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Developing Technology Platforms for female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and CDBS The University of Edinburgh

Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

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Page 1: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Developing Technology Platforms for female gametogenesis

Evelyn E TelferInstitute of Cell Biology and CDBS

The University of Edinburgh

Page 2: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Oocyte Formation/Follicle Development

Before birth (Formation) Immature eggs

Entry into meiosis and meiotic arrestNest

breakdown

Oocytes(eggs are formed)

Primordial follicle

formation

Primordialgerm cells

migrate to theforming gonads

After birth (Utilisation)

Primordial

Pre‐ovulatory

Oocytegrowth

in vivo 1930µm 3080µm 8090µm 90100µm 100110µm

Page 3: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Lab Grown Eggs:In Vitro Gametogenesis/Growth (IVG)

•Development of immature eggs to maturity  entirely in vitro

•Formation of eggs from stem cells (Making New Eggs)

Page 4: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

I n v i tr o m a tu r a t i o n

I V F a n d D e v e lo p m e n t to L i v e Y o u n g

A ntral Follicle

Prean tral Follicle

I n v i tr o o o c y te g r o w th

I n v i tr o m a tu r a t i o n

I V F a n d D e v e lo p m e n t to L i v e Y o u n g

Prim ordial Follicle

I n v i tr o m a tu r a t i o n

I V F a n d D e v e lo p m e n t to L i v e Y o u n g

1 9 3 5 1 9 8 4

1 9 7 9 1 9 7 9 1 9 8 9

1 9 9 5

A Brief History of Mouse Oocyte Development In Vitro

Page 5: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Mice from IVG Primordial Follicles

Mice from lab grown eggs and embryos

Lab grown embryos from lab grown eggs

Eggbert: First mouse born from an in vitro grown primordial follicle: 2 step system total of 22 days  in vitro before IVM and IVF. Eppig & O’Brien., 1996, O’Brien et al., 2003

More recently: Complete in vitro generation of fertile oocytes from primordial germ cells  Morohaku et al., 2016  and iPSCsHikabe et al., 2016

Eppig & O’Brien., 1996

O’Brien et al., 2003

Page 6: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Tissue freezing in Edinburgh since 1994. Now centres worldwide for fertility preservation

Fertility preservationOvarian Biopsies can be 

taken and frozenLaparoscopy Obtaining

ovarian tissueCryopreservation

°C

Transplantation ofovarian strips

> 100 live births

Lab‐grown eggs

Avoids transmission of malignant cells

Growimmature

eggs

Artificial ovariesIsolate growingfollicles/eggs

Ovarian strips

Page 7: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Human ovarian cortical biopsies taken for fertility preservation contain mainly primordial/unilaminar follicles.

The challenge is to develop oocytes in vitro from primordial stages to maturation and fertilisation.

Frozen‐thawed human ovarian cortical strips

Rhabdomyosarcoma Pt 15yrs:thawed from slow freeze

Page 8: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Developing IVG systems for human oocytes: Multi‐step system required

•1) Optimising growth from primordial stages (Activation)

•2) Supporting development of isolated growing follicles

•3) Final stages of oocyte development•4) Testing function (meiotic and fertilisation potential) and normality

Page 9: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Sources of Human Ovarian Tissue For Research

Small strip of ovarian cortex donated after informed consent: • Caesarean section (Healthy women)• Fertility Preservation (various cancers and Turners syndrome) Some tissue obtained after chemo treatment.

• Tissue from 15 months‐45 years (fresh and cryopreserved)• Transgender patients (whole ovaries at time of gender reassignment surgery)

Clinical Collaborators: Richard Anderson, Hamish Wallace, Neale Watson

Page 10: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Step 1: Micro‐Cortex Culture (Follicle Activation)

Micro‐cortical fragments 

Free floating cultures: basic conditions serum free medium

Underlying stroma reduced larger follicles removed

Cortical biopsy cut into strips

Tissue Architecture.

Surface area and density of stromal cells important feature

Telfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Page 11: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Step one: Activation and Growth of Quiescent Follicles

• Primordial Follicles activate within a loose micro‐cortex• Hippo signalling disruption (Tissue architecture crucial)• Isolated Primordial Follicles do not activate in vitro• Optimal time & size to remove growing follicles from  micro‐cortex environment• 6‐8 days; ≥ 100µM mean diameter • Prolonging Step 1 results in increased death and poor quality follicles/oocytes

Telfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Page 12: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Regulation of Primordial Follicle Activation

Pharmacological manipulation of the PI3K pathway can alter the rate of follicle activation.

Initiation of Primordial Follicle Growth in vitro

Page 13: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Cultured micro‐cortex

Follicles before isolation

Isolated Follicles

Manual dissection using needles and fine scalpel (No enzymes)Follicles Cultured individually in V shaped wells (No Alginate). Activin A supplementation of medium, Additional 8‐10 days in vitro 

Telfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Step 2: Isolation of Growing Follicles

Page 14: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Antral Follicle Development from Primordial Follicles grown in vitro after Step 1 (6‐8 days) and step 2 (8‐10 days)

Telfer et al., 2008 Human Reproduction 23: 1151‐8

Page 15: Developing for female gametogenesiscme-utilities.com/mailshotcme/Material for Websites/OC/2019/Presentations/S1...female gametogenesis Evelyn E Telfer Institute of Cell Biology and

Step Three: Isolating Oocyte‐Granulosa Cell Complexes from IVG antral follicles

In vitro Grown Follicles (after 2 steps) 

Remove oocyte and surrounding cells

Step 3: Culture Oocyte‐Granulosa cell complex on membranes

McLaughlin, Albertini, Wallace, Anderson & Telfer 2018 Mol Hum Reprod 24: 135‐142