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"Bungalow:(bangeleu).orig.Anglo-Indian...

a one-storied house (or temporary

building, e.g. a summer-house), lightly

built, usually with a thatched roof. In

modern use, any one-storied house. "(10)

"Bangla: A thatched house, a 'Bungalow';

112

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/&£ ^i J?- <d& jbbf U*"l j\g :i&"

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113

"Chalan: 1858 SIMMONDS Diet. Trade,

Chalan, Chillaum, Chulan, a common

Indian name for an invoice, pass,

voucher, or way bill. "(16)

"CHALAN, CHULAN, also CHALAN,

corruptly, CHELLAUN, CHILLAUN,

CHULLAUN ... A document sent with

goods, treasure, or individuals; an

invoice, a voucher, a pass, a passport.

The post office list of letters

forwarded. .."(17)

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114

armies for purposes of drill, etc. Revived

in the British army for an organizational

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infantry. Also used for comparable

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Tahsil, all on the west bank of the river;

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117

the Jhelum, but below on the left bank

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:^>y 'L^>j J* :j/*f^fy> ^fo'lcf'k&<^> Jk&?"The Bhattis own a block of villages

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Shahpur District, where 509 were

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spite of termination ana, and are more

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"Thus ra/f/7/' system was certainly an

improvement upon chauth as the Sardar

offering rakhi to a village or an area

considered himself under obligation to

give protection to the people from

opression and attack from wichever

quarter it came, as against the practice of

chauth. Secondly, the areas under rakhi

could rightly be called the spheres of

influence and these areas formed the

basis of future Misals."(6)

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(7)V

"Meanwhile the sikh power had arisen in

the North, and Karam Singh Dulu, a chief

of the Bhangi confederacy, had

conquered Chiniot. In 1803 Ranjit Singh

took the fort there and marched on

Jhang, but was bought off by Ahmad

Khan, the last of the Sial Chieftains, on

184

promise of a yearly tribute, amounting to

RS.70,000 and a mare."(9)

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"The Rehan were in the old days the

185

rulers of the Kalowal ilaka, and Izzat

Bukhsh was Walidad's governor, but

Kalowal only formed a portion of the Sial

state for a very short period. "(1 1)

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"The next year, when Badan Hazari was

degraded, Sawan Mai, whose abilities

272

were well known to the Maharaja, was

appointed Governor or viceroy of half the

province of Multan, and in 1829 he was

made Governor of the whole. The tract of

country which thus came under the rule of

Sawan Mai was very extensive, and

comprised the district of Multan, Leiah,

Dera Ghazi Khan, Khangarh and part of

Jhang." (5)

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"It is said that one day of peasent

complained to him that some chief had

destroyed his crop by turning his horses

loose to graze in the field. Sawan Mai

asked the man if he could point out the

offender in Darbar. The peasent pointed

to Ram Das, the Diwan's eldest son. He

admitted the complaint to be just, and

sawan Mai ordered him to be imprisoned

275

the injured man begged for his pardon,

but for several days Ram Das remained

in confinement; and his spirit was so

broken by this punishment that he fell ill

and died shortly after his release." (15)

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"He had served under his father, first as

kardar or manager of Shujabad, and then

276

as kardar of the district of Jhang. In both

these places he was hated for his

oppressioin and avarice.." (18)

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"It was a common saying in the country

that Multan was blessed with Sawan (the

month of rain); leiah with karam

(kindness); while Jhang was desolated by

Mula (an insect which destroys the corn).

The allusion was to Sawan Mai, Governor

of Multan; karam Narayan his third son,

kardar of leiah; and Mul Raj, kardar of

Jhang." (23)

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"But no sooner was Ranjit singh dead

than the enemies of the Diwan attempted

to destory him. Chief of these were the

Jammu Rajas, Gulab Singh and Dhian

Singh, between whom and the Diwan had

always exsisted jealousy and the most

bitter hatred." (25)

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aloud, Justice! Justice! until attention is

given to his importunate clamours. He is

then ordered to be silent, and to advance

before his Judge; to whom, after having

prostrated himself, and made his offering

of a piece of money, he tells his story in

the plainest manner, with great humility of

voice and gesture, and without any of

those oratorical embellishments which

compose an art in freer nations.

The wealth, the consequence, the

interest, or the address of the party,

become now the only consideration." (31)

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"The cow, though not regarded as the

306

Vahan of any deity, is worshipped too.

Brahma is said to have created cows and

Brahmans at the same time; the Brahman

to officiate at worship, and the cow to

provide milk, ghi, etc., as offerings, whilst

cow-dung is necessary for various

purifying ceremonies. "(1)

jy \j>\ <^> *J~fJ St- (\i j\g» ~?J <^A tff-rfA <^> L-X

Jfc L-tfo J-jlfAiS L- A -\/V b» >> b JJ&Jl ^tl »A

".. is the most interesting incarnation of

Vishnu, both on account of the

opportunity which it affords to trace in

Hindu antiquity the gradual transformation

of mortal heroes into representatives of a

god; and on the account of the numerous

legends connected with it, as well as the

influence which it exercised on the

Vaishnava cult. In the Mahabharata,

307

Krishna-- which literally means 'the black

or dark one' ~ is something represented

as rendering homages to Siva, and

therefore acknowledging his own

inferiority to that deity, or as

recommending the worship of Uma, the

consort of Siva, and as receiving boons

from both these deities." (2)

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"Mahishamardini (the slayer of Mahisha)

slew Sumbha as he attacked her in the

form of a buffalo. She had eight

or, according to other accounts, ten

arms. "(3)

jT^j Jj L-t&j tjifq. 6> ?J~fJ jy utyi £-'

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"Yet the buffalo, according to llaiah, is not

reverd as a national animal, but the cow

is. Why? Because the buffalo is black,

llaiah argues that we must posit buffalo

309

nationalism (which represents

dark/draividan-ness) against the cow

nationalism of the brahmanical forces. "(4)

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312

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"Let me talk a little bit about Hir Ranjha.

Sung in the Alwar-Bharatpur region to

the accompainment of the jogia sarangi

(bowed stringed instrument), it is known

primarily as a romantic tale composed by

Waris Shah, who took the story-line of a

long lay from Punjab, adapting it within

the Sufi philosophical tradition. Now what

we find is that Hir Ranjha is sung in those

rural areas that are prone to cattle

epidemics, more specifically to the

foot-and-mouth disease that affects

cattle. Whenever such disease is

rampant, Hir Ranjha is sung, and the

local people say, 'we are doing the path

(religious reading) of Hir Ranjha.' Just as

there are readings of the Gita and

Ramayana, in the same way these are

readings of Hir Ranjha. In the course of

313

this reading, it becomes a religious

text. "(15)

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^cj ji\ h> ^& Jb* fy'A ft -iS <-J* drf<Lb *s Jt c^

"Interestingly, on a trip to Islamabad in

Pakistan some years ago, I told my

colleagues there that Hir Ranjha is sung

in order to heal cattle diseases; it is not

just a romantic tale. They all laughed and

said, 'You say such funny things.' So I

requested them to get any person from

the rural area of the Doab region who

could sing Hir Ranjha. Next day a group

of villagers arrived, and sure enough, they

sang Hir Ranjha to the accompaniment of

the algoja (double-flute) and it was the

same composition by Waris Shah. Then I

314

asked them: 'If your buffaloes and cows

fall ill, do you sing Hir Ranjha?' And they

said, 'Yes, but not this Hir Ranjha, we

have another version.' And they sang that

as well." (16)

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"Formerly, Ranjha was effective only with

the buffalo, but gradually his power

extended to the cow as well, the animal

most closely identified with Krishna. And

yet, in Krishana's own territory, in

Mathura, Govardhan, and the entire Braj

area, whenever cows and buffaloes face

any epidemic in this area, it is Ranjha who

is invoked to solve the problem and not

Krishna." (17)

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18 James A.H.Murray et al., eds., The Oxford English

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5 Sir Lepel H. Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs , ed. Colonel

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H.D.Craik,Rev.ed.2nd (Lahore: Sang-e-Meel,2004) 85.

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