theforbidden fruit; thus, Satan has often been depicted as a serpent. Thoughthis identification is not present in the Adam and Eve narrative, thisinterpretation goes back at least as far as the time of the writing of thebook of Revelation, which specifically identifies Satan as being theserpent (Rev. 20:2).

In the Bible, the devil is identified with "The dragon" and "the old serpent"in the Book of Revelation 12:9, 20:2 have also been identified with Satan,as have "the prince of this world" in the Book of John 12:31, 14:30; "theprince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that nowworketh in the children of disobedience" in the Book of Ephesians 2:2;and "the god of this world" in 2 Corinthians 4:4.[16] He is also identifiedas the dragon in the Book of Revelation (e.g.[17]), and the tempter of theGospels (e.g.[18]).


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Horns of a goat and a ram,goat's fur and ears, noseand canines of a pig, atypical depiction of theDevil in christian art. Thegoat, ram and pig areconsistently associatedwith the Devil.[15] Detail ofa 16th-century painting byJacob de Backer in theNational Museum inWarsaw.

Beelzebub is originally the name of aPhilistine god (more specifically a certaintype of Baal, from Baal Zebb, lit. "Lord ofFlies") but is also used in the NewTestament as a synonym for Satan. Acorrupted version, "Belzeboub", appears inThe Divine Comedy.

In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs(e.g. the beliefs of the Christadelphians) theword "satan" in the Bible is not regarded asreferring to a supernatural, personal beingbut to any 'adversary' and figuratively refersto human sin and temptation.[19]

IslamMain article: Devil (Islam)

In Islam the Devil is referred to as Iblis orsometimes the Shaytan (Arabic: Like theusage of the word satan in the HebrewBible, Shaytan is also a word used to referto beings called demons in the Christian Bible, especially the NewTestament). According to the Qur'an, God created Iblis, along with all ofthe other jinn, out of "smokeless fire". The primary characteristic of theDevil, besides hubris, is that he has no power other than the power tocast evil suggestions into the hearts of men and women.

According to Muslim theology, Iblis was expelled from the grace of Godwhen he disobeyed God by choosing not to pay homage to Adam, thefather of all mankind. He claimed to be superior to Adam, on the groundsthat man was created of earth unlike himself. As for the angels, theyprostrated before Adam to show their homage and obedience to God.However, Iblis, adamant in his view that man is inferior, and unlike angelswas given the ability to choose, made a choice of not obeying God. Thiscaused him to be expelled by God, a fact that Iblis blamed on humanity.Initially, the Devil was successful in deceiving Adam, but once hisintentions became clear, Adam and Eve repented to God and were freed


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from their misdeeds and forgiven. God gave them a strong warning aboutIblis and the fires of Hell and asked them and their children (humankind)to stay away from the deceptions of their senses caused by the Devil.

According to the verses of the Quran, the Devil's mission until theQiyamah or Resurrection Day (yaum-ul-qiyama) is to deceive Adam'schildren (mankind). After that, he will be put into the fires of Hell alongwith those whom he has deceived. The Devil is also referred to as one ofthe jinns, as they are all created from the smokeless fire. The Qur'andoes not depict Iblis as the enemy of God, as God is supreme over all hiscreations and Iblis is just one of his creations. Iblis's single enemy ishumanity. He intends to discourage humans from obeying God. Thus,humankind is warned to struggle (jihad) against the mischiefs of theSatan and temptations he puts them in. The ones who succeed in thisare rewarded with Paradise (jannath ul firdaus), attainable only byrighteous conduct.

Bah' FaithIn the Bah' Faith, a malevolent, superhuman entity such as a devil orsatan is not believed to exist.[20] These terms do, however, appear in theBah' writings, where they are used as metaphors for the base nature ofman. Human beings are seen to have free will, and are thus able to turntowards God and develop spiritual qualities or turn away from God andbecome immersed in their self-centered desires. Individuals who followthe temptations of the self and do not develop spiritual virtues are oftendescribed in the Bah' writings with the word satanic.[20] The Bah'writings also state that the devil is a metaphor for the "insistent self" or"lower self" which is a self-serving inclination within each individual.Those who follow their lower nature are also described as followers of"the Evil One".[21][22]

YazidismAn alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively Indo-Europeanpantheon of the Yazidi, Melek Taus, is Shaitan.[23] Rather than Satanic,however, Yazidism is better understood as a remnant of a pre-IslamicMiddle Eastern religion, and/or a ghulat Sufi movement founded by


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Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir. The connection with Satan, originally made byMuslim outsiders, attracted the interest of 19th-century Europeantravelers and esoteric writers.

Other religionsNeopaganismChristian tradition has frequently identified pagan religions and witchcraftwith the influence of Satan. In the Early Modern Period, the Churchaccused alleged witches of consorting and conspiring with Satan.Several modern conservative Christian writers, such as Jack Chick andJames Dobson, have depicted today's neopagan and witchcraft religionsas explicitly Satanic.

Few neopagan reconstructionist traditions recognize Satan or the Deviloutright. However, many neopagan groups worship some sort of HornedGod, for example as a consort of the Great Goddess in Wicca. Thesegods usually reflect mythological figures such as Cernunnos or Pan, andany similarity they may have to the Christian Devil seems to date backonly to the 19th century, when a Christian reaction to Pan's growingimportance in literature and art resulted in his image being translated tothat of the Devil.[24]

New Age movementParticipants in the New Age movement have widely varied views aboutSatan, the Devil, and so forth. In some forms of Esoteric ChristianitySatan remains as a being of evil, or at least a metaphor for sin andmaterialism, but the most widespread tendency is to deny his existencealtogether. Lucifer, on the other hand, in the original Roman sense of"light-bringer", occasionally appears in the literature of certain groups asa metaphorical figure quite distinct from Satan, and without anyimplications of evil. For example, Theosophy founder Madame Blavatskynamed her journal Lucifer since she intended it to be a "bringer of light".Many New Age schools of thought follow a nondualistic philosophy thatdoes not recognize a primal force for evil.

Even when a dualistic model is followed, this is more often akin to the


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The Baphomet,adopted symbol ofsome Left-HandPath systems,including TheisticSatanism.

Chinese system of yin and yang, in which goodand evil are explicitly not a complementaryduality. Schools of thought that do stress aspiritual war between good and evil or light anddarkness include the philosophy of RudolfSteiner, Agni Yoga, and the Church Universal andTriumphant.

SatanismMain articles: Satanism, LaVeyan Satanism,Setianism, and Theistic Satanism

Some religions worship the Devil. This can be ina polytheistic sense where "God", Satan, andothers are all deities with Satan as the preferredpatron; or it can be from a more monotheisticviewpoint, where God is regarded as a true god,but is nevertheless defied.

Some variants deny the existence of God and the Devil altogether, butstill call themselves Satanists, such as Anton LaVey's Church Of Satanwhich sees Satan as a representation of the primal and natural state ofmankind.[25]

Much "Satanic" lore does not originate from actual Satanists, but fromChristians. Best-known would be the medieval folklore and theologysurrounding demons and witches. A more recent example is the Satanicritual abuse scare of the 1980s beginning with the memoir MichelleRemembers which depicts Satanism as a vast (and unsubstantiated)conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child abuse and humansacrifice. This genre regularly describes Satan as actually appearing inperson in order to receive worship.[26]

ZoroastrianismMain article: Angra Mainyu

In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrian Avesta, believed tohave been composed by Zoroaster himself, the poet does not mention a


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manifest adversary. Ahura Mazda's Creation is "truth", asha. The "lie"(druj) is manifest only as decay or chaos, not an entity.

Later, in Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), Ahura Mazda and theprinciple of evil, Angra Mainyu, are the "twin" offspring of Zurvan, 'Time'.No trace of Zurvanism exists after the 10th century.

Today, the Parsis of India largely accept the 19th century interpretationthat Angra Mainyu is the 'Destructive Emanation' of Ahura Mazda.Instead of struggling against Mazda himself, Angra Mainyu battlesSpenta Mainyu, Mazda's 'Creative Emanation.'

HinduismIn contrast to Christianity and Islam, Hinduism does not recognize anycentral evil force or entity such as the Devil opposing God and man.Hinduism does recognize that different beings (e.g., asuras) and entitiescan perform evil acts, under the temporary dominance of the guna oftamas, and cause worldly sufferings. The Rajasic and Tamasic Gunas ofMaya are considered especially close to the Abrahamic concept, thehellish parts of the Ultimate Delusion called "Prakriti". An embodiment ofthis is the concept of Advaita (non-dualism) where there is no good orevil but simply different levels of realization.

On the other hand in Hinduism, which provides plenty of room forcounterpoint, there is also the notion of dvaita (dualism) where there isinterplay between good and evil tendencies.[27] A prominent asura isRahu whose characteristics are similar to those of the Devil. However,Hindus, and Vaishnavites in particular, believe that an avatar of Vishnuincarnates to defeat evil when evil reaches its greatest strength. Theconcept of Guna and Karma also explain evil to a degree, rather than theinfluence of a devil.

To be more specific, Hindu philosophy defines that the only existing thing(Truth) is the Almighty God. So, all the asuric tendencies are inferior andmostly exist as illusions in the mind. Asuras are also different people inwhom bad motivations and intentions (tamas) have temporarilyoutweighed the good ones (Sattva). Different beings like siddha,gandharva, yaksha etc. are considered beings unlike mankind, and in


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some ways superior to men.

In Ayyavazhi, officially an offshoot of Hinduism prominent in Tamil Nadu(a southern state in India with Dravidian heritage), followers, unlike mostother branches of Hinduism, believes in a Satan-like figure, Kroni. Kroni,according to Ayyavazhi is the primordial manifestation of evil andmanifests in various forms of evil, i.e., Ravana, Duryodhana, etc., indifferent ages or yugas. In response to such manifestation of evil,believers, in Ayya-Vazhi religion believe that God, as Vishnu manifests inHis Avatars such as Rama and Krishna to defeat evil. Eventually, theEkam with the spirit (the spirit taken by Narayana only for incarnating inthe world) of Narayana incarnates in the world as Ayya Vaikundar todestroy the final manifestaion of Kroni, Kaliyan.

Kroni, the spirit of Kali Yuga is said to be omnipresent in this age and thatis one reason followers of Ayya Vazhi, like most Hindus, believe that thecurrent yuga, Kali Yuga is so degraded.

BuddhismMain article: Mara (demon)

A devil-like figure in Buddhism is Mara. He is a tempter, who alsotempted Gautama Buddha by trying to seduce him with the vision ofbeautiful women who, in various legends, are often said to be Mara'sdaughters. Mara personifies unskillfulness, the "death" of the spiritual life.He tries to distract humans from practicing the spiritual life by making themundane alluring or the negative seem positive. Another interpretation ofMara is that he is the desires that are present in one's own mindpreventing the person from seeing the truth. So in a sense Mara is not anindependent being but a part of one's own being that has to be defeated.In daily life of the Buddha the role of devil has been given to Devadatta.

Ancient EgyptMain articles: Set (mythology) and Apep

In the Ausarian drama we find that Ausar (Greek: Osiris) is chopped into13 pieces by Set. Auset (Isis) collects all of his pieces save his phallus.Horus, son of Ausar and Auset sets out to avenge the death and


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Depiction of the Devilinterviewing Mayor Hall

dismemberment of his father by confronting Set. Horus is victorious overSet and Ausar, being brought back from the dead becomes lord of theunderworld. It is this drama that gives us the cosmic conflict betweengood and evil, evil being embodied by Set. This is not to say that Set wasalways seen as an evil character in Ancient Egyptian theology. There aremany times in Ancient Egyptian history where conflicts between different"houses" lead to the depreciation of one god relative to another.

As in most polytheistic faiths, the characters involved differentiatethemselves from the Western tradition of a devil in that all the gods areclosely related. In this case, numerous historic texts suggest that Set isthe Uncle or Brother of Horus and in the "defeat" of Set, we see anotherseparation from the norm in the devouring/assimilation of Set into Horuswith the result of Horus having depictions of both the falcon head and the(unknown animal) head of Set. This (like Buddhism) represents adissolution of dichotomy.

World folkloreIn the Western Christian tradition, the Devilhas entered popular folklore, particularly in hisrole as a trickster figure. As such, he is foundas a character in a wide number of traditionalfolktales and legends from Ireland,Newfoundland, Italy and the United Kingdom,where he often attempts to trick or outwitother characters. In some of these tales, theDevil is portrayed as more of a folk villain thanas the personification of evil. The Devil alsofeatures prominently in a number ofhagiographical tales, or tales of the saintssuch as the popular tale of St. Dunstan, manyof which may fall outside the authorizedreligious canon. The Devil is also a recurring feature in tales explainingthe etymology of geographical names, lending his name to naturalformations such as The Devil's Chimney.

David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, claims to have only onepiece of correspondence with the Devil in the nation's vast and varied


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Diablo III cover

collections. A letter sent from Baltimore at the end of the American CivilWar to Confederate leader Jefferson Davis bemoans the rebellionagainst the United States and is signed by "the Devil".[28]

A series of video games was created "in honor" ofthe devil, by Blizzard North company. "Diablo" is anaction role-playing series of games, in which Diabloterrorizes the world and the hero gets rid of him,again and again.

Bob Dylan refers to the Satan in his song "Man ofpeace", from his album Infidels. Dylan claims thatthe Satan can be wearing even the most pleasantdisguise and can be found in everyone, even theleast expected.[29]

Other namesFurther information: Devil in Christianity#Sources of Christianteaching

DemonsIn some religions and traditions, these titles are separate demons; othersidentify these names as guises of The Devil. Even when thought of asindividual demons, some are often thought of being under the Devil'sdirect control. This identifies only those thought of as the Devil; List ofdemons has a more general listing.

Azazel, Asael (Hebrew): Kingof DevilsBaphomet, a demonsupposedly worshiped by theKnights Templar

Beelzebub, ba'al zevuv (Hebrew): Lord of the flies(Matthew 10:25(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Matthew&verse=10:25&src=!))


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Belial, Beliar, Bheliar(Hebrew): without master,despicableness of the earth,Lord of Pride (2 Corinthians6:15 (http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=2%20Corinthians&

verse=6:15&src=!))Mastema, a devil in the Bookof JubileesSammael, Samiel, Sammael(Hebrew): "Poison of God"Lilith, a female demon inJewish mythology.

TitlesThese are titles that almost always refer to the Devil.

666 or 616, the Number of theBeastAngra Mainyu, Ahriman:"malign spirit", "unholy spirit"Antichrist, the coming of theDevil to the mortal world inChristianityDark LordDer Leibhaftige (German): "HeHimself"[citation needed]Diabolus, Diabolos (Greek:): "cutting through"Father of Lies (John 8:44), incontrast to Jesus ("I am thetruth").Iblis, the devil in IslamLord of the underworld / Lordof Hell / Lord of this WorldLucifer / The Morning Star(Greek and Roman): bringer oflight, illuminator; the planetVenus, often portrayed asSatan's name before he fell

LeviathanMephistopheles, he whoavoids the light ()Old Scratch, The Stranger, OldNick: a colloquialism for thedevil, as indicated by the nameof the character in the storyThe Devil and Tom WalkerOld HobPrince of Darkness / AirSatan / The Adversary,Accuser, Prosecutor(The ancient/old/crooked/coiling) SerpentShaitan, an Arabic name forSatanKlski (Iceland)[30]Voland (medieval France)

A list of liturgical names for the Devil may be found in Jeffrey BurtonRussell, Lucifer, the Devil in the Middle Ages (Cornell University Press,1986), p. 128, note 76 online. (http://books.google.com/books?id=3FJtnOsqtqAC&pg=RA1-PA128&dq=%22liturgical+names+for+the+Devil%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&


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as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES)

God as the DevilMain article: God as the Devil

Several religious authors throughout history have advanced the notionthat the god of the Abrahamic Bible and its sequels is consistent incharacter with the Devil. They make the case that the Biblical God is adivine force that wreaks suffering, death and destruction and that temptsor commands humanity into committing mayhem and genocide. Tertullianaccuses Marcion of Sinope, the first great heretic of Christianity in the 1stcentury, that he "[held that] the Old Testament was a scandal to thefaithful and accounted for it by postulating [that Jehovah was] asecondary deity, a demiurgus, who was god, in a sense, but not thesupreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but hewas not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ."[31] TheChurch condemned his writings as heretical. John Arendzen (1909) inthe Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) mentions that Eusebius accusedApelles, the 2nd-century AD Gnostic, of considering the Inspirer ofOld-Testament prophecies to be not a god, but an evil angel.[32]Hegemonius (4th century) accuses the Persian prophet Mani, founder ofthe Manichaean sect in the 3rd century AD, identified Jehovah as "thedevil god which created the world"[33] and said that "he who spoke withMoses, the Jews, and the priests is the [Prince] of Darkness, notthe god of truth."[34]

These writings refer to the Abrahamic God variously as "ademiurgus",[31] "an evil angel",[32] "the devil god",[33] "the Prince ofDarkness",[34] "the source of all evil",[35] "the Devil",[36] "a demon",[37] "acruel, wrathful, warlike tyrant",[38] "Satan"[39] and "the first beast of thebook of Revelation".[40]

See alsoDeal with the DevilDevil in popular culture


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Hell, Hades, UnderworldLawsuits against the DevilThe Devil (Tarot card)Non-physical entity

Footnotes^ "devil" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030155). EncyclopdiaBritannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica. June 29, 2007.

1.

^ Revelation 12:9 (http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Revelation&verse=12:9&src=!)

2.

^ a b 1Chronicles 21:1 (http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=1Chronicles&verse=21:1&src=!)

3.

^ a b Job 1:11 (http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Job&verse=1:11&src=!)

4.

^ (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddia%2Fbolos),Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus

5.

^ For example in Numbers 22:22 (http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Numbers&verse=22:22&src=HE) and Samuel 29:4(http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=Samuel&verse=29:4&src=HE) and other places, the word "adversary" appears in the translation,which in the original Hebrew is "ha-satan".

6.

^ The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, 19677.^ "But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of WisdomII. 24

8.

^ 2 Enoch 18:39.^ "And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying inthe air continuously above the bottomless" - 2 Enoch 29:4

10.

^ "The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he madeSotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he becamedifferent from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as faras his understanding of righteous and sinful things" - 2 Enoch 31:4

11.

^ Martyrdom of Isaiah, 2:2; Vita Ad et Ev, 16)12.^ Book of Jubilees, xvii. 1813.^ See, for example, the entries in Nave's Topical Bible (http://studylight.org/con/ntb/view.cgi?number=T3103), the Holman Bible Dictionary(http://studylight.org/dic/hbd/view.cgi?number=T3937) and the Adam ClarkeCommentary (http://studylight.org/com/acc/view.cgi?book=isa&chapter=14&verse=12#Isa14_12).

14.

^ Fritscher, Jack (2004). Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch'sMouth. Popular Press. p. 23. ISBN 02-99203-04-2. "The pig, goat, ram allof these creatures are consistently associated with the Devil."

15.

^ 2 Corinthians 2:2 (http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder/?book=2%20Corinthians&verse=2:2&src=!)

16.


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^ Rev. 12:917.^ Mat. 4:118.^ "Do you Believe in a Devil? Bible Teaching on Temptation."(http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm). Retrieved 2007-05-29.

19.

^ a b Smith, Peter (2000). "satan". A concise encyclopedia of the Bah'Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 304. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.

20.

^ Bah'u'llh; Bahullh (1994) [1873-92]. "Tablet of the World"(http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-8.html#pg87). Tablets of Bah'u'llhRevealed After the Kitb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bah' PublishingTrust. p. 87. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.

21.

^ Shoghi Effendi quoted in Hornby, Helen (1983). Hornby, Helen (Ed.), ed.Lights of Guidance: A Bah' Reference File (http://bahai-library.com/hornby_lights_guidance_2&chapter=4#n1738). Bah' Publishing Trust,New Delhi, India. p. 513. ISBN 81-85091-46-3.

22.

^ Drower, E.S. The Peacock Angel (http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm). Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and theirSanctuaries. London: John Murray, 1941.

23.

^ Hutton, Ronald (1999). Triumph of the Moon. Oxford: OxfordUniverUniversity Press. p. 46. ISBN.

24.

^ "Church of Satan official statement of beliefs"(http://www.churchofsatan.com/home.html). Churchofsatan.com. Retrieved2012-04-05.

25.

^ "SATANISM: Real & imaginary" (http://www.religioustolerance.org/satanism.htm). Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2012-04-05.

26.

^ "Hindu Concept of God" (http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm).Shaivam.org. Retrieved 2012-04-05.

27.

^ "American Artifacts: Inside the Archivists Office" (http://www.c-span.org/Events/American-Artifacts-Inside-the-Archivists-Office/10737423396/).American History TV (National Cable Satellite Corporation (C-SPAN)).December 26, 2011. Event occurs at 15:40.

28.

^ "Bob Dylan - "Man of Peace" lyrics" (http://www.metrolyrics.com/man-of-peace-lyrics-bob-dylan.html).

29.

^ "Vsindavefurinn: How many words are there in Icelandic for the devil?"(http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=4793). Visindavefur.hi.is. Retrieved2012-04-05.

30.

^ a b "Marcionites". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert AppletonCompany. 1913.

31.

^ a b "Gnosticism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert AppletonCompany. 1913.

32.

^ a b Manichaeism (http://www.themystica.org/mystica/articles/m/manichaenism.html) by Alan G. Hefner in The Mystica, undated

33.


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^ a b Acta Archelai of Hegemonius, Chapter XII, c. AD 350, quoted inTranslated Texts (http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf) of Manicheism, compiled by Prods OktorSkjrv, page 68. History of the Acta Archelai explained in the Introduction(http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_I_Intro.pdf),page 11

34.

^ Albigenses (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01267e.htm) by NicholasWeber in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907

35.

^ Martin Luther by Oswald Bayer (http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bayer&ei=iPvTSeK-CZOotAPM_4yrCg&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Doswald%2Bbayer%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26sa%3DG%26num%3D100%26newwindow%3D1) in The ReformationTheologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Modern Period, editedby Carter Lindberg, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002 (partial text available at GoogleBooks (http://books.google.com/books?id=NXthK1iravwC)). See The EvilOne; God as the Devil; God's Wrath, page 58..9.

36.

^ The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine, 1794, Part I, Chapter VII,Examination of the Old Testament

37.

^ A Book of Blood: Biblical atrocities (http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/atrocities.html) on Ebon Musings, undated

38.

^ Walter L. Williams (http://www.usc.edu/dept/elab/anth/FacultyPages/williams.html), private correspondence (quoted here with permission),March 19, 2009, referring to The Essential Teachings of Jesus and Mary byWalter L. Williams, unpublished manuscript, December 24, 2008, excerptsavailable at The Community Of Jesus And Mary(http://www.jesusandmary.info)

39.

^ The Old Serpent Chained (http://www.authorhouse.com/Bookstore/ItemDetail.aspx?bookid=32848) by "Son of man", Author House, 2006. (Fulltext of book available by clicking "Free Preview", then "Download the freeeBook".)

40.

ReferencesThe Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels (Vintage Books, New York 1995)explores the development, the "demonization" of the character of Satanagainst the background of the bitter struggle between the early Church andthe Synagogue to be the legitimate heir of ancient Hebrew religious tradition.She discusses how Satan becomes a figure that reflects our own hatredsand prejudices, and the struggle between our loving selves and our fearful,combative selves.The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth, by Neil Forsyth (Princeton, NewJersey, 1987) seeks to show how Satan emerged from ancient mythologicaltraditions and is best understood not as a principle of evil, but as a narrativecharacter in the context of "the Combat Myth". Forsyth tells the Devil's story


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from the Epic of Gilgamesh through to the writings of St. Augustine.The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity, byJeffrey Burton Russell (Meridian, New York 1977) is "a history of thepersonification of evil" which, to make things clear, he calls "the Devil".Accessible and engaging, full of photographs illustrating the text, this is thefirst of a four volume series on the history of the concept of the Devil. Thefollowing volumes are, Satan: The Early Christian Tradition, Lucifer: TheDevil in the Middle Ages, and Mephistopheles: The Devil in the ModernWorld.The Devil in Legend and Literature, by Maximilian Rudwin (Open Court, LaSalle, Illinois, 1931, 1959) is a compendium of "the secular and sacredadventures of Satan."

External links The dictionary definition of Devil at Wiktionary Media related to The_Devil at Wikimedia Commons

Entry (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm) from theCatholic EncyclopediaThe History of the Devil (2009 film), ASIN:B001RPZE1M(http://www.amazon.com/The-History-Devil-Zoroaster/dp/B001RPZE1M/), Video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5mYFJ4irxM) on YouTube and watchdocumentary.org(http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/the-history-of-the-devil-video_4d151c826.html)"The Devil - Unjustly Maligned" (http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/devil.htm) (Atheist Foundation of Australia)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devil&oldid=598464643"Categories: Abrahamic mythology Demons Demons in ChristianityFallen angels Hell Horned deities Individual angels SatanChristian mythology

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