Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders (anxiety, affective, or eating disorders)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnOJgDW0gPI#aid=P9W4M9Qh3VY

Prevalence• Prevalence is a statistical concept in medicine (or

psychiatry). It refers to the percentage of individuals within a population who are affected by a specific disorder either currently or during their lifetime. Prevalence rates change cross-culturally and between genders.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Affective disorder: major depression

Symptoms

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Physiological Symptoms:

• Fatigue or loss of energy• significant weight loss

or gain• loss of appetite• headaches, and pain

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Cognitive Symptoms:• Feelings of worthlessness

or excessive guilt• difficulties concentrating • negative

attitudes towards the self, the world and the future.

• (Feelings of guilt and worthlessness seem to be symptoms that are primarily experienced in Western cultures).Describe symptoms and prevalence of two

disorders

Emotional Symptoms:

• Distress and sadness• loss of interest in the

world.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Behavioral Symptoms:

• Disturbed sleep patterns

• self-destructive behavior (suicidal thoughts)

• avoidance of social company.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Prevalenceof Major Depression

• The National Comorbidity Study (1994) found that prevalence for lifetime major depression in the USA was 17.1%.

• The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in the USA found that lifetime prevalence of depression was 16.6% with 13.2 % for males and 20.2 for females (Kessler et al. 2005).

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

EATING DISORDER: BULIMA NERVOSA

SymptomsDescribe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Physiological Symptoms:

• Nutritional deficiencies and hormonal changes could lead to– disturbances in the

menstrual cycle– Fatigue– digestive problems– Tooth decay– muscle cramping.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Cognitive Symptoms:

• Distorted body image• low self-esteem• sense of lack of control

during binge-eating episodes

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Emotional Symptoms:

• Fear of becoming fat (fat phobia)

• body dissatisfaction• depressed mood.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Behavioral Symptoms:

• Self-starvation in combination with recurrent binge eating episodes and compensatory behavior such as vomiting and misuse of laxatives to avoid weight gain.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa

• Fairburn and Beglin (1990) found that bulimia nervosa affected between 1 and 2 % of young women in the USA and the UK.

• APA (2000) estimated 1–3% of young adult females to have Bulimia.

• The disorder occurs much less frequently in men.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

• People who have anorexia have an intense fear of gaining weight.

• They severely limit the amount of food they eat and can become dangerously thin.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

• Starts earlier than bulimia (teens compared to early twenties)

• It may start as dieting, but it gets out of control.

• You think about food, dieting, and weight all the time.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Anorexia NervosaPeople with anorexia may severely limit the amount of food they eat. Or they eat and then make themselves throw up. Other behaviors include:• Cutting food into small pieces or moving

them around the plate instead of eating• Exercising all the time, even when the

weather is bad, they are hurt, or their schedule is busy

• Going to the bathroom right after meals• Refusing to eat around other people• Using pills to make themselves urinate

(water pills or diuretics), have a bowel movement (enemas and laxatives), or decrease their appetite (diet pills)

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Anorexia Nervosa• Early treatment can be

very effective.• But if not treated early,

anorexia can become a lifelong problem.

• Untreated anorexia can lead to starvation and serious health problems, such as bone thinning, kidney damage, and heart problems.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders

Treatment

• The biggest challenge in treating anorexia nervosa is helping the person recognize that he or she has an illness.

• Most people DENY• Goals of treatment are

to restore normal body weight and eating habits.

Describe symptoms and prevalence of two disorders