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design formulation
● design disciplines
● differences
● commonalities
● formulation
1/24
nature of design● aim of design
● to create (a description of) an entity to satisfy some need
● creative cognitive act
● modifies existing state
● problem solving??2/24
problem solving
● what is a problem ?
● what is a design problem ?
3/24
problems
X + Y = 122X – Y = 3
X = ? Y = ?
problems
problems
design problem?
nature of problems● single correct solution
● well-defined
● analytic – deduction
● problem in same terms as solution
6/24
designproblems
nature ofdesign problems
● many solutions
● no necessarily right answer
● ill-defined - wicked
● synthesis – abduction
● problem in conceptual terms – solution in ‘concrete’ terms 8/24
needs● design fulfils a human need
● begin with a realization of a need
● dissatisfaction with existing conditions
● needs – wants – desires
● course of action must be taken9/24
goals● attainment of state of
satisfaction for a need
● action to achieve this goal
● image of desired or ideal state
goal – directed activity
10/24
image of desiredor ideal state
state ofdissatisfaction
without ability to conceive goalcannot prescribe
course of actions to achieve it
12/24
values● values prescribe goals
● goals reflect value system
● subjective
● value system - framework
13/24
objectives● end goal usually too vague
● e.g. “public good”
● decompose to subgoals
● objectives – operational subgoals● in a form where evaluation possible
● performance criteria
14/24
objective objective objective...14/24
...subgoal subgoal subgoal
goal
assumption that objectivestrue reflection of goals
15/24
● transition to product
● achieve ends – use means
ends and means
the design is the meansto the end goal
16/24
aim of design isto describe a productwhich when realised
will achieve goals
17/24
means
● system & system variables
● shift from conceptual space to ‘physical’ space
18/24
aim of design is to selectsystem variables and values
such thatbehaviour attributes performance satisfied
&objectives & goals attained
means
19/24
need - problem
goals – purpose / function
objectives – behaviour attributes / performance criteria
systemvariables& values
– structure
pro
ble
mfo
rmu
lati
on
syn
thes
is
ENDS
MEANS
constraints● means subject to constraints
● available resources
● social / individual
● design process itself
● hard and soft constraints21/24
design problemformulation
● clients – users - designers
● designer introduced problems
● clarification - development
● mix of means and ends23/24
design problemformulation● pays to think about problem
● right goals, objectives
● preconceived solutions?
● exploration required24/24