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DEVELOPMENT OFDEVELOPMENT OFCOMMUNICATION DURING THECOMMUNICATION DURING THE

PERIOD OF 1914PERIOD OF 1914--19451945

PIYUSH MISRA

MJMC-I

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INTRODUCTION

Communication involves activeinteraction with our environments

physical, biological and social.

Communication is a vital part of personal

life and is also important in business,education, and any other situation where

people encounter each other.

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THE PERIOD OF 1914-1945

A strong wave of narrow nationalism swept during this

period. These years had faced two world war.

First World War 1914 1919.

Second World War 1939 -1945.

A combination of a number of discoveries bytechnicians and scientists from different contries

gave rise to the developments of communications

during these years.

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RADIO

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RADIO BROADCASTING

The Italian electrical Guglielmo Marconi

was the first person to invent a truewireless radio. The World Warprompted the industrialization ofwireless telegraphy ; secondly, in the

United States the radio created acommunication environment inamateurs could operate freely.

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During World War I, largely because ofmilitary requriements,entrepreneurs began torecognize the commercial possibilities ofradio.

The first radio stations were setup in

Pittsburg, New York and Chicago in the1920s.

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all amateur and commercial use of radio

came to an abrupt halt on April 7, 1917when, with the entrance of the United States

into World War One, most private U.S. radio

stations were ordered by the President to

either shutdown or be taken over by thegovernment, and for the duration of the war it

became illegal for private U.S.citizens to

even possess an operational radio

transmitter or receiver.

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The radio industry was taken over by the

government. Numerous military applicationswere developed, including direct

communication with airplanes.

The war also exposed thousands of service

personnel to the on-going advances in radiotechnology, and even saw a few experiments with

broadcasting entertainment to the troops.

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In Britain and Europe,however, broadcasting

was felt to be much too important to be left toprivate companies

Broadcasting was introduced in India by

amateur radio clubs in Calctta. Bombay,

Madras and Lahore.It was first setup ionAugust 20, 1921 from roof of the building by

the Times Of India.

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The War Years

The first daily news bulletin was

introduced in 1936,But the world war II

necessitated the growth of a national

network and an external service, and

the installation of high power

trnasmitters to expand coverage.

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Nazi propaganda was coming through loud

and clear, and it needed to be countered.

Thus was established the practice of all the

news bulletins being broad cast from one

central news rooms. Further, the ExternalServices as also a Monitoring Services were

setup as a part of Military Intelligence Wing.

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PRESS

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Press AT A WAR

During war, the press, had a clear- cut role to

play . It had put a brave fight in its heroic

effort to expose the brutality of the regime.As

perhaps the largest advertiser, the

government supports and strengthens.

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the press. Both the government and the

press represents the power elites', and

therefore reflects their intrests.World

war introduced more severe press

laws.

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During the World War I era (1914-18), leadingnewspapers took advantage of a new printingprocess that dramatically altered their ability toreproduce images. Rotogravure printing, whichproduced richly detailed, high quality illustrationseven on inexpensive newsprint paperwas used tocreate vivid new pictorial sections. Publishers that

could afford to invest in the new technology sawsharp increases both in readership and advertisingrevenue.

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Newspaper were the venerable print

medium that puts masses of citizens in

daily contact with local and world news

during war.

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During the World War I era (1914-

18), leading U.S. newspapers tookadvantage of a new printing

technique called rotogravure that

produced richly detailed, highquality illustrations.

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More than 50 new pages reporting key

events from World War II, from the outbreakof hostilities in 1939 to VJ day in 1945.

The stories have been written as if they werebreaking news, like the rest of the site, andare illustrated with photographs of theconflict.

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Stars and Stripes is a daily newspaper

published for the U.S. military, DoD civilians,contractors, and their families. Unique

among the many military publications, Stars

and Stripes operates as a First Amendment

newspaper, free of control and censorship.We have published continuously in Europe

since 1942

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more than 50 new pages reporting key

events from World War II, from the outbreakof

hostilities in 1939 to VJ day in 1945.

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War Time Censorship

Many of the On This Day pages have links tothese stories, so you can read the newsreport of the Normandy Landings and thengo directly to a veteran's personal testimonyof D-Day.

During World War II details of troop

movements, battles and casualty figureswere often heavily censored and the mediawas also reluctant to report news which mayhave damaged morale.

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All the stories will also be linked with a new

World War II timeline and home page.

The World War stories have beenresearched using contemporary newspaperarticles, historical reference books and BBCreports, but sometimes they reflect the factthat the first information available at that timewas often misleading or inaccurate.

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TELEVISION

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TELEVISION IN THE WAR YEARS

Experiments in television broadcasting were

initiated during the 1920s in the UnitedStates and Europe.

The World War put a brake on further

developments in television, though in Nazi

Germany television was widely used as aninstrument of political propaganda.

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Nazi party conventions were televised, but

the top event in the first chapter of Gremantelevision historywas the 1936 Olympics in

Berlin

In 1930 the national broadcasting corporation

(NBC) had set up a TV station in New York ,

and BBC a TV station in London.

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Late 1940s television had become a feature

of life in most development countries

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CINMEAS

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WAR AND CINEMA

War and Cinema, is one of the most

interesting and richest areas of film studiesand film history.

It almost speaks for itself that visualising the

war was a problematic matter because of all

the regulations the cinema underwent. But atleast there is a body of films we can discuss

and which we know audiences watched

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Polish World War One films were used as

"vehicles to glorify a vision of Poland which is

xenophobic, class-ridden and patriarchal."

(202) Other examples are German war films

made during the Weimar and Nazi period.

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Rother could have stressed more how

filmmakers and producers had to operate in

a diplomatic minefield (also related to foreign

policy) caused by the debate on the war guilt

and the Versailles Treaty.

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During the highly charged years of World

War II, movies perhaps best communicatedto Americans who they were and why theywere fighting. These films were more than

just an explanation of historical events: theyasked audiences to consider the Nazi threat,

they put a face on both our enemies andallies, and they explored changing wartimegender roles.

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In the 1930s, although television had been invented,

very few people had one and people relied muchmore on the cinema for entertainment. Unfortunately,

due to the outbreak of war in September 1939, the

Government closed down all the cinemas but soon

realised how important they were as a way to inform

the public of the latest news on the war. Pathe news

kept British citizens informed, or possibly

misinformed, on how the war was going.

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ADVERTISEMENTS

The war bond campaign was a unique fusion

of nationalism and consumerism. Seeking tostir the conscience of Americans, it invoked

both their financial and moral stake in the

war.

America began fighting in WWII, adsincreasingly told of the cornucopia of goods

that would be available after the war

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Cotinues.

Women joined the work force en masse duringWWII, but as far as advertisers were concerned

Magazine illustrations, advertisements andgovernment information posters, published duringWorld War Two, offer a fascinating insight into socialattitudes of the time - as well as the impact ofwartime austerity. Equally, the War Savings postersreveal aspects of the propaganda war, in theappeals of the British and US governments to thepatriotism of their respective peoples

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Electronics During World War

Electronics rose to prominence quickly inWorld WarII. While prior to the war fewelectronic devices were seen as importantpieces of equipment, by the middle of thewar such instruments as radar and ASDIC(sonar) had proven their value. Additionally,equipment designed for communications andthe interception of those communicationswas becoming critical.

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Digital electronics, particularly, were also

given a massive boost by war-relatedresearch. The pressing need for numerous

time-critical calculations for various projects

like code-breaking and ballistics

tables accentuated the need for thedevelopment of electronic computer

technology.

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The United Kingdom and the United States

were the leaders in electronics. The UScenter for basic radar development was the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Radiation Laboratory.

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CONCLUSION The war stimulated many technologies, such

as radio and radar development, it sloweddown related yet non-critical fields such as

television