development of schools of thought in Islam.pptx

8/14/2019 development of schools of thought in Islam.pptx

1/46


2/46


3/46

Definition

Mazhabthe way of

Fiqh - knowledge of the practical legalrulings derived from particular proofs in a

manner such that they are not necessarilyknown by reason (Imam al-Razi)

Mazhab Fiqh

Rules and Regulations Permitted and Forbidden

4 school of thoughts


4/46

Huzaimah Tahido A mujtahid thoughts, believe, and opinion on Islamic

Law based on The Quran and As-Sunnah.

A compilation of Fatwa or opinions made by Imam inreligion matters.

Imam Languageguide

Islam Leader in Solah

Leader of Islamic Communities Use to call an individual who has a level of knowledge and

seen as reference of religion knowledge other than TheQuran and As- Sunnah.


5/46

The History

4 Era of the school of thoughts history; The era of Rasulullah S.A.W and The Khulafa ar-

Rasyidin

The era of Umayyah and Abbasiah administration The era of Islam downfall

The era of Islam renaissance


6/46

The era of Rasulullah S.A.W and The

Khulafa ar-Rasyidin

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Mutalib

Rasulullah propagated Islam as the newreligion at that time.

Prime source of Shariah (The Quran) wasrevealed gradually to Rasulullah S.A.W.

The Quran was revealed gradually to ensurethat it is easy for the Ummah to learn andaccept Islam teaching phase by phase.


7/46

Rasulullah S.A.W as a teacher;

in that We have sent among you an Messenger of yourown, rehearsing to you Our Signs, and sanctifying you,and instructing you in Scripture and Wisdom, and in

new knowledge.


8/46

Hadith as a 2ndsource of shariah

Nor does he say (aught) of (his own) Desire.

It is no less than inspiration sent down to him


9/46

Act of Rasulullah S.A.W as a teaching

Say: "I am no prophet of new-fangled doctrine amongthe apostles, nor do I know what will be done with meor with you. I follow but that which is revealed to meby inspiration; I am but a Warner open and clear."


10/46

TIME BEFORE THE EXISTENCE OF THE FOUR

SCHOLARS OF THOUGHT

THE FIRST PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT

In this era, there are no schools except what had been

stated in the Qur'an, taught by the Prophet and ijma 'of

the Caliph.

It begins when Allahsent Prophet Muhammad to be a

messenger of God.

Islam, develop a new religion is developed.At this point the source of revelation in the form sharia

Al-Quran Al-Karim and guidance of the Prophet.

Quran was revealed in stages to facilitate the people

accept and learn incrementally.


11/46

The Prophet acts as a teacher to help the people

to learn Islam. This, as proclaimed by Allah in the Qur'an:

We sent to you a Messenger from among you(Muhammad), who rehearse Our Signs to you and

purify you (from polytheism and evil practice), and the

content taught you the Book (the Quran) and wisdom

wisdom, and taught you what you did not know.

[al-Baqarah 2:151]


12/46

Also, the teaching of the Prophet which we nowaccept as the Hadithas the 2ndsource of shariah.

Nor does he say (something related to Islam) of hisown and his own opinion. Indeed it is (either the Qur'an

or hadith) is nothing but a revelation revealed to him.[al-Najm 53:3-4]

Islamic fiqh easy to learn and easy unansweredconcerns the presence of a Messenger whotaught directly based on the revelation of God .


13/46

Khulafa Ar-Rasyidin

After the death of the Prophet, the Four

Rightly Guided Caliphs government rises.

There are 4 Caliphs of al-Rashidun,

1. Abu Bakar al-Siddiq

2. Umar ibn al-Khaththab

3. Uthman ibn 'Affan4. Ali ibn Abi Talib


14/46

They take over as leader religion and country.

The caliphs al-Rashidun continue the tradition

of leadership and teaching Islam as shown by

the Prophet

Only there is a big difference at this point,

revelation no longer relegated.


15/46

The boundaries of Islam is starting to spread

to the new territories.

The caliphs occasionally had to deal with the

questions that have not been attempted in

the past.

To find a solution, the caliph would sit down

to talk with the companions (Shura) to acquire

a majority of the closest answer.


16/46

For example:

When litigants people come to Abu Bakar to

ask questions regarding Islam, he will find the

ruling in al-Qur'an, to decide the matter.

If there is nothing in the Qur'an, the Sunnah of

the Prophet will be his second reference to

find the answer.


17/46

If there is no tradition in the matter, he would

ask his companions.

He will collect figures companions in the Shura

then ask their opinion.

If they are united on the opinion of one (all

agree) thatijma , he will decide on the

consensus revenue certainty' that.


18/46

THE THIRD PERIOD OF THE DEVELOPMENT

After the fall of Abbasid Dynasty Muslim are under a number

of separate groups of government.

Each one has their own method of government and each has

the official mazhab which act as the reference of the

implementation of shariah.

In centuries 'middle' , Muslim Ummah began to experience

decline and backwardness.

One of the factors that lead to this difficulties was theexistence of taqlid culture which means to follow a mujtahid

in religious laws and commandment that is following the

decisions of a religious expert without necessarily examining the

scriptural basis or reasoning of that decision.


19/46

Concept-We the sect, are those of their sect (kami

mazhab kami, mereka mazhab mereka)

Walls between denominations became more dense andstrong.

The ijtihad and effort to review more knowledge about

Islamic jurisprudence has been stopped.

The knowledge of Islam were not developed and has

been decline.

Islamic jurisprudence is considered as something

outdated and not have to be given priority in a recent

period.


20/46

The 4thPeriod of Development

Religious leaders across the Muslim world began to realize the importance of

Islamic knowledge, to avoid mazhab obsession, to condemn taqlid blindly, to

open the doors of ijtihad and many more.

17 M/ 11 H Beginning of Revolution of Reform, Development and

Industrialization in European countries

Emergence of movements and revolutions in Islamic world.

Examples:-

Wahhabi : Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab

Islah : Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh

Muslim Brotherhood : Hassan al-Banna


21/46

They stressed that for the Muslim society to progress further,they must have expertise in both knowledge, the religious orthe worldly knowledge as both knowledge belongs to Allah.

Both knowledge mutually support each other and if there iscontradiction, then that is due to the limit of humansknowledge about any of those two.

The books of tafsir, hadith, fiqh and other Islamic knowledge

resources regardless of which schools of thought it came frombegan to be translated so that people not proficient in Arabiccould follow.

Apart from that there are also books written by Islamicreformist for this purpose.Eg: Al-Urwat Al-Wuthqa by Al-Afghani & Muhammad Abduh

Yusr al-Islam wa Usul al-Tashri al-Ammby Rashid Rida

Muzakirat ad-Dawahwa-Daiyiah-by Hasan al Banna


22/46

IMAM ABU HANIFAH


23/46

Biography

Numnibn Thbitibn Zibn Marzubn

Imm e Azam Ab anfah

He was the founder of the Sunni Hanafi school of

fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). He was born in the city of Kufa in Iraq, 80H .

Abanfahis regarded by some as one of the

Tabiun, the generation after the Sahaba, who were

the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.


24/46

Education

Imam Abu Hanifah benefited from nearly 4,000Sheikhs.

Among his 1st and the most important tutors was

Imam Hammad (Died 120 A.H.) whose educational

lineage is linked with Hadhrat Abdullah Ibn Masood(R.A.).

He himself was blessed with the meeting of the

Companions: Anas ibn Malik, Abdullah ibn Afwa andSahl ibn Sa'ad (ra), thus gaining him the rank of being

a Tabi'i(Successor to the Companions).


25/46

Amongst Imam Abu Hanifah's shayukhwas Hammad

ibn Sulayman. He joined his circle at the age of 22, having already

become a well-known debater.

He took over his majlis(circle) at the age of 40.

Shu'ba, a leading muhaddithwho knew-by-heart

two thousand traditions was also a teacher of Imam

Abu Hanifah.

Shu'ba was greatly attached to ImamAbu Hanifah


26/46

Contributions.

He established a school at Kufa, which laterbecame a famous College of Theology. Here hedelivered lectures on Islamic Law and related

subjects. Imam Abu Hanifah (R.A.) was the 1st of theImams to advocate the use of reason in theconsideration of religious questions based on the

Quran and Sunnah. He was also the 1st Imam to arrange all the

subjects of Islamic Law systematically.


27/46

Al-Athar

The Kitab al-Athar was the first book composed inIslam after the generation of the Companions.

Al-Imam al-Azam Abu Hanifah Numan ibn Thabit

wrote it. It comprises Ahadith that connect directly

back to the Messenger of Allah.

It was compiled by his studentsImam Abu Yusuf

and Imam Muhammad.

The narration of Imam Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan ash-Shaybani has Arabic text with English translation.


28/46

Works

Kitaab-ul-Aathaarnarrated by Imaam

Muhammad al-Shaybanicompiled from a

total of 70,000 hadith.

Kitabul Aathaarnarrated by Imaam Abu Yusuf.

Kitaabul Rad alal Qaadiriyah.

Aalim wa'l-mutaallim.

Musnad Imaam ul A'zam.


29/46

Hanafi School

It was the first to acquire widespread popularity, the

largest of the four schools (approximately 30% of

Muslims world-wide).

The first scholar to pay allegiance to this school ofthought was Abul Abbas al-Saffah (leader of the

revolution against the Umayyah dynasty and the founder

of the Abbasid Empire).

The Hanafi school is considered to be one of the more

liberal-for example, under Hanafi jurisprudence,

blasphemy is not punishable by the state, despite being

considered a civil crime by some other schools.


30/46

Hanafi is predominant among Sunni Muslims

in Pakistan and northern Egypt), the Muslims

of China the Muslims of Russia and Ukraine.

The Constitution of Afghanistan allows Afghan

judges to use Hanafi jurisprudence in

situations where the Constitution lacks

provisions.


31/46

IMAM MALIKI


32/46

Biography

Abu Abdullah Mlikibn Anas ibn MlikIbn Ab'mirIbn 'Amr Ibnul-HrithIbn GhaimnIbnKhuthail Ibn 'Amr Ibnul-Haarith.

Born in Madinah (95AH 713M) One of the most respected scholars in Sunni

Islam

Imam Shafiiwas his student for 9 years Described as Fair, Tall, Bald, have Long Beard

and Blue eyes


33/46

Education

Memorized the Quran since his youth

Learn recitation from Imam Abu Suhail an-Nafi

Teachers ;

Hisham b. Urwah

Jafar al-Sadiq

Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri


34/46

Hadith Narration

Imam Malik is extreme cautious in narrating hadith.

In 100,000 hadith that hed memorize, only 5,000hadith had been compiled in his book, The Muwatta.

He do not except knowledge from 4 types of people:

A foolish even other may narrate from him

A person involve in heresy & calling ors towards theinnovation

A person who lies in regular conversation, eventhough I donot accuse him as liar in regard to hadith

A pious worshipper/scholar but does not properly &correctly memorize what he narrates


35/46

Al-Muwatta

Muwattabasis/guidance

Qadi Abu BakrMuwatta is the 1stfoundationand core of all hadith.

All the hadith narrated in Al-Muwatta areknown for its authenticity, because ImamMalik was very selective.

He spent 40 years to filter the hadith andcompile it.

Al-Muwatta consists of 61 chapters.


36/46

IMAM SHAFII


37/46

For the third of the four great imams, Imam Muhammad

al-Shafii, his great contribution was the codifying andorganization of a concept known as usul al-fiqh - the

principles behind the study of fiqh. During his illustrious

career, he learned under some of the greatest scholars

of his time, and expanded on their ideas, while stillholding close to the Quran and Sunnah as the main

sources of Islamic laws. Today, his madhab (school of

thought), is the second most popular on earth, after the

madhab of Imam Abu Hanifa.

Early Life


38/46

Early Life

Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafiiwas born in 767M/150H (the

year of Imam Abu Hanifasdeath) in Gaza, Palestine. His

father died when he was very young, and thus his mother

decided to move to Makkah.

He managed to memorize the Quran at the age of 7.

Afterwards, he began to immerse himself in the study of

fiqh, and memorized the most popular book of fiqh at the

time, Imam MaliksMuwatta, which he memorized by age

10.

Some told that Al Shafii memorized completeAl-Muwatta

at the aged of 15.

He studied Islamic jurisprudence under the well known

scholar which are Muslim b Khalid al-Zanji, mufti of Mecca

on that time and Sufyan b Uyayana.

AL SHAFII IN IRAQ & EGYPT


39/46

AL SHAFII IN IRAQ & EGYPT

Governor of Yemen has offered Iman Shafii to take up government

position as he he impressed by the great learning of Al Shafii.

However, he been accused be in conflict as supporting Shia rebels in

Yemen.

Al Shafii successfully defended himself by saying that he had discussed

with the Caliph every conceivable branch of knowledge including Greekmedicine & philosophies in their original language.

Al Shafii had invited by Abdallah bin Musa to come to Egypt.

Most of his mature works were written-Al Risalah & Al Uum.

It was the practice of Imam Al Shafii that whatever was written down

by his disciples was read aloud to him & he would go o correcting the

text.

AL SHAFII FAMOUS WORKS


40/46

AL SHAFII FAMOUS WORKS

During the 700s and the early part of the 800s, there were two

competing philosophies about how Islamic law should be derived.

One philosophy was promoted by ahl al-hadith, meaning thepeople of Hadith. They insisted on absolute reliance on the literal

interpretation of Hadith and the impermissibility of using reason as

a means to derive Islamic law. The other group was known as ahl

al-rai, meaning thepeople of reason. They also believed in usingHadith of course, but they also accepted reason as a major source

of law. The Hanafi and Maliki schools of fiqh were mostly

considered to have been ahl al-raiat this time.

Having studied both schools of fiqh, as well as having a vast

knowledge of authentic hadith, Imam al-Shafiisought to reconcile

the two philosophies and introduce a clear methodology for fiqh

known as usul al-fiqh. His efforts towards this end resulted in his

seminal work,Al-Risala.


41/46

AL-RISALAH FI-USUL AL-FIQH

Al-Risala was not meant to be a book that discussed particular legal

issues and al-Shafii'sopinion on them. Nor was it meant to be abook of rules and Islamic law. Instead, it was meant to provide a

reasonable and rational way to derive Islamic law. In it, Imam al-

Shafiioutlines four main sources from which Islamic law can be

derived:

1. The Quran

2. The Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad

3. Consensus among the Muslim community

4. Analogical deduction, known as Qiyas

In the Risalah, Imam Shafii has not only emphasized the Sunnah as

the source of Shariah but also draws heavily on Sunnah in

formulating the rules of law.


42/46

AL UMM

Kitab al-Umm covers most of the chapters treated in

Fiqh. It is presented the views of scholars who havedisagreed with him and the analysis and discussion

of their arguments.

Al Shafii has devoted the whole section of the book

to his discussion with the eminent jurists of his time

like Imam Malik, Imam Auzai, Imam Abu Hanifah,

Imam Abu Yusuf and Imam Muhammad Al-Shaibani.


43/46

IMAM HANBALI

Hi t


44/46

History It is the 4thschool of law in Sunni Islam

Established by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

Derives its decrees from Quran & Sunnah which it places above allforms of consensus, opinion or inference

Accept opinion given by Companions of Prophet as authority providedthat there is no disagreement with another Companion. If there is, thanthe opinion which is closer to Quran & Sunnah will prevail

Unlike other school of thoughts, the Hanbali school of thought has

almost no use for Qiyas (Analogy) or Raay(personal opinion) to suchextent that they even prefer narration of a weak Hadith over Qiyas orRaay

Less popular than the other 3 school of law as most of its followers arereluctance to give personal opinions on matter of law, rejected Qiyasand are intolerant of views other than their own. Only few scholars likeIbn Taymiya & Ibn Qayyimal Jawzia display mode of tolerance to otherviews other than their predecessors and were instrumental in makingteachings of Hanbali more generally accessible

Today the school is officially recognized as authority in Saudi Arabia &the areas within the Persian Gulf


45/46

About the Founder His real name is Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal Abu `Abd

Allah al-Shaybani born in 164H in Baghdad Grew up as an orphan; began quest for Islamic learning at the

age of 15. Started learning jurisprudence under thecelebrated Hanafi judge, Abu Yusuf before traveling throughIraq, Syria and Arabia to collect hadiths or traditions of the

Prophet and is said to had 414 Hadith masters whom henarrated from and from this knowledge he became leadingauthority on the hadith leaving an immense encyclopedia ofhadith, the al-Musnad. Studied Islamic law under al-Syafie

Arrested and lashed by Caliph during Abbasid Period becausehe reject Mutazilahview that Quran was Makhlooq orCreature

Died in 241H in Baghdad, Iraq at the age of 77


46/46

Some of Hanbalisview

Disagreed with Jahmites & Mutazillates that no othereternals exist except God. Hanbal believed that Hell andHeaven is eternal because God made them eternal

Believed that people or inhabitant of Heaven could seeAllah in hereafter while the other totally rejected thebeatific vision of God even in Heaven

Believed that Quran is uncreated because Quran is thewords of Allah, his speech and revelation while the otherbelieved it is created like other creature and beings. Herefused to include Quran in a category of created creatures

of God like Hell and Heaven since there are existing thingsnot mentioned by Allah that they were created like theChair, the Throne and Luh Mahfuz

Documents

development of schools of thought in Islam.pptx