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Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam
Department of Zoology
M.Sc., Zoology – Revised Course Structure under CBCS
(For the candidates admitted from the Academic year 2012-13 onwards)
Sem Course Course Title Inst,
Hrs /
Wee
k
Credit Exam
Hrs
Marks Total
Int Ext
I Core Course –I (CC) Functional Morphology &
Paleontology of Invertebrates
& Chordates
6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –II (CC) Cell & Molecular Biology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –III (CC) Genetics 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –IV (CC) Practical I 6 4 5 40 60 100
Elective I (EC) Aquaculture 6 4 3 25 75 100
30 23
II Core Course –V (CC) Biochemistry 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –VI (CC) Animal Physiology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course–VII(CC) Biotechnology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –VIII (CC) Practical II 6 5 5 40 60 100
Elective II (EC) Bioinformatics 6 4 3 25 75 100
30 24
III Core Course –IX (CC) Developmental Biology&
Evolution
6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –X (CC) Immunology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –XI (CC) Microbiology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course–XII(CC) Practical III 6 4 5 40 60 100
Elective III (EC) Biostatistics & Research
Methodology
6 4 3 25 75 100
30 23
IV Core Course–XIII (CC) Applied Ecology, Biodiversity
and Conservation 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –XIV (CC) Practical IV 6 5 5 40 60 100
Core Course –XV
(CC)
Dissertation 80 Marks
(2Reviews-20+20=40marks
ReportValuation 40Marks)
Viva 20Marks
12 6 - - - 100
Elective IV (EC) Public health and Hygiene 6 4 3 25 75 100
30 20
Grand Total 120 90 1900
Core Course Papers : 14
Elective Papers : 4
Project Paper : 1
Total : 19
2
CORE COURSE I - FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF
INVERTEBRATES AND CHORDATES
A. INVERTEBRATES
UNIT - I Organization
Symmetry in animal organization – Asymmetry, radial, biradial and bilateral symmetry
–Significance.
Coelom – Evolution of coelom. Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate groups
(Schizocoel, Enterocoeel, mesenchyme) – Significance.
Metamerism – Evolution of metemerism – Pseudometemerism, cyclo metamerism,
corm theory, embryological theory – Significance.
Locomotion: Movement in Annelids, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Nutrition: Filter feeding in Polychaetes, Molluscs and Prochordates.
Respiration: Gills and trachea in Arthropods – Respiration in Molluscs.
Circulation: Circulation in Arthropods and Molluscs.
UNIT - II
Excretion: Different types of excretory organs in invertebrates – their structure and
function.
Nervous System : Primitive types – Coelenterates and nerve net; Advanced types –
Nervous system in Annelids, Molluscs and Arthropods.
Chemical Co-ordination: Endocrine glands in Crustaceans and Insects – Pheromones
and allelochemicals.
UNIT - III
Reproduction: Pattern of sexual and asexual reproduction – Invertebrate larval forms
and their phylogenic significance.
Invertebrate Fossils: Evolutionary trends and phylogenetic importance of Trilobites,
Ammonoids, Belemnoids, Nautiloids, Echinoderm fossils.
Minor Phyla: Organisation and affinites of 1.Chaetognatha, 2.Rotifera, 3.Sipunculida,
4. Phoronida.
B. CHORDATES - Comparative study functional Morphology of vertebrates.
UNIT - IV
Integumentary System: Exoskeletal structures and their modifications.
3
Digestive System: Alimentary canal and associated glands
Respiratory System: Gill respiration in cyclostomes and fishes – Pulmonary respiration
in tetrapods.
Circulatory System: Types & evolution of heart and aortic arches.
Excretory System: Types & evolution of kidneys.
UNIT - V
Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord – cranial nerves, spinal nerves and visceral
nerves – Autonomic nervous systems – Sympathetic – Parasympathetic.
Reproductive System: Reproductive systems – Accessory reproductive glands.
Vertebrate Fossils: Evolutionary significance of Ostracoderms, Placoderms,
Crossopterygians, Labyrinthodonts,Dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx and Mesozoic mammals.
Recommended Text Books
INVERTEBRATES
1. Barnes, R.D. (1982), Invertebrate Zoology, IV Ed., Holt Saunders International
Edition.
2. Barrington, E.J.W. (1979), Invertebrate Structure and Functions, II Ed., ELBS
and Nelson.
3. Moore,R.C., Lolicker and Fischer, A.G. (1952), Invertebrate Paleontology,McGraw
Hill Book Co., Inc., N.Y.
CHORDATES
1. Waterman, A.J. (1971), Chordate Structure and Function, The Macmillan
Company.
References
INVERTEBRATES
1. Highnam, K.C. and Hill, L. (1979), The Comparitive Endocrinology of
Invertebrates, ELBS & Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London.
2. Hyman, G.H., The Invertebrates, Vol. I to VII, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., N.Y.
3. Vasantika Kashyap (1997), Life of Invertebrates, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
4. Kotpal, R.L., Minor Phyla, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
4
5. Nigam, Comparative anatomy of Invertebrates.
CHORDATES
1. Colbert, H. Edwin (1989), Evolution of the Vertebrates, II Ed., Wiley Eastern
Limited, New Delhi.
2. Harrey Pough, John B. Heisher, William N. Mcfarland (1990),
Vertebrate Life, Macmillan Publishing Co., N.Y.
3. Jollie, M. (1962), Chordate Morphology, Reinholt Publishing Corporation, N.Y.
4. Kent, G.C. (1976), Comparitive anatomy of the Vertebrates, McGraw Hill Book
Co., Inc., New York.
5. Romer, A.S. (1974), The Vertebrate Body, W.B. Saunders, London.
6. Romer, A.S. (1979), HYMAN’s Comparitive Vertebrate Anatomy, III Ed., The
University of Chicogo Press, London.
7. Weichert, C.K. (1965), Anatomy of the Chordates, McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y.
8. Newman, N.H. (1961), Phylum Chordate, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
5
CORE COURSE II – GENETICS
UNIT - I
Classical Genetics: Mendal’s low - Geneinteraction: Supplementary, Complementary,
epitasis, pilotropy, genomic Imprinting, penetrchce and Expressivity, Phenocopy-
linkage and crossing over, sex linked Inheritance codominance, incomplete dominance
fine structure and analysis of genes and sex influenced characters.
UNIT - II
Concept of gene: Allele, multiple allele; ABO blood grouping, Cistron, Muton, Recan,
Introns, Exons, Split Gene, House Keeping Genes, Luxury Genes.
UNIT - III
Microbial genetics: methods of genetic transfers: transformation conjugation,
transduction and sexduction Recombination Homologus - Holiday Modeland non-
homologus recombination. Mapping genes by interrupted mating. Tranposon - Simple
and Complex tranposon.
UNIT - IV
Mutation: Types – Chromosomal mutation , Numerical and structural changes in
chromosomes - molecular basis of gene mutation- Frame shift and transcription – Post
transcription modification - Translation – Base analogue, Post Translation modification.
Regulation of gene Expression in prokaryotes and Eukaryotes – DNA repair
mechanism.
UNIT - V
Human Genetics: Pedigree analysis – Karyotypes, Genetic disorders of Human beings –
Albinism, Thallesemia, Diabetes mellitus, Brachydactyly, Huntingtons chorea – Human
Syndrome – Edward’s syndrome, Klinefeltor’s syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome –
Molecular genetics in relation to human diseases. Genetic of cancer – population
genetics: Hardy Weinberg law, Eugenics, Euthenics, Euphenics.
Inbreeding increase Homozygosity.
Recommended Text Books
1.Genetics – VERMA AND AGARWAL V edition
2.Molecular Biology - DAVID FRIEFELDER
6
3. Principles of Genetics – GARDNER
4. Essential Genetics – RUSSEL R.J
Reference Books:
1. TOM STRACHAN and ANDREW. P. READ – Human Molecular Genetics – ‘Bios’
Scientific Pub UK. (1996).
2. Watson, J.D., Hopkins, N.H., Roberts, J.W., Steitz, J. And Weinter, A.M. –
Molecular Biology of Genes (4th edition) 1987. The Benjamin/Cummings publishing
Company inc., Joky.
3. Lewin, B. Genes Vi (1997). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
4. Darvell, J. et. al., Molecular Cell Biology (7th edition) 2002. Garland Publishing
iwc., New York.
5. Jenkins, J.B. (1983), Human Genetics, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co.
6. Ursula Goodenough (1984), Genetics, Saunders College Publishing Co., London.
References
7. Benjamin Lewin (2000), Genes VII, Oxford University Press, New York.
8. Daniel L. Hartl (1994), Genetics, III Ed., Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
9. John D. Hawkins (1996), Gene Structure and Expression, III Ed.,
CambridgeUniversity Press.
10. Robert H. Tamarin (1996), Principles of Genetics, WCB Publishers.
Munro.W.
11. Maloy, S.R., J.Egronan And D.Friefelder.1994. Microbial Genetics. . Jones
andBartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA, USA.
12. Dale, J.W. 1994. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. John Wiley and Sons,
Hoboken,NJ, USA.
13. Klug, W.S. And M.R. Cummings. 1997. Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall, NJ,
USA.
14. Coriffiths.1996 Introductions to Genetic Analysis. Freeman and Co.,U.K.
15. Eckstein F, Lilley Dm.(Eds.). 1996. Catalytic RNA. Springer – Verla, Berlin..
7
CORE COURSE IV - CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
UNIT - I
Cell Membrane: Molecular organization – molecular models – cell permeability – cell
surface Differentiations and cell – cell communication – membrane receptors and signal
transduction pathways
Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
filaments – role in cell organization, division and motility.
Methods of Cell Study: Micrometry – cell fractionation technique – cytochemical
staining methods –and Autoradiography.
UNIT- II
Mitochondria and Energy Transduction: Molecular organization of mitochondria,
oxidative phosphorylation – functions of mitochondria.
Nucleus: Nuclear envelope – Nuclear pore – Nuclear proteins – Nucleosome
Chromosomes : Morphology – structure-Heterochromatin and Euchromatin - Types-
M and T – Chromosome banding
UNIT - III
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA – Structure, types –A, B and Z DNA and functions –
Replication of DNA – DNA repair Mechanism - Extrachromosomal DNA-
Transposable elements, Gene amplifications
UNIT - IV
Ribosomes: Morphology, Ultrastructure, biochemistry and functions.
Protein Synthesis: Mechanism of transcription – role of transcription factors –
transcription regulators –Genetic code - Processing of mRNA – exons – introns –
translation – post translational modifications and control mechanism.
UNIT - V
Protein Transport: Intracellular compartments and protein sorting vesicular traffic in
secretary and endocytic pathways, transport from ER through Golgi to lysosome,
endosome.
Cell Cycle: Phases of cell cycle – role of cyclin and other molecules – molecular
organization and functional significance of mitotic apparatus.
Biology of Cancer Cells: Characteristics of Cancer Cells, types of tumors. Oncogenes
- Apoptosis.
Recommended Text Books: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (1987), Cell and Molecular
Biology, VIII Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
2. David Freifelder (1998), Molecular Biology, II Ed., Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.
References Book: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Lewis, Keleinsmith and Valeris M. Kish (1988), Principles of Cell
Biology, Harper and Row Publications, New York.
2. Powar, C.B. (1983), Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
3. Watson Et Al., (1987), Molecular Biology of the Gene, The Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc., California.
8
CORE COURSE IV - PRACTICAL – I
COMPARATIVE FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY OF
INVERTEBRATES AND CHORDATES, GENETICS, CELL & MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY AND AQUACULTURE
A. INVERTEBRATES and CHORDATES
1. Taxonomy
A list of atleast two representative animals belonging to major classes of each
invertebrate phyla and major orders of 5 classes of Chordata can be prepared by the
college and the animals shown to the students. A student has to identify and describe
the salient features and assign them to the order, class and phylum to which they
belong.
2. Mounting
Mounting of different insect mouthparts (Mosquitoe, Housefly, Cockroach, Honeybee)
3. Dissections
Invertebrata – Pila, Vaginulus, Ariophanta, Gryllotalpha – Nervous and Reproductive
system.
Vertebrata – Aortic Arches and Portal system – Calotes & Rat.
3. Power point presentation of different systems of chordates.
3. Spotters
Invertebrate larval forms.
Invertebrate fossils – Ammonoids, Belemnoids, Nautiloids and Echinoderm.
fossils.
Minor Phyla – Chaetognatha, Rotifera, Phoronida and Sipunculida.
B. GENETICS
1. Drosophila culture
2. Identifications of sexes.
3.Identifications of mutants.
4. Blood groups ABO & Rh their genetic significance.
5. Pedigree analysis.
6. Human karyotyping
7. Chromosomal abnormalities.
9
8. Hardy Weinberg law & Calculation of gene frequencies for dominant, recessive &
codominant traits and Multiple alleles.
C. CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Micrometry
2. Camera Lucida
3. Human Buccal Smear
4. Blood Smear – Cockroach, Man.
5. Cytochemical detection of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, DNA and RNA.
D. AQUACULTURE
1. Meristic and Marphometric Characters
Record of Laboratory work shall be submitted at the time of practical examination.
References
Biology course www.cleverrodgehog.com.-
10
AQUACULTURE
UNIT-I
Capture Fisheries: Present status and scope of capture fisheries - commercially
important fishes - Food and feeding habits of important edible fishes - Age and growth
- Method of age determination – length - weight relationship.
UNIT-II
Culture Fisheries: Present status and scope of culture fisheries [Catla catla, Labeo
rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Channa punctatus, Chanos chanos, Tilapia, Mugil and Lates
calcarifer]. Biology of important cultivable fishes - Marketing of cultured fishes-Major
diseases - symptoms and treatments.
UNIT-III
Aquaculture Principles and Practices: Aquaculture-types of culture - fish farm -
types of ponds-maintenance and management - eradication of algal bloom – predators -
induced breeding – hypophysation - factors of induced spawning-transport of fish seed.
Unit-IV
Water Quality Management: Physical Factors -Visibility-temperature - Chemical
Factors - dissolved oxygen- Carbon - di- oxide – Salinity – pH - Turbidity - Biological
oxygen Demand – Biological Factor - Plankton - Nutrients - Nitrogen-Potassium -
Phosphorus - Assessment of water Quality - Discolouration of water - Mass mortality
of fishes.
Unit-V
Fish Harvest Technology: Harvesting methods-handling and Process of preservation -
Fishing crafts - Fish preservation- fishery by products - marketing and economics.
Reference Book 1) Pillay T.V.R.1995.Aquaculture principles and practices. Fishing new Books,
Blackwell Science Ltd.,Oxford.
2) Jhingran V.J 1991, Fish and Fisheries of India..Hindustan Publishing Corporation,
NewDelhi.
3) Santhanam, Sugmaran and P.Natarajan, 1997 manual of Fresh water Aquaculture.
Oxford and 1BH Pub,co.,Ltd.,New Delhi.
11
SEMESTER - II
CORE COURSE V - BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT - I
Water the solvent of Life, Physical properties, Structure, Weak, interaction in aqueous
solutions, pH and buffers – Structure, Classification and functions of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic – acids – Derivatives of carbohydrates and lipids.
UNIT- II
Enzymes – Nomenclature and classification, chemical nature and properties of enzyme,
factors affecting enzyme activity, Active site, Enzyme inhibition, Enzyme specificity,
coenzymes, Mechanism of enzyme action. Regulation of enzyme activity, non protein
enzymes - Iso enzyme – 3D structure of enzymes – Therapeutic and diagnostic values.
UNIT – III
Carbohydrate metabolism – Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis – Electron transport and
oxidative phosphorylation - Hormonal control of Carbohydrate metabolism - Energetics
of Kreb’s cycle – Gluconeogenesis, Cori’s Cycle, Hormonal control Carbohydrate of
Metabolism.
UNIT – IV
Protein and amino acid metabolism – Oxidative deamination, transamination,
decarboxylation, transmethylation reactions, Hormonal control of Protein and amino
acid Metabolism.
Lipid metabolism – Metabolism of fatty acids - Glycerol and Cholesterol – Theories of
Oxidation of fatty acids. Hormonal control of Lipid Metabolism.
UNIT - V
Vitamins: Structure, sources, requirements, functions and deficiency manifestations of
fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. Minerals : Sources, requirements, functions,
absorption and metabolism with reference to Iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium,
potassium, magnesium and other trace elements as Iodine, copper, zinc and fluorine.
cyclic – AMP Occurrence, Structure, Synthesis, Degradation and Biological Functions.
12
Text books:
1. Lehninger, Albert.David.L.Nelson & Michael M.Cox, (1993), Principles of
Biochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.
2. Stryer,L. (1988), Biochemistry W.H.Freeman & Co.
3. Cooper.T.G.(1977), The tools of Biochemistry, Wiley Inter science Publication, John
Wiley & Sons; NY.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Robert K.Muray, Daryl K.Granner, Peter A.Wayes and Victor W.Rodwell (1993),
Harper’s Biochemistry (24th Edition) Prentice Hall International Inc., London.
2. Voet.D. And Voet.J (1995), Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
13
CORE COURSE VI - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT - I
Nutrition: Nutrients – digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
Role of gastrointestinal hormones in digestion.
UNIT - II
Respiration: Types of respiratory mechanisms (Integumentary, bronchial, tracheal and
pulmonary) – Respiratory pigments and their functions – Exchange of gases –
Physiology of respiration in man – Regulatory mechanisms.
Circulation: Chemistry of blood – inorganic and organic components their regulations
and functions – blood pigments and functions – Types of transport mechanisms –
cardiac cycle - Blood pressure – ECG – Cardiovascular diseases..
UNIT - III
Excretion: Excretion in relation to different habitats – Detoxification pathways of
ammonia – Regulation of nitrogen excretion
Homeostatic mechanisms – Ionic and osmoregulation in invertebrates (Crustaceans) ,
Fishes, birds and terrestrial animals – hormonal control, Temperature and pH regulation
in animals.
UNIT - IV
Muscles: Mechanism of muscle contraction – Regulation and energetics of contraction
– Electric organs.
Nervous co-ordination: Propagation and transmission of nerve impulse – synaptic
transmission – Autonomous nervous system – Reflex action. Bioluminescence –
Biological clocks.
Receptors – Types of receptors – Photoreceptors – Retinal pigments – Photo chemistry
of vision – phonoreceptor – mechanism of hearing.
UNIT - V
Chemical coordination: Hormones of vertebrates and their specific role in chemical
coordination – molecular mechanism of hormonal action.
14
Reproduction : Mammalian reproductive physiology, Reproductive cycles – Hormonal
control
Recommended Text Books :
1. Hoar W.S. (1987) General and Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall.
2.2.2.2. Turner, C.D. and Bagnara, J.T. (1976) General Endocrinology, 6th Edn., WB Saunders
Co., Philadelphia.
Reference Books :
1. Baldwin, E. (1964) An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry, CUP, London.
2. Beck, W.S. (1971). Human Design, Harcourt Brace Joranorich Inc.,
3. Dawson, H. (1964) General Physiology, Little Brown Co., Boston.
4. Echert, R. and Randall, D. (1987) Animal Physiology, CBS Publishers and Distributors
5. Giese, A.C. (1979) Cell physiology and Biochemistry, Prentice Hall
6. Gordon, M.S., Bartholomew, G.A., Grilnell, A.D., Jorgensen, C.B., and White. F.N.
(1971) Animal Function, Principles and Adaptation, Macmillan Co., London.
7. Mcfarland, D. (1986) Animal Behaviour – Psychobiology, Ethology and Evolution,
English Language Boosk Society, Longman.
8. Robert M. Berine And M.N. Levy (1988) Physiology, - III Edn., St;Louis, Baltimore,
Boston, Lodon.
9. Schmidt Neilssen, K. (1985) Animal Physiology – Adaptation and Environment, CUP,
London.
10. Tedeschi, H. (1993) Cell Physiology, Molecular Dynamics, II Edn., Won C. Brown
publishers, Oxford, England.
11. Wilson, J.A. (1979) Principles of Animal Physiology
12.12.12.12. Wood, W.S. (1968) Principles of Animal Physiology, Edward Arnold, London.
15
CORE COURSE VII - BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT-I
Gene cloning - the basic steps - various types of restriction enzymes - ligase linkers and
adaptors - Selection of recombinants. Hybridization techniques chemical systhesis of
oligonucleotides. c DNA and Genomic library.
Gene probe - Molecular finger printing (DNA finger printing) - RFLP - the PCR
techniques - Blotting techniques - Southern blotting - Northern blotting - Western
blotting
UNIT-II
Plasmid biology - cloning vector based on E. coli, PBR 322, bacteriophage yeast
Artificial Chromosome, Agro bacterium tumefaciens, Simian virus 40 - Gene transfer
technology - Particle bombardment - Micro injection techniques.
UNIT-III
Cell culture - Organ culture - whole embryo culture - Embryo transfer - In vitro
fertilization (IVF) technology - Dolly - in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in
human. Transgenic animals. Human gene therapy. Cryobiology
UNTI-IV
Fermentation - bioreactor - Microbial products - Primary and Secondary Metabolites -
enzyme technology - single cell protein (SCP)., Biopolymers,
Biopesticides and Biofertilizers.
UNTI-V
Bioremediation - bioremediation of hydrocarbons - Industrial wastes - Heavy metals -
Xenobiotics - bioleaching - biomining - biofuels. Applications of biotechnology in
agriculture, medicine and food science. Genetically modified organism (GMO’S) - GM
foods. Biotechnology & biosafety – Ethics and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
16
Recommended Text Books :
1. Dubey R.C (2008). A text Book of Biotechnology. S.Chand and Company, New
Delhi
2. Sathyanarayana.U (2005). Biotechnology. Books and Allied P.Ltd. Kolkata.
References
1. Brown, C.M., Campbel, I. and PRIEST, F.G. (1988), Introduction to
Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.
2. Primrose, S.B. (2000), Modern Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific
Publications,Oxford, London.
3. Keshav Trehan (1996), Biotechnology, New Age International Pvt. Ltd.
Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Watson et.al. (1999) Recombinant DNA. Freeman and Company, New York
5. Ignacimuthu, S. (1998), Basic Biotechnology, Tata McGraw Hill PublishingCo.,
New Delhi.
6. Kumar, H.D. (1998), Modern Concepts of Biotechnology, Vikas Publishing
HousePvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
17
CORE COURSE IX – PRACTICAL II – BIOCHEMISTRY, ANIMAL
PHYSIOLOGY, APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
A.BIOCHEMISTRY
Quantitative estimation of amino acids, protein, carbohydrate and lipids in tissue
samples.
Preparation of solutions – Molarity, Normality, Percentage.
Calculation of moles, millimoles, micromoles and nanomoles.
Buffer preparation – determination of pH using pH meter.
Beer lamberts law verification
Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography – Unidirectional.
B. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Quantitative estimation of amylase activity.
Quantitative estimation of ammonia and urea
Rate of salt loss and salt gain in fish using different experimental media.
Estimation of blood chloride.
Estimation of haemoglobin.
Blood – Clotting time, bleeding time
Effect of osmolarity on erythrocytes
C. APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY
Isolation of genomic DNA
Plasmid isolation
Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
DNA fragmentation using restriction enzymes (Demonstration only)
Ligation (Demonstration only)
Blotting technique (southern and western) Demonstration only
PCR (Demonstration only)
Spotters – Vectors, PCR, electrophoresis unit, gel UV transilluminator.
D. BIOINFORMATICS
Sequence analysis – Human insulin – Fasta – Blast
Molecular Docking.
Spotters –homepages of NCBI, Swissprot, PDB,
18
ELECTIVE COURSE II – BIOINFORMATICS
UNIT - I
Bioinformatics-definition, history; computer-system, topology and peripherals for
communication; Internet - basics, connection, web browsing and URL
UNIT - II
Data bases - Nucleic acid sequence data bases (NCBI, EMBL, DDJB), Protein
sequence data base-SWISS-PORT, data base searching - BLAST.
UNIT - III
Allignments local, global, pairwise & multiple sequences; anlaysis phylogenetics -
CLUSTAL, PHYLIP & UPGAMAS. Gene finding and gene scan.
UNIT - IV
Protein structure prediction - secondary structure, alpha & beta structure, motifs,
tertiary structures, specialized structure and function. Ramachandran Plot
Molecular visualization - protein conformation and visualization tool (RASMOL).
UNIT - V
Drug discovery - role of bioinformatics in drug discovery, QSAR, Combinatarial
chemistry, microarray, docking and prediction of drug quality. Bioinformatics
softwares.
Recommended
1. V. R.Srinivas, 2005, Bioinformatics – A modern approach, Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi.
2. C.S.V.Murthy – Bioinformatics – Himalaya Publishing Company
3. Dr.K.Mani-Bioinformatics
Reference Books :
1. Arthur M.M Lesk 2002, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University.
2. Dan E.Krane, Michael L Raymer, Elaine Nicpon, Marieb 2002, Introduction to
Bioinformatics.
3. James Tisdal, 2001, Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics, O'Reilly Publications
Sebastopol, USA.
19
4. Bryon Bergusson – Bioinformatics Computing, Prentice hall of India Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi.
5. Programming in ANSIC, E. BALAGURUSAMY, 1991. Tata Mcgraw Hill.
6. Introduction to bioinformatics, 2001. AH WOOD, T.K. PARRY SMITH DJ, Pearson
education Asia.
7. Developing bioinformatics in computer skill, GIBAS C, JAMBEEK P.S, OREILLY,
2001. associates inc. Shrott publishes.
8. Werner Kalowurs A.Meyer Rachael Tyndale 2001, Pharmacogenomics.
9. Lengauer, Thomas, 2003, Bioinformatics: From Genes to Drugs: John Wiley & Sons
Publications.
10. Mount David W, 2004, Bioinformatics: Sequence & Genome Analysis, 2nd
Edition, Coldspring Harbor Laboratory Press.
11. S.B Primrose & R.M Twyman,2002, Principles of Genome Analysis and
Genomics, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publications
12. David W Mount, Bioinformatics: Sequence And Genome Analysis, 2nd Edition,
cold Spring Harbor Press
13. Durbin et al (2007) Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic models of protein
and Nucleic acids Cambridge University Press.
14. Thomas E. Creighton, Proteins: structures and molecular properties
15. Chemoinformatics Edited by Johann Gasteiger and Thomas Engel
16. Structural Bioinformatics, Edited Philip E. Bourne and Helge Weissig
20
CORE COURSE IX - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
UNIT- I
Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis – Formation of Spermatids, spermeogenesis, factors
containing spermatogenesis, structure of spermatozoan variations, signification of
spermatogenisis, seasonal and non seasonal breeders. Oogenesis- multiplication phase,
growth pre-vitellogenisis, vitellogenis, Types of egg, polarity and gradient, mutation
significance of oogenesis. Fertilization- cell surface molecules in sperm-egg
recognition, Activation of egg cytoplasm, Infertility, Super ovulation, ICSI, GIFT,
Embryo cloning, IVF and Test tube baby.
UNIT- II
Experimental activation and parthenogenesis – significance; Cleavage – peculiarities –
chemical changes – patterns of cleavage – distribution of cytoplasmic substance; Role
of egg cortex in some invertebrates – ascidians and amphibians; Induction and
mechanism of action of inducing substances; Differentiation – Types and levels;
Homeotic genes.
UNIT - III
Gene activity and general metabolism during gastrulation – involvement of parental
genes and sequence of expression in development – hormones and development;
Morphogenetic cell movement – integration of gastrulation; Metamorphosis – moulting
and metamorphosis in insect – mechanism of action of insect hormones; Regeneration –
regenerative ability in various animals; Stimulation and suppression of regeneration –
polarity and gradients in regeneration.
B.EVOLUTION
UNIT - IV
Origin of basic biological molecules; chemical evolution, Evolution of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes, Evolution of Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic
metabolism-Rise and fall of dinosaurs, evolution of primates including Homosapiens.
UNIT - V
Mechanisms of evolution, population, Gene pool, Gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg
law: Prediction of allelic frequency deviations. Applications and deviations of Hardy
21
weinberg equilibrium, Migration and random genetic drift, Adaptive radiation;
convergent evolution, sexual evolution and co evolution.
Recommended Text Books
Developmental Biology
1. Balinsky, B.L., (1981) An Introduction to Embryology, V Ed., Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia.
2.2.2.2. Berrill, N.J., (1986) Developmental Biology, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Evolution
1. Sanjib chattopadhyay, 2009, evolution on Adaptation &Ethology Books &Allied
(p)ltd, Kolkata.
2. Strickberger, M.W. (1996). Evolution. Jones and Barlett publishers Inc., London.
3. Dobzhansky, T., Ayala, F.J., Stebbins, G.L. and Valentine, J.W. (1975).
Evolution. Surjeet Publications.
Reference Books :
Developmental Biology
1. Berrill, N.J., And Karp, G. (1976) Developmental Biology, McGraw Hill Inc. New
York.
2. Browder, L.N. (1980) Developmental Biology, Saunders College, Philadelphia.
3. Deuchar, E.M., (1976) Cellular interaction in Animal Development, Chapman and Hall,
London.
4. Gilbert, S.F. (1995) Developmental Biology, II Edn., Sinamer Associates Inc.,
Publishers, Saunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
5. Saunders, A.W., (1982) Developmental Biology : Patterns / Principles / Problems.
Macmillan Publishing Co., NewYork.
6. Stevan, B. and Oppenheimer (1980) Introduction to Embryonic Development, Alley
and Bern.
7. Timiras, P.S. (1972) Developmental Physiology and Aging. The Macmillan Company,
New York.
8. Willer, B.H. And Oppenheimer, J.M., (1964) Fundamentals of Experimental
Embryology, Prentice Hall
22
Evolution
Sanji.b
1. Dodson, E.O. and Dodson, P. (1976). Evolution : Process and Product (II Edn), Van
Nostrand Company, New York.
2. Dowdeswell, W.H. (1963). The Mechanism of Evolution, Arnold-Heinmann India,
Delhi.
3. Joha, A.P. (1992). Gene and evolution, The Macmillan Co., New Delhi.
4. Merrel, D.P. (1962). Evolution and Genetics : The Modern theory of Evolution. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston Inc., New York.
23
CORE COURSE X – IMMUNOLOGY
UNIT - I
Outlines of Immunology: Historical perspective-early theories of immunity Types of
Immunity;Innate and Aquired immunity, cells of the immune system- T cells B cells
Null cells macro Nuclear cells, Granulocytic cells, mastcells, Dendritic cells, Organs of
the Immune system Primary and secondary.
UNIT – II
Types and structure of Antigens, Haptens – factors affecting antigenicity basic
structure of Ig, Ig fine structure Immunoglobulin classes and biological activities,
Antigenic determinants on Immuniglobulins – isotype, Allotype and idiotype Immune
responses-B cell and T cell responses role of mojor histocompatibility complex-
complement pathways.
UNIT - III
Hypersensitivity - Types of hypersensitivity - Major Histocompatibility Complex
(MHC); HLA and biological significance - Transplantation immunology - Types of
graft - Mechanism of allograft rejection.
UNIT - IV
Tolerance and autoimmunity - organspecific, systemic, Animalmodels, proposed
mechanisms, Treatment Immunodeficiency diseases SCID, CVI, Animal models,
Treatment. Immune responses for AIDS and Cancer.
UNIT - V
Active immunization - Passive immunization – Principles and Methods of
Aggulutiination and antibody titre, vaccine preparation, hybridoma technology –
monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering – Immunological techniques –
Immunodiffusion, RIA, ELISA, Immunocytochemistry and Immunoblotting.
Recommended Text Books
1. Immunology, S.K. Gupta (1999). Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
2. Essential Immunology (8th Edition), IVAN ROITT, 1994. Blackwell Scientific Publication.
Immunology W.H. Freemen and Company.
4. Weir, D.M. And Stewart, J., 1997, Immunology, 8th Edn., Churchill Livingston, New York.
References
24
1. George Pinchuk (2004). Immunology, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi.
2. Ashim.K.Chakravarthy Immunology & Immunotechnology,– Oxford Publications.
3. ABBAS A.K., LICHMAN A.K., JORDAN S. POBER J.S. (1997). Cellular and
Molecular Immunology, Harcourt Brace and Co., Asia Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
4. Champion, M.D., And Cooke, A. (1987) Advanced Immunology, J.B. Lippincott
5. Philadelphia.
6. Clark, W.R. (1983). The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology, John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
7. Coleman, Lombard And Sicard (1992). Fundamentals Immunology, W.M.C. Brown
Publishers.
8. Stites D.P. And Abba I.Terr A.I. (1991). Basic and Clinical Immunology, Prentice Hall
International Inc.,
9. Kuby, J. (1994). Immunology. W.H.Freeman and Co., New York.
10. Nandhini Shetty (1996). Immunology : Introductory Text Book. New age International
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
11. Paul, W.E.M. (1989). Fundamentals Immunology, Raven Press, New York.
12. Ramakrishnan, S and Raji Swamy (1995). Text Book of Clinical Biochemistry and
Immunology, T.R. Publications, Madras.
13. Roitt, M.I. (1994). Essential Immunology, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K.
14. Srivastava, R., Ram, B.P. And Tyle, P. (1991). Molecular Mechanisms of Immune
Regulation, VCH Publishers Inc., New York.
15. Sells, S. (1987). Basic Immunology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York.
16.16.16.16. Tizard, I.R., (1995). Immunology – An Introduction, IV Ed., Saunders College
Publications, Philadelphia.
25
CORE COURSE XI - MICROBIOLOGY
UNIT - I
Scope and history of microbiology – Classification of microorganisms – Microbial
diversity, general methods of classifying bacteria, fungi, algae and virus. Morphology
and fine structure of bacterial cells – cell wall and peptidoglycan in Gram positive and
Gram negative bacteria – Reproduction of bacteria, and viruses (lytic and lysogeneic
cycles),
UNIT- II
Bacterial growth and nutritional requirements, nutritional media and growth conditions;
methods for culturing microbes – culture media – microbial growth; Isolation of pure
culture – SPC and MPN techniques.
UNIT - III
Industrial microbiology – Biochemistry of fermentation, fermentation products, basic
design and types of fermentors, production of ethanol, lactic acid, vinegar, citric acid,
Pharmaceuticals – antibiotic, vitamins, microbial enzymes and vaccines – biofertilizers
– biopesticides – biopolymers.
UNIT- IV
Environmental microbiology – nitrogen fixation (symbiotic and non-symbiotic)
mechanism of nitrogen fixation, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous cycle.
Water microbiology – bacteriological examination of domestic water, purification of
water, sewage and its disposal, Aeromicroflora of hospitals and storage materials.
UNIT - V
Medical microbiology – Microorganisms and infectious diseases Epidemiology, clinical
types and therapy of Fungal (Mycoses and Mycotoxicoses), Bacterial (Tuberculosis,
Meningities, Cholera, Boutilism, typhoid) and viral (polio, Hepatatitis, HIV) diseases.
Recommended Text Books
1. Pelczer, M.J., Reid, R.D. and Chan, E.C.S. (1996), Microbiology, V Ed., Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Ananthanarayanan, T and Jayaram Paniker, C.K. (2000), Text Book of Microbiology, VI
Ed., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras.
26
References
1. David Freifelder (1998), Microbial Genetics, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
2. POWAR, C.B. and DIGINAWALA, H.F. (1982), General Microbiology Volume I &
II, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
3. Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinkl, Jack Parker (1997),
Biology of Microorganisms, VIII Ed., Prentice Hall International Inc., USA.
27
CORE COURSE XII - PRACTICAL– III
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, IMMUNOLOGY,
MICROBIOLOGY, BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A.DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Whole mount of chick embryo – 24hrs, 36 hrs, 72hrs and 96 hrs
2. Observation of prepared slides and spotters
3. Effect of thyroxine on metamorphosis of tadpoles
4. Observation of regeneration in tail of tadpoles
B. EVOLUTION
1. Observation of forelimbs or hind limbs of vertebrates (Frog, Calotes, Bird and Mammal) to
demonstrate the common pattern of pentadactyl limb and common ancestry of vertebrates.
2. Report on evidences for evolution based on your observation.
3. Observation of leaf insects and stick insects in the museum to demonstrate adaptation by
cryptic colouration and natural selection.
4. Observation of Monarch and Viceroy butterflies to demonstrate Batesian mimicry.
5. Spotters: Archeoptery, Grand Canyon, Limulus, peripatus, fossils.
C. IMMUNOLOGY
1. Identification of lymphoid organs in rat / mouse.
2. Preparation of antigen and raising antibody –for BSA & SRBC.
3. Blood collection and serum separation
4. Immunodiffusion.
5. ELISA
Spotters: ELISA reader, Micropipette, lymphoid organs
D. MICROBIOLOGY
1. Culture techniques – culture of bacteria
2. Bacterial growth curve
3. Counting and Antibiotic susceptibility test.
Spotters: Laminar air flow, inoculation needle, Autoclave, Incubator
F. BIOSTATISTICS
1. Collection of data (Height, Weight, Blood group, Hb, BMI) from class,
2. Analysis of data using Microsoft exel
G. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Preparation of bibliography for paper
28
ELECTIVE COURSE III - BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A. BIOSTATISTICS
UNIT-I
Introduction, scope and definition, Statistical methods, functions and limitations of
statistics. Collection, organization and presentation of data. Measures of central
tendency – mean, median and mode. Measures of dispersion – range, inter quartile
range, mean deviation, standard deviation and Lorenz curve. Standard error.
UNIT - II
Skewness and kurtosis, measures of skewness, karl-pearson’s coeffeciant of skewness,
Bowley’s measures of skewness, types of coefficient of skewness, types of kurtosis,
correlation analysis – types and methods, Regression analysis – regression line and
regression equation.
UNIT - III
Chi-square test, Analysis of variance, students T test, F test. Probability theory
(Normal, Binomial and Poisson distributions).
B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
UNIT-IV
Reference work: Source, Index card, Details of Popular Magazines and periodicals
(monthly, quarterly and half-yearly journals and reviews). Online browsing of research
articles: infonet and inflibnet Preparation of research dissertation – proof reading –
preparation of bibliography.Preparation of Scientific paper for publication in a Journal.
Internet and e-journals. Computer aided techniques for data analysis, data presentation
and slide preparation.
UNIT -V
LAB SAFETY MEASURES
Biohazardous agentes
Router of exposures
Safety measures
Lab clearing
Genetic Engineering, Animal welfare & safety
29
Disposal of Biohazardous waste
Chemical Hazard, Harmful Fire, Effect of Electrical, Noise, Radiation.
Recommended Text Books
BIOSTATISTICS
1. Milton, J.S. 1992. Statistical methods in Biological and Health Sciences. McGraw Hill
Inc., New York.
2. Gupta, S.P. 1988. An easy approach to statistics. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.1.1.1. N. Gurumani 2006. Research Methodology for Biological Sciences MJP Publishers.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Anderson, Durston and Polle.1970. Thesis and Assignment writing. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Comir and Peter Wood Ford.1979. Writing scientific papers in English. Pitman Medical
Publishing Co., London.
3. Day, R.A. 1994. How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge University
Press, London.
4. Palanichamy, S. and M. Shanmugavelu.1997. Research methods in biological sciences.
Palani Paramount Publications, Tamil Nadu, India.
5. Wilson and Walker. 2000. Practical biochemistry - principles and techniques.
Cambridge University Press.
30
CORE COURSE XIII: APPLIED ECOLOGY BIODIVERSITY AND
CONSERVATION
UNIT – I
Population ecology - density, natality, mortality, distribution, growth rate, population
interaction, structure, dominants, stratification. Community ecology-Radioactivity,
interdependence, Ecotone, edge effect, Niche, succession, climax.
Ecosystem: Concept of ecosystem – structure, types, dynamics ecological pyramids-
Biogeo chemical cycles pond and Forest as examples of natural ecosystem.
UNIT – II
space ecology-space engines, artificial satellite and probes Environmental problems of
space travel Exobiology solar system-methods for testing extra terrestrial life-
environmental survey-SETI programme, Remote sensing-basic concepts and
applications in environmental conservation-Natural Resources-water, Land, forest
mineral, Energy and food resources-rain water Harvesting.
UNIT – III
Pesticides, types, nature and their effects on environment-Absorption-distribution-
Excretion-Bio-tranformation-Techniques for residue analysis: sampling, extraction,
cleanup, analysis, chemical assay and Bioassay .Types of environmental pollution and
their biological effects – Air, Water, Soil, Noise and Radiation pollution.
UNIT – IV
General Aspects: Biodiversity-scope-Types: Genetic diversity-species diversity-
Ecosystem diversity, Causes- Agribiodiversity- Loss of Biodiversity: Factors –
threatened – categories - Endangered , Vulnerable, Rare, Threatened, Values - Ethical
and Aesthetic values, Uses.
UNIT – V
Conservation of Biodiversity: Management: IUCN-UNEP-UNESCO-WWF-FAO-
GEF-WHF-IPRS-CITES- Ramsar convention , Current practice in conservation, In-situ
conservation, Zoo National park, Wildlife sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves,
Protected areas, world Heritage sites-Ex-situ conservation-Social Approaches: sacred
grooves-sthalavrikshas-chipko movement-others-ecosystem restoration.
31
Recommended Readings:
1. Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene P. Odum (1972), W.B. Saunders Company, London.
2. Environmental Biology by Michael Reiss And Jenny Chapman, 2000. Cambridge Press, UK.
3. An Introduction to Ecology and Population by Emmel Thomas, C. (1973), Notron, NY.
4. Fundamentals of Ecology by DASH, M.C., 1993. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
5. Principles of Ecotoxicology by BUTLER, O.C., 1978. John Wiley & Sons, Usa Core.
32
COURSE XIV - PRACTICAL – IV
APPLIED ECOLOGY BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION AND
APICULTURE
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY
1. Maintenance of microcosms
2. Determination of pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and free CO2 in water
3. Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in water
4. Estimation of chlorides in water
5. Estimation of dissolved solids in water, plankton & Insects
6. Visit to drinking water treatment plants
7. Visit to nearest Forest ecosystem
8. Study of a Pond ecosystem – Mahamaham tank & write a report on its biodiversity.
9. Effect of pollutants on primary productivity
10. Determination of LC50 & LD50
Spotters
Secchi disc, Water analyser and Grand Canyon.
Apiculture
1) Honey bee species identification
2) Sex comb mounting
3) Sex identification
4) Forming a model Apiary set up
5) Spotters-Bee wax, different Species of Honey bees, neutons beehive, equipments.
33
ELECTIVE COURSE –IV
APICULTURE
UNIT - I
Honey Bee: Systematic position-species of honey bees- embryology and life history of
honey bee- behaviour- swarming- pheromone.
UNIT - II
Bee colony, castes, Natural colonies and their yield. Types of beehives-structure
location care and management-Genetic studies –breeding of stocks- winterbroods.
UNIT - III
Apiary-care and management-Artificial beehives-different types-construction of space
frames-selection of sites-catching and transforming a colony-Handling and
maintenance of the colony-Instruments employed in Apiary.
UNIT - IV
Bee foraging: pollen and nectar yielding plants. Natural enemies and diseases of honey
bees and their control methods.
UNIT - V
Honey: Extraction and equipments used-chemical compositon - nutritive and medicinal
values-honey yield in national and international market. Present status of apiculture in
India. prospects of apiculture as self employment venture. Preparing proposals (Layout
and budget)for financial assistance and funding agencies.
Refernce
1. Cherian,R.and K.Ramanathan.1992.Bee keeping in India.
2. Mishra,R.C.,1985. Honey bees and their management in India. ICAR.
3. Morse,R.A., 1990.The ABC and XYZ of Bee culture 40th edn. A.I.Root &
co.,Ophio.
4. Rare,S., 1998,Introductiuon to bee keeping.vikas publishing House.
5. Singh, S., 1982 Bee keeping. ICAR.
6. Sharma, P.and singh,L.1987.Hand book of bee keeping.controller printing and
stationery, chandigarh.
34
CORE COURSE XV
PROJECT / DISSERTATION WITH VIVA VOCE
Objectives
To promote original thinking, insemination of knowledge, modulation and innovation of
thought, as an exercise, in order to transport the young minds to the expanding horizon of their
chosen area of knowledge and transform them into knowledge generators.
Project / Dissertation 80 Marks
2 Reviews 20+20 = 40marks
Report Valuation 40Marks
Viva voce 20 Marks
35
