Developing the European Rail Freight Network in Spain · Developing the European Rail Freight Network ... G GSM-R Deployment in conventional Lines ... SOURCES : Modèle transpyrénéen,

Dirección de Relaciones InternacionalesDirección General de Planificación Estratégica 11

Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias

Developing the European

Rail Freight Network

in Spain

Developing the European Developing the European

Rail Freight Network Rail Freight Network

in Spainin Spain

Joaquín Jiménez Otero Director of International AffairsGeneral Directorate of Strategic Planning


INDEX

• The situation of the Barcelona Corridor on the European Rail Freight Network

• The European References: legislative support and ongoing projects

• Market opportunities around the introduction of the UIC gauge in Spain: 2009, opening of the Barcelona-Figueras-Perpignan connection (the Barcelona Corridor)

• The current Spanish Scenario for the Railway System:

• Current Developments on the Spanish Rail Organisation & Network

• Strategic support of transport and land planning on the Railway System: the PEIT as a reference

• ADIF and its own Strategic Plan supporting a sustainable and efficient Railway Development: facts and projects


PRIORITY PROJECTS:TRANSEUROPEAN NETWORKS AND CORRIDORSTrans-European Rail Freight Network (Directive 2001/12/CE)Trans-European Rail Network (Decision 884/2004/EC)

Proyectos prioritarios recomendados para la Red Transeuropea de Transporte (Informe Van Miert, 2003)


22 May 2006

* proposes an action plan to encourage the emergence of afreight-oriented network. In the long term, this freight-oriented network could lead to the development of a real rail freight dedicated network.*to improve the reliability, performance and competitiveness of internacional rail freight servicesObjectives: a rail freight oriented network could aim at:

* improving the rail freight transport performance by improving traffic and infrstructure capacity and management

* encouraging the modal transfer from road to rail

12 measures, two of them Infraestructure related Focus infrastructure and terminals works on priority sectionsEncourage implementation of interoperable systems


Eje Algeciras - Perpignan

FERRMEDFERRMED

OTHER EUROPEAN REFERENCIES: OTHER EUROPEAN REFERENCIES: ONGOING PROJECTSONGOING PROJECTS

ERIMERIMCORRIDOR FCORRIDOR F

CORRIDOR 4CORRIDOR 4


Forecast of Section’s Utilisation rate Forecast of Section’s Utilisation rate before investments before investments by 2015by 2015

Capacity after planned investmnets Capacity after planned investmnets by 2015by 2015


UIC UIC -- EurailDataMapEurailDataMapADIF ADIF

CER-POR

VALENCA

MAR-VAL

Ciudad RealPuertollano

Ulldecona

Barcelona

ManresaLerida

Fayon Reus

Zaragoza

Valencia

XativaLa Encina

Alicante

Murcia

Albacete

Alcazar de San Juan

LinaresCordoba

BobadillaGranada

Moreda

Almeria

Algeciras

Sevilla

Cadiz

Huelva

Castejon

AlsasuaMiranda de Ebro

San SebastianBilbao

Burgos

Venta de Banos

Riaza

Valladolid

Madrid Chamartin

Leon

OviedoLa Coruna

Santiago

Orense

Puebla de Sanabria

SalamancaAvilaFuentes de Onoro

Monfrague

Aljucen

Malaga

Vigo

Trend Corridor F - Spain

Main Route

Cerbère Cerbère / / PortbouPortbou2003: 4.3 2003: 4.3 Mio tons Mio tons p.ap.a..

46% 46% southsouth//northnorth

54% 54% northnorth//southsouth

20032003--2008: + 21 %2008: + 21 %


A A BASIC BASIC REFERENCE REFERENCE MoUMoU ERTMSERTMS

AprilApril 20052005--AprilApril 20062006

6 6 Selected Selected Corridors for theCorridors for the

Implementation ofImplementation ofERTMSERTMS


Corridor D study 4

ERTMS Migration - Corridor D : Valencia to Ljubljana

Corridor Overview

SALZBOURG

ROMA

SEVILLA

MADRID Barcelona

Lerida

Perpignan

Montpellier Avignon

Marseille

LYON

Torino

Milano Trento

Bologna

Venezia

TriesteLJUBLJANABERN ZURICH

Genova

PARIS DIJON

Bordeaux

Valencia

Tarragona

Figueras

Koper

French Focus Italian Focus

Slovenian Focus

High Speed Line

Conventional track

Mix TrafficFreight Only

Spanish Focus

SALZBOURG

ROMA

SEVILLA

MADRID BARCELONA

Lerida

Perpignan

Montpellier Avignon

Marseille

LYON

Torino

Milano Trento

Bologna

Venezia

TriesteLJUBLJANABERN ZURICH

Genova

PARIS DIJON

Bordeaux

Valencia

Tarragona

Figueras

Koper

French Focus Italian Focus

Slovenian Focus

High Speed Line

Conventional track


High Speed Line

Conventional track


Spanish Focus

SALZBOURG

ROMA

Sevilla

Madrid Barcelona

Lerida

Perpignan

Montpellier Avignon

Marseille

Lyon

Torino

Milano Trento

Bologna

Venezia

TriesteLjubljana

BERN ZURICH

Genova

PARIS Dijon

Valencia

Tarragona

Figueras

Koper

AB C D E

F

G

HIK

LJ

M

N

O P

Q R

ST

UVW

High Speed Line

Conventional track


A sidings upgrade from minimum to 600m (750m) in Barcelona-PortBou section

BConnection betw een “Mediterranean Corridor”and “HS Line Madrid-Barcelona-French Border” in Reus

C Commuters – Freigth segregation in Barcelona D L2 ETCS installation for Commuters in Barcelona E New freight TerminalF UIC Freight connection to the Harbor in Barcelona G GSM-R Deployment in conventional Lines H Montpellier - Perpignan block upgradingI Freight terminal in PerpignanJ Nîmes - Montpellier By PassK Fos 2XL Freight HarborL Gabarit UpgradeM Dijon – Modane upgradingN Transalpine rolling roadO Lyon - Turin FerroviaireP Torino - Modane UpgradingQ Bussolino - Torino UpgradingR Ronchi - Trieste Line UpgradingS New Line Venezia - TriesteT Nodus Venezia MestreU New Electronic Interlocking Divaca-KoperV Study Second line connection Divaca-KoperW Study Second line connection Trieste/Divaca

SALZBOURG

ROMA

Sevilla

Madrid Barcelona

Lerida

Perpignan

Montpellier Avignon

Marseille

Lyon

Torino

Milano Trento

Bologna

Venezia

TriesteLjubljana

BERN ZURICH

Genova

PARIS Dijon

Valencia

Tarragona

Figueras

Koper

AB C D E

F

G

HIK

LJ

M

N

O P

Q R

ST

UVW

High Speed Line

Conventional track


High Speed Line

Conventional track








Corridor Corridor D: ValenciaD: Valencia--LjubljanaLjubljana((connecting connecting in in Lyon with Corridor Lyon with Corridor C C to to

AnversAnvers) )

In SpainThe Corridor goes from Valencia - Castellon -Tarragona - Barcelona

From Barcelona there are two alternative routes:1.- New line and

concession tunnel : Barcelona - Figueras -Perpignan. (Mix traffic)

2.- Conventional line : Barcelona - Figueras –-Portbou


FREIGHT CROSS BORDER TRAFFIC FLOWS IN 2004 AND IN 2020

SALZBOURG

ROMA

Sevilla

Madrid Barcelona

Lerida

Perpignan

Montpellier Avignon

Marseille

Lyon

Torino

Milano Trento

Bologna

Venezia

Trieste

LjubljanaBERN ZURICH

Genova

PARIS Dijon

Bordeaux

Koper

SOURCES : Modèle transpyrénéen, ADIF,TP FERRO, LTF, PIS SZ

France Spain2004 : 30 (Cerbère-Portbou) 2020 : 87 (Perpignan-Figueras+ Cerbère Portbou))

France Italy via Modane2004 : 74 2020 : 129*

Italy Slovenia2004 : 112020 : 55

X Y : cross border traffic freight, rail-rail, both waysTrains per day

Number of trains / day

Valencia

•* included rolling road : 40 between Aiton and Orbassano


A VERY PARTICULAR SITUATION: A VERY PARTICULAR SITUATION: FREIGHT FLOWS IBERIAN PENINSULAFREIGHT FLOWS IBERIAN PENINSULA--

REST OF EUROPE, 2000REST OF EUROPE, 2000

SourceSource: : Gimenez CapdevilaGimenez Capdevila, , CNISFCNISF--URIS AR URIS AR ColloquiumColloquium, ,

LyonLyon,, JuinJuin 20052005


TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROAD TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROAD FREIGHT TRAFFIC THROUGH PYRINEESFREIGHT TRAFFIC THROUGH PYRINEES

Around Around 100 M 100 M Tn per year Tn per year (2003), more (2003), more than double than than double than in 1995in 1995

53,2% 53,2% through the Catalonian bordersthrough the Catalonian borders

49,4% 49,4% with with O/D O/D beyond Francebeyond France




O/D TRANSPYRINEES FREIGHT O/D TRANSPYRINEES FREIGHT ROAD TRAFFICROAD TRAFFIC

Transits through FranceTransits through France

South South -- North road transitsNorth road transitsNorthNorth –– South road transitsSouth road transits




TRANS PYRINEES: A VERY DINAMIC TRANS PYRINEES: A VERY DINAMIC TRANSPORT RELATIONTRANSPORT RELATION


Cross Cross Boarding TrafficBoarding Traffic

Comparison between Pyrinees and AlpsComparison between Pyrinees and Alps, 1999, 1999

RailRailRoadRoad

SourceSource: :

Gimenez CapdevilaGimenez Capdevila, , CNISFCNISF--URIS AR URIS AR ColloqColloq, ,



2009: Barcelona2009: Barcelona--FiguerasFigueras--PerpignanPerpignan

New LineNew LineA

NEW

SC

ENA

RIO

A N

EW S

CEN

AR

IO

State of works State of works on June on June 20062006

UIC UIC gaugegauge, , Mixed Traffic Mixed Traffic (HS (HS passengers passengers + + FreightFreight), ERTMS (), ERTMS (launched through launched through a GEIE)a GEIE)


Línea de Alta Velocidad BarcelonaLínea de Alta Velocidad Barcelona--FiguerasFigueras pk pk 405 405 Viaducto sobre Autopista AViaducto sobre Autopista A--77


RAIL FREIGHT TRAFFIC FORECAST BARCELONA-FIGUERAS-PERPIGNAN AXIS

INT E RNAT IONAL RAIL FRE IGHT T RAFFICS FORE CAST S

B a r c e l o na - P e r pi g na n Ax i s

So ur c e : ADIF, T P Fe r r o

Co nv e nt i o na l Li ne / Hi g h- Spe e d Ne w Li ne wi t h Mi x e d T r a f f i c / T o t a l Ra i l T r a f f i c

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Mill

ions

Ton

nes/

year

Linea Convencional Nueva Línea AV Tráfico MixtoTráfico por Ferrocarril

Conventional line Barcelona-Port Bou:• 4.84 M Tn per year in 2005 • 4.43 M Tn in 2009 (growing trend of 5.1% per year in the first period and a loss of 25% in 2009)• Improvements in the conventional line will recover this loss and rates of t 5.1% annual between 2009 and 2020

New Line Barcelona-Figueras-Perpignan:• 2.9 M Tn per year in 2009• 7.19 M Tn per year in 2020 (8.6% increase per year for the period 2009-2020). Source: ADIF, TP Ferro

4,84 M 4,84 M TnTn

17,39 M 17,39 M TnTn

7,33 M 7,33 M TnTn

10,20 M 10,20 M TnTn

7,19 M 7,19 M TnTn


IN TER N A TION A L R A IL FR EIGHT TR A FFIC S FOR EC A S TS A x i s B a r c e l o n a - P e r p i g n a n

R o a d Tr a f f i c / R a i l Tr a f f i c / To t a l ( R o a d + R a i l )

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Mill

ions

Ton

nes/

year

Tráfico por Carretera Tráfico por Ferrocarril Total (Carretera+Ferrocarril)

E VO L U T IO N O F T H E M O D A L S P L IT IN IN T E R N A T IO N A L F R E IG H T T R A N S P O R T A x i s B a r c e l o n a - P e r p i g n a n w i t h t h e H i g h - S p e e d N e w L i n e f o r m i x e d t r a f f i c

% m o d a l s p l i t r a i l s h a r e / % a n n u a l i n c r e a s e f o r r a i l / % a n n u a l i n c r e a s e f o r r o a d / % o v e r a l l a n n u a l i n c r e a s e

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

%

% partic ipac ión m odal ferrocarril Inc rem ento Anual Carretera %

Increm ento Anual Ferrocarril % Inc rem ento Anual Conjunto %

RRoad traffic evolution:oad traffic evolution:

•• From 56.99 M Tn in 2005From 56.99 M Tn in 2005

•• to 102.26 M Tn by 2020. to 102.26 M Tn by 2020.

•• The estimation is a constant The estimation is a constant average cumulative growth rate average cumulative growth rate of about 4.5% for the overall of about 4.5% for the overall roadroad--rail traffics (similar to last rail traffics (similar to last years growth) years growth)

The modal split share for rail grows from 7.8% in 2005 to 9.9% in 2009,reaching 14.5% reaching 14.5% by 2020by 2020

•• For rail traffics, after an interannual For rail traffics, after an interannual growth rate close to 30% in the growth rate close to 30% in the first year after the New Line is first year after the New Line is opened to traffic, the annual opened to traffic, the annual growth rate would decline going growth rate would decline going from 9.6% to 7.2% for 2010from 9.6% to 7.2% for 2010--2020.2020.

7,8%7,8%14,5%14,5%


Distance Rail (km) 1.377Road Distribution 137,7Nº single trips / year 300-400Round Trips / week 1,5 - 2Train composition 34 wagonsTons per wagon (max) 20Tons per year (max) 204.000 - 272.000Train-km per year (Million) 0,413 - 0, 550

% train loaded Belgium-Catalunya 52 - 82 Catalunya-Belgium 40 - 63% traffic for Rail Belgium-Catalunya 6,3 - 12,5 Catalunya-Belgium 8 - 16

THE INNORASER REFERENCETHE INNORASER REFERENCEBarcelonaBarcelona--Anvers Freight ServicesAnvers Freight ServicesInfrastructure Charges Infrastructure Charges 0,81 €/0,81 €/kmkmFiguerasFigueras--Perpignan 560 €/Perpignan 560 €/traintrainSavings related to Road Savings related to Road up up toto 14%14%

Competitiveness with RoadCompetitiveness with RoadImprovement of train occupancyImprovement of train occupancyImprovement of unbalance flows Improvement of unbalance flows NSNS--SN (2/3)SN (2/3)Optimisation of train operation Optimisation of train operation ((Round TripsRound Trips//weekweek))250 M t250 M t--km from Road to km from Road to RailRail18 M€/18 M€/year on Externalities Savingsyear on Externalities Savings

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

cent

Eur

os /

IU-k

m

Cost RS Locos(5)

Cost RSWagons (72)

Personnel Insurances,maintenance,..

Energy Terminals InfrastructureCharges

InnovativeMeas.(Amrt.)

COST EVOLUTION for RAIL FREIGHT SERVICES (cents€ / IU-km)From 300 single Trips to 400 single Trips/year

First YearYear 3Total Total Cost per Cost per IU/IU/kmkm

Year Year 1 0,77 €/1 0,77 €/kmkmYear Year 3 0,64 €/3 0,64 €/kmkm


THE CURRENT SPANISH SCENARIOTHE CURRENT SPANISH SCENARIO

•• a a new new rail sector rail sector organisation with independentorganisation with independent IM IM and and RU, RU, after after a a strong process of improving strong process of improving productivity and giving credibility to the systemproductivity and giving credibility to the system

•• a a StrategicStrategic Plan Plan forfor TransportTransport InfrastructuresInfrastructures (PEIT) (PEIT) in in order to improve the whole of the Spanish Networkorder to improve the whole of the Spanish Networkwith sustainable conceptswith sustainable concepts

•• a real a real political decision to invest political decision to invest in in railway railway infrastructuresinfrastructures, more , more than than in in roadsroads

•• a a clear committment to open the New clear committment to open the New HS HS Line Line BarcelonaBarcelona--Perpignan by 2009Perpignan by 2009

•• a a clear committment with interoperabilityclear committment with interoperability


ADIF 2005

Some Key Data

15.000

17.500

14.00012.8081.331

11.0005.000

180420

Employees.

Million Euros Assets.

Million Euros Own Funds.Kilometers of Tracks

Kilometers for 200-300 km/hKilometers of Optical Fiber

Trains / dayMillions Trains-km / year

Squared Kilometers of Estate (land).


Rail Infrastructure Investments in Spain 1991–2004approx. 30 b € / 14 years

522,21

1.262,821.477,26

4.884,62

1.999,47

6.147,44

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Milli

onEU

RO

S

Other Public Investors, Infrastructure Managers and Railway Operators

State

2004

7.000

TOTAL

Setting up of GIF: 25 April 1997


TOTAL Road

Rail

Ports

Airports

State Investments in Transport Infrastructure (% GDP)

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

1,4 %

1,2 %

1,0 %

0,8 %

0,6 %

0,4 %

0,2 %

0,0 %

2004 Rail Investment: 4.4 b€


Ministerio de Fomento: 2004-2005

INVESTMENTS BY TRANSPORT MODES

4.378,3

5.693,7

2.880,2

3.283,8

2.012,5

1.510,7

798,1 896,1

287,0 283,1

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

2004 2005

Mill

ones

Eur

os Ferrocarril

Carretera

Transporte aéreo

Transporte marítimo

Otras inversiones


311Economic results: the dramatic increase in productivity

Evolution of Activity

Traffic (Passengers-Km +Ton- Km)

Staff Production (total Train-Km)

Total Revenues

Evolution of ProductivityRevenue per Employee

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

190

150

100

601991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

300

250

200

150

100

121

Passengers-Km +Ton- Km per EmployeeTrain-Km per EmployeeTraffic Units per Train

197

158

124

188

97

61


Technical results: interoperability + high performance lines

High Speed Lines

Operational

Underconstruction

1.031 1.031 kmkm

870 870 kmkm


THE ANSWER OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN SPAIN (PEIT 2005-2020)

COMPREHENSIVE AIMS To improve the System Efficiency and Performance To reinforce Social and Territorial Cohesion To contribute to Sustainability Targets To foster Competition and Economic Development


GUIDELINES OF THE PLANUnit approach to infrastructures and services: intermodalityIntegrated management according to safety, quality and efficiency criteria International and interadministrative cooperation framework Financing and charging for using infrastructuresBalanced land-use and improvement of accesibility (infrastructures and services), including cross-border relationsImprovement of the freight transport system and its international insertion

SPANISH RAIL FREIGHT SYSTEM EVOLUTION


The future reference : Strategic Plan for Infrastructures & Transport PEIT

InvestmentsInvestments FrameworkFramework (PEIT 2005(PEIT 2005--2020)2020)Total 214.392 Total 214.392 MillionMillion €€

•• RailwayRailway transporttransport 108.760 M€ (43,70%)108.760 M€ (43,70%)HighHigh levellevel servicesservices 83.450 M€83.450 M€MaintenanceMaintenance & & Improvements Improvements onon ConventionalConventional NetworkNetwork 18.000 M€18.000 M€RemovalRemoval & & ImprovementsImprovementsonon LevelLevel CrossingCrossing 3.560 M€3.560 M€RollingRolling StockStock 3.750 M€3.750 M€

•• UrbanUrban TransportTransport 32.527 M€ (13,07%)32.527 M€ (13,07%)UrbanUrban IntegrationIntegration ofof RailwaysRailways 2.400 M€2.400 M€SuburbanSuburban Rail Rail NetworksNetworks 10.050 M€10.050 M€TransportTransport PublicPublic supportsupport& & Interchangers Interchangers 16.000 M€16.000 M€

TOTAL RAILWAYS 141.287 M€TOTAL RAILWAYS 141.287 M€


The future reference : Strategic Plan for Infrastructures & Transport PEIT

Strategic Priorities for RailwaysStrategic Priorities for RailwaysThe railway The railway as as main main actor actor on the Transport Schemaon the Transport SchemaReestructuring the Reestructuring the Rail Rail NetworkNetwork: : ModernModern, , Safer and Safer and InteroperableInteroperable

• High Level Services• Progressive Introduction of European UIC gauge• Mixed traffic• Improvements on Safety (Block Systems and Level Crossing)

• European model as reference, Intermodal approach, Freight as a priority (new operators & freight dedicated investments), Development of Regional Services, Maintenance of the conventional network (safety & quality), railway on urban areas (integration & services), valorisation of desused railway lines


2005 - Works in progress

High Speed Lines

In progress

Operational Lines(1.031 km) Madrid

Sevilla

Zaragoza BarcelonaValladolid

Málaga

Toledo

Granada

Santiago

Orense

Vitoria

S.SebastiánBilbao

Valencia

Investements to be made in 2005 (M €)

Total: 4.163 M€

143 M€

1.353 M€

729 M€

Córdoba

757 M€

243 M€

622 M€

179 M€

88 M€

49 M€


Technical results: interoperability + high performance lines

Future Spanish High Performance Railway Network (2020)

• Access to Ports

• Interoperability • International Freight Corridors

High Performance Network (Basic Network)

Passenger Traffic Mixed Traffic

103,4 b€103,4 b€


EVOLUCIÓN DE INGRESOS ADIF

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Mile

s Eu

ros

Canon Infraestructura Canon Andenes y TerminalesAdministración R.Convencional Actuaciones Cuenta EstadoOtros Ingresos

1.803.0951.803.095

544.870544.870

2.779.2032.779.203

121.361121.361

19,6%19,6%

6,7%6,7%

XX 1,541,54

XX 4,54,5

A SOLID SUPPORT: THE STRATEGIC PLAN A SOLID SUPPORT: THE STRATEGIC PLAN FOR ADIFFOR ADIF


EVOLUCION DE GASTOS ADIF

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Mile

s Eu

ros

Personal Energía TracciónServicios Exterior (Gts Propios) Materiales y Servicios (C.Estado)Amortizaciones Otros Gastos

1.929.3131.929.313

2.670.3352.670.335XX 1,381,38


EVOLUCION RESULTADO ADIF

-500.000

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Mile

s Eu

ros

TOTAL INGRESOS TOTAL GASTOS

RESULTADO (sin financieros)

+ 54%+ 54%+ 38%+ 38%

+108,9 M €+108,9 M €

ADIF, AN EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE SCHEMAADIF, AN EFFICIENT AND SUSTAINABLE SCHEMA

Supported Supported by by our own efficiency and our own efficiency and by a by a pluriannual contract with the Statepluriannual contract with the State


ADIF - Investements

• ADIF: the biggest investment body in Spain• Investements level: aprox. 0,6% NGP


A Way to Continue

Growth of GDP per inhabitant in PPS (Purchasing Power Standards)and Rail Traffic (Passenger and Freight) 1995 – 2002

0 %

10 %

20 %

30 %

40 %

50 %

60 %

FreightGDP/inhab PPS Passengers

SPAINTOTAL EU-15

35,97 %(5,14 % per annum)

6,31 %12,04 %

48,25 %(6,89 % per annum)

18,14 %

27,21 %

Documents

Developing the European Rail Freight Network in Spain · Developing the European Rail Freight Network ... G GSM-R Deployment in conventional Lines ... SOURCES : Modèle transpyrénéen,