Department of History/Jewish Studies

Hist. 202.401/JWST 202.401: The Holocaust - Ghetto Life in its Historical Context

Thomas Weber

Fall 2005 Class hours: Th 1.30 pm – 4.30 pm Classroom location: College Hall 311F Office hour: Th. Noon – 1 pm Instructor’s office location: Logan Hall 212

e-mail: thweber@sas.upenn.edu Instructor’s phone: 898-5838

Course website available on Blackboard

Course Description

This course examines the almost complete destruction of the European Jewry by Nazi Germany and her allies. The first sessions deal with the Nazi policy towards the Jews, anti-Jewish ideology and the dynamics of annihilation in a condition of war. It asks why the citizens of arguably the most educated country in the world became the perpetrators of genocide. The second half of the course takes the case of the Lodz ghetto in occupied Poland to study death and survival in the Holocaust from the victim’s perspective. It uses newly available photographs (which were taken secretly by a Jewish photographer) and contrasts them with written testimonies. The course aims to discuss the dilemmas the inmates of the ghetto found themselves in: collaboration vs. resistance, the ‘guilt’ of survival. etc. Did morality cease to exist in the ghetto? What difference did the actions of victims make? The final session investigates the problems of comparing genocide.

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Course Requirements

Students are responsible for completing assigned readings prior to class, for regular attendance, and for active participation in discussions. To help that along, there will be weekly 750 words maximum (word processed) writing assignments that address questions about the readings, creating an accumulating record of the course as it develops. They will be graded and can be handed in at class. These assignments should be done for the week they are assigned. You are expected to complete at least five weekly assignments. These assignments are not mini essays and need not be particularly polished and will be graded accordingly. Their function is to organize your thoughts for the classroom discussions, not to overload you with work. If you choose to address one of the questions suggested in the outline of the course, you should obviously focus on normally only on one question. Do not try to address all questions!

You will also be expected to do one slightly more substantial assignment and to write one term paper. The assignment is due for session 3 and will be explained in the introductory session. The basic idea of the assignment is for students to make a case if British colonial violence is part of the history of colonial genocide that according to Hannah Arendt constitutes the precursor of the Holocaust. The suggested length of the assignment is 1,500 words.

The term paper is due by December 5th at 11 am on a topic to be determined in consultation with the instructor (maximum length: 5,000 words).

There will be no exam.

Course grades will be based on class participation as well as on written work. Course grades will be an average of the term paper (35 %), the assignment for session 3 (15 %) the weekly assignments (25 %), and of class participation (25 %), adjusted if necessary for weekly assignment deficiencies.

If you need to see me to discuss your work with me, you can either come to see me in my office during my office hour or, at other times, you can just take your chance and see if I am in my office anyway.

Required Texts

The core books for this course are Deborah Dwork and Robert Jan van Pelt’s Holocaust: A History and my own Lodz Ghetto Album. In addition, selected other books, chapters from books and articles will be assigned. In addition, to the core books, you might want to consider purchasing Yitzhak Arad’s Documents on the Holocaust, Omer Bartov’s excellent The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath and finally Dan Stone’s The Historiography of the Holocaust. Stone’s book is a bit on the expensive side and you have got to decide yourselves if you can justify the expense of its purchase.

The following texts for the course are available on reserve at the van Pelt Library. They are also available for purchase at the University Bookstore: ♣ Dwork, Déborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust: A History (London, 2002)

♣ Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selected by Martin Parr & Timothy Prus) (London, 2004)

Arad, Yitzhak et al., Documents on the Holocaust (Lincoln, Neb., 1999)

Bartov, Omer (ed.), The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath (London, 2000)

Stone, Dan, The Historiography of the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2004)

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Outline and Readings

!!! Cf. the course website for updates on the weekly reading assignments !!!

Session 1 (8 September 2005): Introduction Session 2 (15 September 2005): The Holocaust in History & anti-Semitism

Required Reading (c. 170-5 pp): Stargardt, Nicholas, ‘The Holocaust’, in Fulbrook, (ed.), German History since 1800, pp. 339-360; Moses, Dirk A., ‘The Holocaust and Genocide’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 533-555; Dwork/vanPelt, ‘Introduction: Death’s Great Carnival’; Chapters 1 – 2; Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119

Optional Reading: Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 1981), pp. 9-160; Marrus, The Holocaust in History

Questions to Consider: What is genocide? Does genocide require intent? What are ‘war crimes’? Did Raphael Lemkin conflate the fate of Jews with that of other groups or nationalities? What fuelled ethnic tensions in Central and Eastern Europe between the French revolution and 1945? How sufficient an explanation for the Holocaust is anti-Semitism?

Session 3 (19 September 2005, 7 pm – 9 pm; location tba): Colonial Violence Required Reading (17 pp): Zimmerer, Jürgen, ‘Colonial Genocide and the Holocaust: Towards an Archeology

of Genocide’, in Moses, Dirk A. (ed.), Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (New York, 2004), pp. 49-76

Optional Reading: Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History (Princeton, 2002).

Questions to Consider: Are Hannhah Arendt and Juergen Zimmerer right in seeing in colonial violence the origin of the Holocaust? Britain What is the link between the evolution of racism in European history and the Holocaust?]

Session 4 (29 September 2005): Nazi Ideology and the Jews

Incl short Session on Source Criticism and on essay writing techniques.

Required Reading (c. 95-100 pp.): Dwork/van Pelt, Chapter 3; Noakes, Jeremy, ‘Hitler and the Third Reich’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 24-51; Geyer, Michael, ‘War, Genocide, Extermination: The War against the Jews in an Era of World Wars’, in Geyer/Jarausch, Shattered Past, pp. 111-148

Optional Reading: Arad, Yitzhak et al., Documents on the Holocaust (Lincoln, Neb., 1999), pp. 7-88; Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken, 1995)

Questions to Consider: What, if any causal relationship exists between the First World War and the the Holocaust? Was Mein Kampf a blueprint for genocide? How do ‘intentionalist’ and ‘structuralist’ approaches to Nazi history differ? Was Hitler voted to power because or inspite of his anti-Semitism? How did Germans come to support Hitler? Was Nazism primarily a social or an ideological movement? How did Nazi Germany function? How do you account for the growing support of Hitler in Germany between 1933 and 1939? What is the relationship between traditional anti-Semitism in Germany and Europe and the Holocaust? Does the ‘Working Towards the Fuehrer’ principle successfully account for the dynamics of the Third Reich? Was Nazism anti-Communism? What does Michael Geyer mean with ‘catastrophic nationalism’?

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Session 5 (6 October 2005): Anti-Jewish Legislation and Practice from 1933 to the Wannsee Conference

Screening of Leni Riefenstahl’s Olympia or Triumph of the Will

Required Reading (c. 130 pp): Dwork/van Pelt, Ch. 4; Kershaw, Ian, ‘Hitler and the Holocaust’, in idem, The Nazi Dictatorship, pp. 93-133; Klemperer, Diaries, 1933-1941, entries for 10 March – 17 June 1933, 23 Oct. – 14 Nov. 1933, 13 June – 21 Aug. 1934, 2 May – 17 Sept. 1935, 13 Aug. – 24 Nov. 1936, 23 May – 15 Dec. 1938, 3 Sept. – 9 Dec. 1939; also please read contributions on the debate on Götz Aly’s recent Hitler’s Volksstaat: Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus (Frankfurt, 2005) on H-German

Questions to consider: Was ‘Reichskristallnacht’ a turning point in the anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich? What does the reaction of the German public indicate about popular attitudes towards the Jews? Did Nazi leaders ever serious deliberate to settle Jews in Madagascar? Why did the German leadership permit emigration until 1941?

Session 6 (13 October 2005: Yom Kippur – to be rescheduled): The Final Solution

Required Reading (151 pp): Dwork/van Pelt, Chs. 7, 10; Gerlach, Christian, ‘The Wannsee Conference …’ in Bartov, The Holocaust: Origins, Interpretation, Aftermath, pp. 106-61; Browning, Christopher R., ‘The Decision-Making Process’, in Stone, Historiography of the Holocaust, pp. 173-196; Aly, Götz, ‘The Planning Intelligentsia and the ‘Final Solution’, in Bartov, The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath, pp. 92-105

Optional Reading: Wistrich, Robert S., ‘The “Final Solution”’, in idem, Hitler and the Holocaust, pp. 95-125; Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews (STUDENT EDITION), (New York, 1985), pp. 99-153 [Einsatztruppen]

Questions to Consider: When did the decision to systematically kill the Jews of Europe become the only and ‘final’ solution to the ‘Jewish Question’? How central were the Einsatztruppen to the implementation of the Final Solution? Was the Holocaust triggered more by a culmination of cool economic analysis than by virulent anti-Semitism? What role did the regular German Army play in the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’? What difference did the Wannsee Conference make?

Session 7 (20 October 2005): Willing Executioners? The Grass-Root Perpetrators of the Holocaust

Required Reading (137 pp): Browning, Christopher R., ‘Ordinary Men’, in idem, Ordinary Men, (=ch. 18), pp. 159-189; Browning, ‘Behavior and Motivation in the Light of New Evidence’, in idem, Nazi Policy, pp. 143-175; Klemperer, Diaries, 1942-1945, 19 Febr. 1942, 16 March 1942, 11 May 1942, 7 June 1942, 16-28 June 1942, 14 July 1942, 27 + 29 July 1942, 25 Aug 1942; 115 Jan. 27 Febr. 1945

Optional Reading: Matthäus, Jürgen, ‘Historiography and the Perpetrators of the Holocaust’, in Stone, Historiography and the Holocaust, pp. 197-215; Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executions, chs. on Police Batalion 241; Bartov, ch. 7, in Bartov: The Holocaust; Dwork/ van Pelt, Ch. 11; Dwork/ van Pelt, ch. 14; Gellately, Backing Hitler

Questions to Consider: Why did ordinary Germans become willing perpetrators of the Holocaust? Were the perpetrators ‘ordinary men’? How far reaching was German society responsible for the Holocaust?

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Session 8 (27 October 2005): Non-German Perpetrators of the Holocaust & the Reaction of the West to the shoah

Required Reading (139 pp.): Snyder, Tim, ‘The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943’, Past and Present, 179 (May, 2003), 197-234; Dean, Martin, ‘Local Collaboration in the Holocaust in Eastern Europe’, in Stone, Historiography and the Holocaust, pp. 120-140; Dwork/ van Pelt, chs., 5, 12, 13

Optional Reading: Gross, J.T., Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton, 2001); Wasserstein, Bernard, Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939-1945 (2nd ed., New York, 1999); Arad, Documents, pp. 88-154, Kushner, Tony, ‘Britain, the United States and the Holocaust: In Search of a Historiography’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 253-275, Wistrich, ‘Britain, America and the Holocaust’, in idem, Hitler and the Holocaust, pp. 190-215; Rubinstein, William R., ‘The Myth of Bombing Auschwitz’, in idem, The Myth of Rescue, pp. 157-181

Questions to consider: What was the role of non-German perpetrators? How did gentile – Jewish relations in the German-occupied territories impact on the implementation of the Holocaust? Why was Auschwitz not bombed? Is the role of the West best described as one of bystanders? How did the internal conflict in Palestine impinge on the problem? What role did the unwillingness of the countries of the West to receive refugees from German-controlled Europe before 1939 play for our understanding of the Holocaust? What is the role of the Vatican in the Holocaust?

Session 9 (3 November 2005): The Lodz Ghetto

Required Reading (153 pp).: Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘Lodz’, in Gutman, Encyclopedia, iii, pp. 900-9; Gutman, ‘Ghetto’, in idem, Encyclopedia, ii, 579-582; Landau, Zbigniew, ‘’Ghettos, Nutrition in’, Gutman, Encyclopedia, ii, pp. 583-4; Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim’, in Gutman, Encyclopedia, iii, pp. 1312–14; Trunk, Isaiah, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (Lincoln, Neb.), pp. 388-450; Dobroszycki, Lucjan (ed.), The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto (New Haven,1987), pp. 425-452, 489-536 [check page numbers]

Optional Reading: Cole, Tim, ‘Ghettoization’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 65-87; Pohl, Dieter, ‘War, Occupation and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 88-119Dwork/van Pelt, ch. 8 & 9; Michman, Dan, ‘Jewish Leadership in Extremis’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 319-340; Hilberg, Destruction [Student Edition], pp. 74-98

Questions to consider: How did the Jews react? What role did Jewish Councils play in the Holocaust? How did Lodz differ from other ghettos? What role did Chaim Rumkowski play? How do the strategies of survival of Lodz and Warsaw differ? How aware were the Jews of the Holocaust?

Session 10 (10 November 2005): Screening of Alan Adelson’s documentary Lodz Ghetto

Session 11 (17 November 2005): Holocaust Photography from the Lodz Ghetto

Required Reading: Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selceted by Martin Parr & Timothy Prus) (London, 2004)

Optional Reading: Ben-Menahem, Arieh, ‘Grossman, Mendel’, in Gutman, Encyclopedia, pp. 622–23; Shaar, Pinchas, ‘Mendel Grossman: Photographic Bard of

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the Lodz Ghetto’, in Shapiro, Holocaust Chronicles, pp. 125-153, Waxmann, Zoë, ‘Testimony and Representation’, in Stone, Historiography, pp. 487-507; Browning, Collected Memories: Holocaust History and Postwar Testimony

Questions to consider: Should we use visual imagery any different form the way we are using textual evidence? What has been the role of survivors in shaping our image of ghetto life?

24 November 2005: Thanksgiving – No Class Session 12 (1 December 2005): Death and Survival in the Ghetto

Required Reading (113 pp): Levi, Primo, ‘The Gray Zone’ in Bartov, Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath, pp. 251-271; Trunk, Judenrat, pp. 548-75 [Collaboration]; Trunk, Judenrat, pp. 451-74 [Resistance]; Dwork/van Pelt, ch. 14; Rozett, Robert, ‘Jewish Resistance’, in Stone, Historiography of the Holocaust, pp. 341-363

Optional Reading: Dwork/van Pelt, ch. 11; Arad et al.; Documents, pp. 201-13, 228-

41, 276-86, 292-327

Questions to consider: Was the dilemma of resistance vs. collaboration confined to the Jewish Councils, the ghetto police and a small number of collaborators around that group? Did morality cease to exist in the ghetto? Why was resistance not more widespread?.

Session 13 (8 December 2005): The Afterlife of the Holocaust & The Holocaust and Genocide in the 20th Century

Required Reading: Neier, Aryeh, ‘War and War Crimes: A Brief History’, in Bartov, O. Grossmann, Nolan (eds.), Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2002); Wistrich, Robert S., ‘Modernity and Nazi Genocide’, in idem, Hitler and the Holocaust, pp. 216-245; Kuper, Leo, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 1981), pp. 161-220

Questions to consider: What makes the Holocaust distinct from other genocides? Why do advanced as well as primitve societies engage in genocide? What is the role of modernity in genocide in the 20th Century?

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Bibliography

This bibliography is meant to assist you in identifying relevant reading for your course assignments. However, the bibliography is only meant as a first point of entry into the historiography of modern Germany. You are encouraged to make full use of the riches of the Regenstein Library and other local libraries.

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Use the internet INTELLEGENTLY! The internet is a great resource for historical research. But many websites particularly on the Third Reich are at best of mediocre quality, the use of which is the best way to lower the quality of your coursework. The use of the internet MUST not replace the reading of the assigned secondary texts.

1) The Holocaust a) Handbooks and Encyclopaedias ⊗ Gilbert, Martin, Atlas of the Holocaust, 3rd ed. (New York, 2002) ⊗ Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, (New York/London, 1990) Spector, Shmuel; Wigoder, Geoffrey (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life before and During the Holocaust (Jersualem, 2001) b) General Works on the Holocaust ⊗ Aly, Götz, ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews (London, 1999) Ibid, Hitler’s Volksstaat: Raub, Rassenkrieg und nationaler Sozialismus (Frankfurt, 2005) Bartov, Omer, Germany's War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories (Ithaca, NY, 2003) Idem, Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide, and Modern Identity (New York, 2002) ⊗ Idem, Murder in Our Midst: The Holocaust, Industrial Killing, and Representation (New York, 1996) ⊗ Bartov, Omer (ed.), The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath (London, 2000) ⊗ Bauer, Yehuda, A History of the Holocaust, rev. ed. (New York, 2001) Idem, Rethinking the Holocaust (New Haven, CT, 2000) Bauman, Zygmunt, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, N.Y., 1989)

⊗ Benz, Wolfgang (ed.) Dimension des Völkermords: Die Zahl der jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (München, 1991) Benz, Wolfgang, The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide (London, 2000) Browning, Christopher R., Fateful Months: Essays on the Emergence of the Final Solution (New York, 1985) ⊗ Idem, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge, 2000) Idem, The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution (Cambridge, 1995 (1992)) Burleigh, Michael, Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide (Cambridge, 1997) ⊗ Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews (London, 1994) Cesarani, David (ed.), The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation (London, 1997) Corni, Gustavo, Hitler’s Ghettos: Voices from a Beleaguered Society 1939-1944 (London, 2002) Dawidowicz, Lucy, The War against the Jews, 1933-1945 (London, 1975) Diner, Dan, Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the Holocaust (Berkeley, CA, 2000) ⊗ Dwork, Déborah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Holocaust: A History (London, 2002) Favez, Jean-Claude, The Red Cross and the Holocaust ((Cambridge, 1999) Fleming, Gerald, Hitler and the Final Solution (Berkeley, 1984)

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Friedländer, Saul, Nazi Germany and the Jews vol. I 1933-1939 (New York, 1997) Friedländer, Saul (ed.), Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final Solution” (Cambridge, Mass., 1992) Friedlander, Henry, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill, NC, 1995) Friedlander, Henry; Milton, Sybil (eds.), The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide (Millwood, 1980) Friedman, Philip, Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust (without place, 1980) Gilbert, Martin, The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy (London, 1986) Gruner, Wolf, Öffentliche Wohlfahrt und Judenverfolgung: Wechselwirkungen lokaler und zentraler Politik im NS-Staat, 1933-1942 (Munich, 2002) Gutman, Israel, ‘Ghetto’, in idem, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ii. (New York/London, 1990), 579-582 Herbert, Ulrich (ed.), National-Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies (New York, 2000) ⊗ Hilberg, Raul, The Destruction of the European Jews, 3 vols. (Chicago, 1961); 1 vol. student edition: (New York, London: 1985) Idem, Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945 (New York, 1993) Jersak, Tobias, ‘A Matter of Foreign Policy: “Final Solution” and “Final Victory” in Nazi Germany’, German History, 21: 3 (2003), 369-91 Jones, David H., Moral Responsibility in the Holocaust: A Study in the Ethics of Character (Lanham, Maryland, 1999) Kogon, Eugen, The Theory and Practice of Hell – The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them (London, 1950) Longerich, Peter, Politik der Vernichtng: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverffolgung (Munich, 1998) Mayer, Arno, Why did the Heavens not Darken? The “Final Solution” in History (New York, 1988) Mogilanski, Roman, The Ghetto Anthology: A Comprehensive Chronicle of the Extermination of Jewry in Nazi Death Camps and Ghettos in Poland (Los Angeles, 1985)

Moore, Bob, ‘The Rescue of Jews from Nazi Persecution: A West European Perspective’, Journal of Genocide Research, 5: 2 (June 2003), 293-316 Ofer, Dalia; Weitzman, Lenore (eds.), Women in the Holocaust (New Haven, Connecticut, 1998) Pohl, Dieter, Holocaust: Die Ursachen, das Geschehen, die Folgen (Freiburg, 2000) Reitlinger, Gerald, The Final Solution: The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe 1939-1945 (New York, 1961) Roseman, Mark, The Villa, the Lake, the Meeting: Wannsee and the Final Solution (London, 2003) Schleunes, Karl A., The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy toward German Jews, 1933-1939 (London, 1970 Stargardt, Nicholas, ‘The Holocaust’, in Fulbrook, Mary (ed.), German History since 1800 (London, 1997), pp. 339-360 Ibid., Witnesses of War: Children’s Lives under the Nazis (London, 2005) Weindling, Paul Julian, Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890-1945 (Oxford, 2000) Wistrich, Robert S., Hitler and the Holocaust (London, 2001)

c) Perpetrators

Adam, Uwe Dietrich, Judenpolitik im Dritten Reich (Düsseldorf, 1972) Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (London, 1963) Bankier, David, The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion under Nazism (Oxford, 1992) Bartov, Omer, The Eastern Front 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare (London, 1985) Birn, Ruth Bettina; Finkelstein, Norman G., A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical truth (New York, 1998) Breitman, Richard, Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York, 1991) Browning, Christopher, The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office (New York, 1978) ⊗ Idem, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1993 (1992)) Eley, Geoff (ed.), The "Goldhagen Effect": History,

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Memory, Nazism: Facing the German Past (Ann Arbor, 2000) ⊗ Goldhagen, Daniel J., Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London, 1996) Briefe an Goldhagen: Eingeleitet und Beantwortet von Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (Berlin, 1997) Gordon, Sarah, Hitler, Germans and the “Jewish Question” (Princeton, 1984) Heer, Hannes; Naumann, Klaus (eds.), War of Extermination: The German Military in World war II 1941-1944 (New York, 2000) Housden, Martyn, Hans Frank, Lebensraum and the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2003) Kautz, Fred, The German Historians: Hitler's Willing Executioners and Daniel Goldhagen (Montreal, 2003) Kershaw, Ian, ‘Improvised Genocide? The Emergence of the „Final Solution“ in the „Warthegau“’ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, II (6th series), 1992, pp. 51-78. Lifton, Robert J., The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York, 1986) Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Rieß, Volker; Pyta, Wolfram (eds.), Deutscher Osten 1939-1945: Der Weltanschauungskrieg in Photos und Texten (Darmstadt, 2003) Rieß, Volker, Die Anfänge der Vernichtung „lebensunwerten Lebens“ in den Reichsgauen Danzig-Westpreußen und Wartheland 1939/40, (Frankfurt am Main, 1995) Scheffler, Wolfgang, ‘The Forgotten Part of the „Final Solution“: The Liquidation of the Ghettos’ Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 2 (1985), 31-51. Schoeps, Julius H. (ed.), Ein Volk von Mördern? Die Dokumentation zur Goldhagen-Kontroverse um die Rolle der Deutschen im Holocaust (Hamburg, 1996) Shandley, Robert S. (ed.), Unwilling Germans? The Goldhagen Debate (Minneapolis, 1998) Weinreich, Max, Hitler;s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes against the Jewish People (New York, 1946) d) Victims Aaron, Frieda W., Bearing the Unbearable. Yiddish and Polish Poetry in the Ghettos and Concentration Camps (New York, 1990) Ainsztein, Reuben, Jewish Resistance in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe (London, 1974)

Ball-Kaduri, K.Y., ;Evidence of Witness. Its Value and Limitations’ Yad Vashem Studies, 3 (1959), 79-90 Bauer, Yehuda, Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust (Tel Aviv, 1989) Dehmlow, Raimund, Bücher und Bibliotheken in Ghettos und Lagers (1933-1945) (Hanover, 1996) Des Pres, Terrence, The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps (New York 1976) Dobroszycki, Lucjan, ‘Jewish Elites under German Rule’, in, Friedlander, Henry; Milton, Sybil (eds.), The Holocaust: Ideology, Bureaucracy and Genocide (Millwood, 1980), pp. 221-230 Dwork, Debórah, Children with a Star: Jewish Youth in Nazi Europe (New Haven, CT, 1991) Erler, Hans; Paucker, Arnold; Ehrlich, Ernst Ludwig (eds.), „Gegen alle Vergeblichkeit“. Jüdischer Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt am Main 2003) Friedberg, Maurice, ‘The Question of the Judenräte’ in, Commentary, July 1973, 61-63 Friedman, Philip, ‘Social Conflicts in the Ghetto’, in idem, Roads, pp. 131-152 Ibid., ‘The Jewish Ghettos of the Nazi Era’, in, idem, Roads, pp. 59-87 Ibid., ‘Jewish Resistance to Nazism’, in, idem, Roads, pp. 387-408 Glass, James M., Jewish Resistance during the Holocaust: Moral Uses of Violence and Will (Baasingstoke, 2004) Hilberg, Raul, ‘The Judenrat- Conscious or Unconscious Tool’, in Gutman, Yisrael; Half, Cynthia (eds.), Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe 1933-1945 Proceedings of the Third Yad Vashem International Historical Conference (Jerusalem, 1977) Ibid., ‘Rettung und Kollaboration - der Fall Lodz’, in, Kiesel, Strategien, pp. 65-76. Kiesel, Doron; Kugelmann, Cilly, Loewy, Hanno and Neuhauss, Dietrich (eds.), ‘Wer zum Leben, wer zum Tod …’ Strategien jüdischen Überlebens im Ghetto (Frankfurt am Main, 1992) Klein, Bernard, ‘The Judenrat’ Jewish Social Studies, 22 (1960), 27-42 Krakowski, Shmuel, The War of the Doomed: Jewish Resistance in Poland 1941-1944 (New York, 1984) Landau, Zbigniew, ‘Ghettos, Nutrition in’, Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ii. (New York, 1990), pp. 583-4

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Levi, Primo, ‘The Gray Zone’ in Bartov, Omer (ed.), The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation, Aftermath (London, 2000) Ibid., Survival in Auschwitz: The Nazi Assault on Humanity (New York, 1958) Lustiger, Arno, Zum Kampf auf Leben und Tod! Vom Widerstand der Juden 1933-1945 (Munich, 1997) Marrus, Michael, ‘Jewish Resistance to the Holocaust’, Journal of Contemporary History, 30 (1995), pp. 83-110. Mokotoff, Gary; Sack, Sallyann Amdur, Where Once We Walked: A Guide to the Jewish Communities Destroyed in the Holocaust (Teaneck, N.J., 1991) Prekerowa, Teresa, ‘The Jewish Underground and the Polish Underground’, Polin, 9 (1996), 148-157 Rab, Bennet, Under the Shadow of the Swastika: The Moral Dilemma of Resistance and Collaboration in Hitler’s Europe (Basingstoke, 1999) Rohrlich, Rudy (ed.), Resisting the Holocaust (Oxford, 1998) Rudavsky, Joseph, To Live with Hope, to Die with Dignity: Spiritual Resistance in the Ghettos and Camps (Northvale, N.J., c. 1997) Shavit, David, Hunger for the Printed Word: Books and Libraries in the Jewish Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe (Jefferson, N.C., 1997) Stein, André, Hidden Children: Forgotten Survivors of the Holocaust (Toronto, 1993) Todorov, Tzvetan, Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps (New York, 1996) Trunk, I., Judenrat: ‘The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation (New York, 1972) Weiss, Aharon, ‘The Relationship between the Judenrat and the Jewish Police’, in Gutman, Yisrael; Half, Cynthia (eds.), Patterns of Jewish Leadership in Nazi Europe 1933-1945 Proceedings of the Third Yad Vashem International Historical Conference (Jerusalem, 1977) e) Jewish Experiences of the Holocaust in Germany Bajohr, Frank, ‘Aryanisation’ in Hamburg: The Economic Exclusion of Jews and the Confiscation of their Property in Nazi Germany (New York, 2002) Gross, L., The Last Jews in Berlin (London, 1983) Hirschfeld, Gerhard (ed.), The Politics of Genocide: Jews and Soviet Prisoners of War in Nazi Germany (London, 1986)

Kaplan, Marion A., Between Dignity and Despair : Jewish life in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1998) Roseman, Mark, The Past in Hiding (London, 2000) f) Austria Rabinovici, Doron, Instanzen der Ohnmacht: Wien 1938-1945. Der Weg zum Judenrat (Frankfurt am Main, 2000) g) Poland aa) General and Places other than Lodz Abramsky, Chimen; Jachimczyk, Maciej; Polonsky, Antony (eds..), The Jews in Poland (Oxford, 1987) Apenszlak, Jacob, The Black Book of Polish Jewry: An Account of the Martyrdom of Polish Jewry Under the Nazi Occupation (New York, 1943) (reprint, Bodenheim, 1995, ed. By Arno Lustiger) Arad, Yitzhak, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington/, Ind., 2nd ed., 1999) Brocke, Michael (ed.), Beter und Rebellen: Aus 1000 Jahren Judentum in Polen (Frankfurt am Main, 1983) Czech, Danuta, Kalendarium der Ereignisse im Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau 1939-1945 (Reinbek, 1989) Dwork, Debórah; van Pelt, Robert Jan, Auschwitz (New York, 1996) Engel, David, In the Shadow of Auschwitz: the Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1939-1942 (Chapel Hill N. C.,1987) Idem, Facing a Holocaust: the Polish Government-in-exile and the Jews, 1943-1945 (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1993) Engelking, Barbara: ‘„Sehr geehrter Herr Gestapo“. Denunziationen im deutsch besetzten Polen 1940/41’, in Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Musial, Bogdan, Genesis des Genozids: Polen 1939-1941 (Darmstadt, 2004), pp. 206-220 Friedrich, Klaus-Peter, ‘Kollaboration und Antisemitismus in Polen unter deutscher Besatzung (1939-1944/45). Zu verdrängten Aspekten eines schwierigen deutsch-polnisch-jüdischen Verhältnisses’, Zeitschrift fuer Geschichtswissenschaft, 45 (1997), 818-834. Gerson, Daniel, ‘Deutsche und Juden in Polen, 1918-1939’, Jahrbuch für Antisemitismusfoschung, 2 (1992), pp. 62-92 Golczewski, Frank, Polnisch-jüdische Beziehungen: Eine Studie zur Geschichte des Antisemitismus in Osteuropa (Wiesbaden, 1981)

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Gross, J.T., Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland (Princeton, 2001) Guesnet, François, Polnische Juden im 19. Jahrhundert: Lebensbedingungen, Rechtsnormen und Organisation im Wandel (Cologne, 1998) Gutman, Yisrael (Israel), The Jews of Warsaw: Ghetto, Underground, Revolt (Bloomington, Indiana, 1982) Hilberg, Raul et al. (eds.), The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow (New York, 1979) Huberband, Rabbi Shimon, Kiddush Hashem. Jewish Religious and Cultural Life in Poland During the Holocaust, ed. by Jeffrey S. Gurock, Robert S. Hirt (Hoboken/New York, 1987) Jersch-Wenzel, Stefi (ed.), Deutsche-Juden-Polen. Ihre Beziehungen von den Anfängen bis ins 20. Jahrundert (Berlin, 1987) Kaplan, Chaim A., Buch der Agonie: Das Warschauer Tagebuch des Chaim A. Kaplan, ed. by Abraham I. Katsh (Frankfurt am Main, 1967) Kermish, Joseph (ed..), To Live with Honor and Die with Honor!... Selected Documents from the Warsaw Ghetto Underground Archives O.S. [„Oneg Shabbath“] (Jerusalem, 1986) Kłańska, Maria (ed.), Jüdisches Städtebild Krakau (Frankfurt am Main, 1994) Kapralski, Sławomir, The Jews of Poland, 2 vols. (Cracow, 1999) Kleßmann, Christoph (ed.), September 1939: Krieg, Besatzung, Widerstand in Polen. Acht Beiträge (Göttingen, 1989) Lawaty, Andreas; Orłowski, Hubert (eds.), Deutsche und Polen. Geschichte – Kultur – Politik (Munich, 2003) Löw, Andrea; Robusch, Kerstin; Walter, Stefanie (eds.), Deutsche – Juden – Polen: Geschichte einer wechselvollen Beziehung im 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 2004)

Ibid., ‘ „Nicht in Melancholie verfallen“: Reaktionen der jüdischen Minderheit im deutsch besetzten Polen 1939-1941’ in, Mallmann; Musial, Genesis, pp. 170-186 MacLean, French E., The Ghetto Men: The SS Destruction of the Jewish Warsaw Ghetto--April-May 1943 (Atglen, PA, 2001) Maier, Robert; Stöber, Georg (eds.), Zwischen Abgrenzung und Assimilation – Deutsche, Polen und Juden. Schauplätze ihres Zusammenlebens von der Zeit der Aufklärung bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Hannover, 1996)

Mallmann, Klaus-Michael; Musial, Bogdan, Genesis des Genozids: Polen 1939-1941 (Darmstadt, 2004) Marcus, Joseph, Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 (Berlin, 1983) Mogilanski, Roman, The Ghetto Anthology: A Comprehensive Chronicle of the Extermination of Jewry in Nazi Death Camps and Ghettos in Poland (Los Angeles, 1985) Paulsson, Gunnar, Secret City: The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940-1945 (New Haven, 2002) Redlich, Shimon, Together and Apart in Brzezany: Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919-1945 (Bloomington, IN, 2002) Roland, Charles G, Courage under Siege: Starvation, Disease, and Death in the Warsaw Ghetto (New York, 1992) Rossino, Alexander B., Hitler strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology, and Atrocity (Kansas, 2003) Sakowska, Ruta, Die zweite Etappe ist der Tod. NS-Ausrottungspolitik gegen die polnischen Juden, gesehen mit den Augen der Opfer (Berlin, 1993) Ibid., Menschen im Ghetto: die jüdische Bevölkerung im besetzten Warschau 1939-1943 (Osnabrück ,1999) Schelvis, Jules, Vernichtungslager Sobibór (Berlin, 1998) Snyder, Tim, ‚The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansin 1943’, Past and Present, 179 (May, 2003), 197-234

S Stampfer, Shaul, ‘Marital Patterns in Interwar Poland’, in: Gutman et al.: Jews, pp. 173-197. Tec, Nehama, When Light Pierced Darkness: Christian Rescue of Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland (New York, 1986) Tomaszewski, Jerzy, ‘Jews in Łódź in 1931 According to Statistics’ Polin, 6 (1991), pp. 173-200 bb) Lodz aaa) General Adelson, Alan and Lapides, Robert (eds.), Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community under Siege (London, 1991 (New York, 1989)) Berg, Silke, Wenn sich Vergangenes zunehmend mit Nacht bedeckt- : Bilder vom Ghetto in Lodz 1940-1944, Bilder von Orten 1995, Portraits von Juden in Lodz 1995 (Frankfurt am Main, 2000) Bonisławski, Ryszard, ‚Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der Juden des Gettos Litzmannstadt - eine Bibliographie

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polnischer Veröffentlichungen’, in. Budziarek, Judaica, pp. 180-197 Brandes, Harald, ‘Historische Stadtstrukturen von Łódź unter dem Aspekt ethnisch-kultureller Vielfalt’, in, Maier, Robert; Stöber, Georg (ed.), Zwischen Abgrenzung und Assimilation – Deutsche, Polen und Juden. Schauplätze ihres Zusammenlebens von der Zeit der Aufklärung bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Hanover, 1996), pp. 175-184 Budziarek, Marek, ‘Konfessionelle Koexistenz in Lodz im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert’, in, Hensel, Jürgen (ed.), Polen, Deutsche und Juden in Lodz 1820-1939: Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft (Osnabrück, 1999), pp. 269-282 Dobroszycki, Lucjan (ed.), The Chronicle of the Lodz Ghetto, 1941-1944 (New Haven, 1984) Feuchert, Sascha et al. (eds.), Letzte Tage: Die Łódźer Getto-Chronik im Juni/Juli 1944 (Göttingen, 2004) Franquinet, Guy M.Y.Ph et al., Litzmannstadt… Ein Kapitel deutscher Geldgeschichte… A Chapter of German Monetary History (Crailsheim, 1994) Gerson, Daniel, ‘Antisemitische Erfahrungen in Lodz zwischen den beiden Weltkriege, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 257-268 Guesnet, François, Lodzer Juden im 19. Jahrhundert: Ihr Ort in einer multikulturellen Stadtgesellschaft (Leipzig, 1997) Hensel, Jürgen (ed.), Polen, Deutsche und Juden in Lodz 1820-1939: Eine schwierige Nachbarschaft (Osnabrück, 1999) Hofmann, Andreas R., ‘Die vergessene Okkupation: Lodz im Ersten Weltkrieg’, in, Löw, Andrea; Robusch, Kerstin; Walter, Stefanie (eds.), Deutsche – Juden – Polen: Geschichte einer wechselvollen Beziehung im 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), pp. 59-78 Janczak, Julian K., ‘The National Structure of the Population in Łódź in the years 1820-1939’, Polin, 6 (1991), pp. 20-26 Kamińska, Maria, ‘References to Polish-Jewish Coexistence in the Memoirs of Łódź Workers: A Linguistic Analysis’ Polin, 6 (1991), 207-222 Klein, Peter, Spuren aus dem Getto Lódz 1940-1944: Dokumente der Sammlung Wolfgang Haney, Berlin: eine Ausstellung in der Gedenk- und Bildungsstätte Haus der Wannsee-Konferenz vom 28. März 1999 bis zum 30. Dezember 2000: Textheft zur Ausstellung (enthält alle Texte und ausgewählte Abbildungen sowie ergänzende Dokumente) (Berlin, 2000) Klein, Peter, ‘Zwangsarbeit im Ghetto Lodz. Die Wehrmacht als Auftraggeber’, Mitteilungen aus dem Bundesarchiv, 11 (2003), Heft 1, 23-8

Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘’Biebow, Hans’, in Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, i., (New York, 1990), pp. 214-5 Idem, ’Lodz’, in Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, iii., (New York, 1990), pp. 900-9 Kosmala, Beate, ‘Lodzer Juden und Deutsche im Jahr 1933: Die Rezeption der nationalsozialistischen Machtübernahme in Deutschland und ihre Wirkung auf das Verhältnis von jüdischer und deutscher Minderheit’, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 237-245. Kranitz-Sanders, Lillian, Twelve Who Survived: An Oral History of the Jews of Lodz, Poland, 1930-1954 (New York, 1984) Krysińska, Karolina; Lester, David, ‘Suicide in the Łódź Ghetto 1941-1944’ Polish Psychological Bulletin, 33/2 (2002), 21-26 Liszewski, Stanisław, ‘The Role of the Jewish Community in the Organization of Urban Space in Łódź’, Polin 6 (1991), pp. 27-36 Mroczka, Ludwik, ‘Die Berufs- und Sozialstruktur der wichtigsten ethnischen Gruppen in Lodz und ihre Entwicklung in den Jahren 1918-1939’, in Hensel, Polen, pp. 45-66. Puś, Wiesław: The Development of the City of Łódź (1820-1939), in, Polin, 6 (1991), 3-19 Pytlas, Stefan, ‘Die Beziehungen zwischen jüdischen und christlichen Unternehmern in Lodz bis 1914’, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 131-138 Pytlas, Stefan, ‘The National Composition of Łódź Industrialists before 1914’, Polin 6 (1991), 37-56 Samuś, Paweł, ‘The Jewish Community in the Political Life of Łódź in the years 1865-1914’, Polin, 6 (1991), 88-104 Ibid., ‘Łódź an der Jahrhundertwende – Stadt der Polen, Deutschen und Juden’, Maier; Stöber (eds), Abgrenzung, pp. 159-174 Ibid., ‘Lodz: Heimatstadt von Polen, Deutschen und Juden’, in, Hensel, Polen, pp. 13-32. Shapiro, Robert Moses, ‘Aspects of Jewish Self-government in Łódź 1914-1939’ Polin, 6 (1991), 133-154. Stier, Frank, Kriegsauftrag 160: Behelfsheimbau im Ghetto Litzmannstadt (Lódz) und im KZ-Aussenlager Königs Wusterhausen durch das Deutsche Wohnungshilfswerk (Berlin, 1999) Trunk, I., Ghetto Lodz: A Historical and Sociological Study (New York, 1962) Tushnet, Leonard, ‘Health Conditions in the Lodz

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Ghetto’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol. 18 (1963), 64-73 Unger, Michal, The Last Ghetto: Life in the Lodz Ghetto, 1940-1944 (Jerusalem, c. 1995) Wachowska, Barbara, ‘The Jewish Electorate of Interwar Łódź in the Light of the Local Government Elections (1918-1938)’, in, Polin, 6 (1991), 155-172 Walicki, Jacek, Synagoges and Prayer Houses of Łódź (to 1939) (Łódź, 2000) Wróbel, Janusz, ‘Between Co-existence and Hostility. A Contribution to the Problem of National Antagonismus in Łódź in the Inter-war Period’, Polin, 6 (1991), 201-206 Yad Vashem & Organization of Former Residents of Lodz in Israel, Lodz – Names: List of the Ghetto Inhabitants, 1940-1944 (Jerusalem, 1994) bbb) Chaim Rumkowski Bloom, S.F., ‘Dictator of Lodz Ghetto: The Strange History of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski’, Commentary, 7/2 (February 1949), 111-122 Epstein, Leslie, King of the Jews (New York, c. 1979) Friedman, Philip, ‘Pseudo-Saviors in the Polish Ghettos: Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski of Lodz’, in Friedman, Ada June (ed.), Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust (Philadelphia, 1980), pp. 333-52 Huppert, S., ‘King of the Ghetto: Mordechai Haim Rumkowski, the Elder of the Lodz Ghetto’, Yad Vashem Studies, xv (1983), 125-157 Krakowski, Shmuel, ‘Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim’, in Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, iii. (New York, 1990), pp. 1312–14 Mostowicz, Arnold, ‘Es war einmal ein König...’, in Loewy, Hanno; Schoenberger, Gerhard (eds.), “Unser einziger Weg ist Arbeit”: Das Ghetto in Lódz 1940 – 1944, exhibition catalogue of the Jüdisches MuseumsFrankfurt/Main (Vienna, 1990), pp. 41-44 Tushnet, Leonard, The Pavement of Hell (London, 1972) ccc) Ghetto Photography Adelson, Alan, ‘The Photographs and Photographers’, in idem (ed.), Diary of D. Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto, London 1996, pp. 296-98 Ben-Menahem, Arieh, ‘Mendel Grossman – The Photographer of the Lódz Ghetto’, in Szner, Zvi; Sened, Alexander (eds), Mendel Grossman – With a Camera in the Ghetto (Tel Aviv, 1970), 99-109 Ibid., ‘Grossman, Mendel’, in Gutman, Israel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ii (New York, 1990), pp. 622–23

Klugmann, Aleksander (ed.), The Last Journey of the Jews of Lodz, photographed by Henryk Ross (Tel Aviv, without year), Loewy, Hanno, ‘P.W.O.K. Arieh Ben Menachems Album‘, Fotogeschichte, Jg. 11, H. 39 (1991), 35-46 Ibid., ‘„Nähmaschinen-Reparatur-Abteilung: Ein Album von 1943 aus dem Ghetto Lodz’, Fotogeschichte, Jg. 9, H. 34 (1989), pp. 11-30. Loewy, Hanno; Schoenberger, Gerhard (eds.), ”Unser einziger Weg ist Arbeit”: Das Ghetto in Lodz 1940 – 1944, exhibition catalogue of the Jüdisches Museums Frankfurt/Main (Vienna, 1990) Grossman, Mendel and Smith, Frank Dabba, My Secret Camera : Life in the Lodz Ghetto (London, 2000) Shaar, Pinchas, ‘Mendel Grossman: Photographic Bard of the Lodz Ghetto’, in Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.), Holocaust Chronicles: Individualising the Holocaust through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts (Hoboken, NJ, 1999), pp. 125-153 Szner, Zvi; Sened, Alexander (eds.), Mendel Grossman – With a Camera in the Ghetto (Tel Aviv, 1970) Unger, Michal, The Last Ghetto: Life in the Lodz Ghetto, 1940-1944 (Jerusalem, c. 1995) Weber, Thomas, Lodz Ghetto Album: Photographs by Henryk Ross (photographs selceted by Martin Parr & Timothy Prus) (London, 2004) Wrocklage, Ute, Fotografie und Holocaust – Annotierte Bibliographie, (ed. by Fritz Bauer Institut – Studien- und Dokumentationszentrum zur Gerschichte und Wirkung des Holocaust, Frankfurt/M.), (Frankfurt, 1998) Szner, Zvi; Sened, Alexander (eds), Mendel Grossman – With a Camera in the Ghetto (Tel Aviv, 1970) ddd) Diaries and Letters Grinberg, Daniel, ‘Unpublished Diaries and Memoirs in the Archives of the Jewish Historical Institute in Poland’, in Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.), Holocaust Chronicles: Individualising the Holocaust through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts (Hoboken, NJ, 1999), pp. 257-64 Gumkowski, Janusz; Rutkowski, Adam and Arnfrid, Astel (eds.), Briefe aus Litzmannstadt (Cologne, 1967) Loewy, Hanno; Bodek, Andrzej, ‚Les Vrais Riches’, Notizen am Rand: Ein Tagebuch aud dem Ghetto Lódz (Mai bis August 1944) (=Schriftenreihe des Fritz Bauer Instituts; Bd. 13) (Leipzig, 1997) Michel, Albin (ed.), (Préface de Luba Jurgenson; traduit du polonais par Véronique Patte), Les Cahiers d’Abram Cytryn : Récits du ghetto de Lódz ; suivis des souvenirs

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Lodz, 2 vols (Haifa, 2000) Flam, Gila, Singing for Survival – Songs of the Lodz Ghetto, 1900 – 45 (Urbana & Chicago, 1992) Glas-Wiener, Sheva, Children of the Ghetto (Fitzroy, Australia, 1983) Kranitz-Sanders, Lillian, Twelve Who Survived: An Oral History of the Jews of Lodz, Poland, 1930-1954 (Irvington, NY, 1984) Mostowicz, Arnold; ed. by Andrzej Bodek, Der blinde Maks; oder, Passierschein in den Styx (Schriftenreihe der Arbeitsstelle zur Vorbereitung des Frankfurter Lern- und Dokumentationszentrums des Holocaust, Bd. 3) (Berlin, 1992) Mostowicz, Arnold, ‘Es war einmal ein König...’, in Loewy, Hanno; Schoenberger, Gerhard (eds.), “Unser einziger Weg ist Arbeit”: Das Ghetto in Lódz 1940 – 1944, exhibition catalogue of the Jüdisches MuseumsFrankfurt/Main (Vienna, 1990), pp. 41-44 Selver-Urbach, Sara, Through the Window of my Home: Recollections from the Lodz Ghetto; translated from Hebrew by Siona Bodansky (Jerusalem, 1986 (3 Hebrew editions, 1964, 1979, 1986)) Selver-Urbach, Sara, Looking Through My Window: Memories of Lodz Ghetto ([?], 1964) Shapiro, Robert Moses, ‘Diaries and Memoirs from the Lodz Ghetto in Yiddish and Hebrew’, in, Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.), Holocaust Chronicles: Individualising the Holocaust through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts (Hoboken, NJ, 1999) Zonabend, Nachman, The truth about the saving of the Lodz Ghetto Archive (Stockholm, 1991). Zyskind, Sara, Stolen Years (Minneapolis, 1981) eee) Fiction Becker, Jurek, Jakob the Liar (various editions) h) USSR Angrick, Andrej, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der südlichen Sowjetunion 1941-1943 (Hamburg, 2003) Bauer, Yehuda, ‚Jewish Baranowicze in the Holocaust’, Yad Vashem Studies, XXXI (2003), 95-152 Berkhoff, Karel C., Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, Mass., 2004) Chiari, Bernhard, Alltag hinter der Front: Besatzung, Kollaboration und Widerstand in Weissrussland, 1941-1944 (Düsseldorf, 1998)

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Michaelis, Meir, Mussolini and the Jews (Oxford, 1978) Stille, Alexander, Benevolence and Betrayal : Five Italian Jewish families under fascism (London, 1992) Zuccotti, Susan, Under His Very Windows: the Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (New Haven, Conn., 2000) n) The Vatican/ Catholic Church Blet, Pierre, S. J., Pius XII and the Second World War according to the archives of the Vatican (Hereford, 1999) Cornwell, John, Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII (London, 2000) Lewy, G., The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (London, 1964) Morley, John F., Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939-1943 (New York, 1980) Phayer, Michael, The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930-1965 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2000) Zuccotti, Susan, Under His Very Windows: the Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy (New Haven, Conn., 2000) o) The Reaction of the West Bauer, Yehuda, American Jewry and the Holocaust. The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939-1945 (Detroit, 1981) Black, Edwin, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliancce between Nazi Germany and America’s Most Powerful Corporation (New York, 2002 (2001)) Breitman, Richard, Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew (New York, 1998) London, Louise, Whitehall and the Jews, 1933-1945: British immigration Policy, Jewish Refugees and the Holocaust (Cambridge, 2000). Gilbert, Martin, Auschwitz and the Allies (London, 1981) Kochavi, Arieh J., Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment (Chapel Hill, N. C., 1998) Sherman, A. J., Island Refuge: Britain and Refugees from the Third Reich 1933-1939 (2nd, rev. ed., London, 1994) Rubinstein, William R., The Myth of Rescue: Why the Democracies Could not Have Saved More Jews from the Nazis (London, 2000 (1997)) Steinberg, Jonathan, All Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941-1943 (London, 1990)

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Wasserstein, Bernard, Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939-1945 (2nd ed., London, 1999) Wyman, David (ed.), The World Reacts to the Holocaust (Baltime, 1996) Yablonka, Hanna, Survivors of the Holocaust: Israel after the War (London, 1999 (Hebrew ed. 1994) p) The Afterlife of the Holocaust Berg, Nicolas, Der Holocaust und die westdeutschen Historiker. Erforschung und Erinnerung (Göttingen, 2003) Bialystok, Franklin, Delayed Impact: The Holocaust and the Canadian Jewish Community (Montreal, 2000) Brenner, Michael, After the Holocaust: Rebuilding Jewish Lives in Postwar Germany (Princeton, 1995) Dawidowicz, Lucy S., The Holocaust and the Historians (Cambridge, 7th ed., 1995) Eley, Geoff (ed.), The "Goldhagen Effect": History, Memory, Nazism: Facing the German Past (Ann Arbor, 2000) Evans, Richard J., Lying about Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial (New York, 2001) Finkelstein, Norman G., The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering (New York, 2000) Herf, Jeffrey, Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys (Cambridge, Mass., 1997) The Irving Judgment: David Irving v. Penguin Books and Professor Deborah Lipstadt (London, 2000) Langer, Lawrence L., Holocaut Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory (New Haven, 1991) Lipstadt, Deborah E., Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory (New York, 1993) Novick, Peter, The Holocaust and Collective Memory: The American Experience (London,1999) Schneider, Richard Chaim, Fetisch Holocaust: Die Judenvernichtung – Verdrängt und Vermarktet (Munich, 1997) Schwarz, Daniel R., Imagining the Holocaust (New York, 1999) Sereny, Gitta, Into that Darkness: An Examination of Conscience (New York, 1983)

Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust (New York 1993) q) Comparative Genocide Alvarez, Alex, Governments, Citizens and Genocide: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approach (Bloomington, 2001) Bartov, Omer, et al. (eds.), Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2003) Bartov, Omer and Mack Phyllis (eds.), In God’s Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century (New York, 2001) Best, Geoffrey, Nuremberg and After: The Continuing History of War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity (Reading, 1984) Chorbajian, Levon and George Shirinian, Studies in Comparative Genocide (New York, 1999) ⊗ Courtois, Stephane (ed.), The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge/Mass., 1999) Fein, Helen, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective (London, 1993) Gellately, Robert and Ben Kiernan (eds.), The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, 2003) Hinton, Alexander Laban (ed.), Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide (Berkeley, 2002) Howitz, Irving Louis, Genocide: State Power and Mass Murder (New Brunswick, N. J. 1976) Jones, Adam (ed.), Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity (London, 2001) Kiernan, Ben, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79 (New Haven, CT, 2002) Kuper, Leo, Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 1982) Lemkin, Raphael, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (Washington, D.C., 1944) Naimark, Norman M., Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 2001) Neier, Aryeh, War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror and the Struggle for Justice (New York, 1998)

17

Rawson, Claude, God, Gulliver, and Genocide: Barbarism and the European Imagination, 1492-1945 (Oxford, 2001)

Power, Samantha, ‘A Problem from Hell’: America and the Age of Genocide (New York, 2002) Rosenbaum, Alan S., Is the Holocaust Unique? Perspectives on Comparative Genocide (Boulder, Colorado, 1996) Storr, Anthony, Human Destructiveness: the roots of genocide and human cruelty (London, 1991) Totten, Samuel, et al., Century of Genocide (New York, 2004) Valentino, Benjamin A., Final Solutions: Mass Killings and Genocide in the Twentieth Century (Ithaca, 2003) Weitz, Eric D., A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation (Princeton: 2003) Zimmerer, Jürgen, ‘Colonial Genocide and the Holocaust: Towards an Archeology of Genocide’, in Moses, Dirk A. (ed.), Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History (New York, 2004), pp. 49-76 Zimmerer, Jürgen; Zeller, Joachim (eds.), Völkermord in Deutsch-Südwestafrika: Der Kolonialkrieg in Namibia (1904-1908) und die Folgen (Berlin, 2nd ed., 2003) r) Historiographical Bauer, Yehuda, The Holocaust in Historical Perspective (Seattle, 1978) Bosworth, R.J.B., Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: History Writing and the Second World War 1945-1990 (London, 1993) ⊗ Evans, Richard J., In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past (London, 1989) Hilberg, Raul, Sources of Holocaust Research: An Analysis (Chicago, c.2001) ⊗ Kershaw, Ian, The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th ed. (London, 2000) ⊗ Maier, Charles S., The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity (Cambridge, MA, 1988) ⊗ Marrus, Michael R., The Holocaust in History (London, 1993 (1987)) Ibid., ‘Reflections on the Historiography of the Holocaust’, Journal of Modern History, 66 (1994), 92-116

⊗ Stone, Dan, The Historiography of the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2004)

s) Documents

⊗ Arad, Yitzhak, Gutmann, Yisrael and Margaliot, Abraham (eds.), Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union (Lincoln, London, 1999) Arad, Yitzhak; Krakowski, Shmuel; Spector, Shmuel (eds.), The Einsatztruppen Reports (New York, 1989) Frei, Norbert, National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933 –1945 (Oxford, 1993), pp. 156-203

Goebbels, Joseph, The Early Goebbels Diaries: The Journals of Joseph Goebbels from 1923-1926 (edited by Helmut Heiber) (London, 1962)

Idem, The Goebbels Diaries, 1939-1941 (edited by Fred Taylor) (New York, 1983)

Idem, The Goebbels Diaries: The Last Days (edited, introduced and annotated by Hugh Trevor-Roper)

Grynberg, Michal (ed.), Words To Outlive Us: Eyewitness Accounts from the Warsaw Ghetto (London, 2003)

⊗ Friedlander, Henry; Milton, Sybil (eds.), Archives of the Holocaust, 22 vols. (New York, 1989) Regenstein Stacks Call No.: D804.3.A70 1989)

Hilberg, Raul (ed.), Documents of Destruction; Germany and Jewry, 1933-1945 (Chicago, 1971)

His Majesty’s Stationary Office, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945. Series C.1- / from the archives of the German Foreign Ministry London, 1949-

⊗ Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, with an introduction by D.C. Watt, transl. (London, 1992 (1969))

Hitler, Adolf, Hitler's Table Talk, 1941-44: His Private Conversations Table Talks 1941-44, 2nd ed. (London, 1973)

Hichstadt, Steve (ed.), Sourves of the Holocaust (Basingstoke, 2004)

Höss, Rudolf, Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Höss (London, 1961)

⊗ Klemperer, Victor, I Shall Bear Witness: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer, 1933-41 (abridged and translated from

18

the German edition) (London, 1998)

⊗ Idem, To the Bitter End: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer, 1942-1945 (abridged and translated from the German edition) (London, 1999), diary of German Jewish academic who survived the war in Dresden

von Lang, Jochen (ed.), Eichmann Interrogated: Transcripts from the Archives of the Israeli Police (New York, 1984 (German ed. 1982)

Mann, Thomas, Addresses delivered at the Library of Congress, 1942-1949 (Washington, 1963)

Idem, The Coming Victory of Democracy (London, 1938)

Idem, Thomas Mann Diaries 1918-1939: 1918-1921, 1933-1939 (selection and foreword by Hermann Kesten) (London, 1983)

Mendelsohn, John (ed.), The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. 12, The "Final solution" in the Extermination Camps and the Aftermath (New York, 1982)

⊗ Noakes, Jeremy and Pridham, Geoffrey (eds.), Nazism 1919-1945, 4 vols., (Exeter, 1983-88)

Perochodnik, Calel; ed. and translated by Frank Fox, Am I a Murderer? Testament of a Jewish Ghetto Policeman (Boulder, 1996)

Remak, Joachim (ed.), The Nazi Years: A Documentary History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969)

Ringelblum, Emanuel, Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emanuel Ringelblum (ed. and trans. Jacob Sloan, New York, 1974)

⊗ Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich – Memoirs (London, 1970)

Stackelberg, Roderick, Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies (London, 1999)

⊗ Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally A. (eds.), The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts (London, 2002)

Triumph of the Will, 1934 (Triumph des Willens), Dir. Leni Riefenstahl. Documentary of Nuremberg Nazi rally. The most famous Nazi propaganda film

2. General Works on European

History

Gay, Peter, The Bourgeois Experience: Victoria to Freud, 6 vols. (New York, 1995-93) (on cultural history) ⊗ Hobsbawm, Eric, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (London, 2000 (1987)); Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991 (London, 1994 (paperback, 1995)) (written by the leading Anglo-Marxist historian; arguably the most stimulating general overview of Modern European history Joll, James, Europe Since 1870 (various editions) ⊗ Merriman, John, A History of Modern Europe (New York, 1996) Mazower, Mark, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London, 1998 (paperback, 1999)) Mommsen, Wolfgang J. and Hirschfeld, Gerhard (eds.), Social Protest, Violence and Terror in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Europe (London, 1982) Roberts, J.M., Europe 1880-1945 (London, 3 rd. ed. 2001 (1967)) Stone, Norman, Europe Transformed 1878-1918 (Oxford, 2nd ed. 1999 (1983)) (written by an expert on German history) Fulbrook, Mary, Europe since 1945 (Oxford, 2001) 3. Nationalism in European History Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 2nd ed. 1991) Breuilly, John, Nationalism and the State (Manchester, 2nd ed., 1993) Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford, 1983) Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge, 1990) 4. Fascism Allardyce, G., ‘What Fascism is Not: Thoughts on the Deflation of a Concept’, American Historical Review (1979) Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.), Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe (London, 1990) De Grand, Alexander, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: The ‘Fascist’ Style of Rule (London. 1995) ⊗ Furet, François and Nolte, Ernst, Fascism and Communism (Lincoln, 2001)

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⊗ Griffin, Roger, Fascism (Oxford, 1995) ⊗ Idem, The Nature of Fascism (London, 1991) Laqueur, Walter (ed.), Fascism: A Reader’s Guide; Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography (London, 1976) Mosse, George, (ed.), International Fascism: New Thoughts and New Approaches (London, 1979) Mühlberger, D. (ed.), The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements (London, 1987) ⊗ Nolte, Ernst, Three Faces of Fascism: Action française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism (New York, 1966) Payne, Stanley G., A History of Fascism, 1914-1945 (London, 1995) 5. Jewish History and History of anti-Semitism aa) General Almog, S. (ed.), Antisemitism through the Ages (Oxford, 1988) Cała, Alina, ‚Die Anfänge des Antisemitismus im Königreich Polen in der zweiten Hälfte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts’, International Review of Social History, 30 (1985), 342-373 Comay, Joan (ed.), Who’s Who in Jewish History after the Period of the Old Testament (London, 1995 (1975)) Katz, Jacob, From Persecution to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700-1933 (Cambridge, Mass, 1980) Lindemann, Albert S., Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews (Cambridge, 1997) Poliakov, Leon, History of Antisemitism (4 vols., London, 1974- ) Sartre, Jean-Paul, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken, 1995) ⊗ Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.), Hostages of Modernization. Studies on Modern Antisemitism 1870-1933/39, vol. 3, i: Germany - Great Britain – France (Berlin, 1993) Vital, David, A People Apart: The Jews of Europe, 1789-1939 (Oxford, 1998) bb) Comparative ⊗ Brenner, Michael; Liedtke, Rainer and Rechter, David (eds.), Two Nations: British and German Jews in Comparative Perspective (Tübingen, 1999)

IIggers, Georg, ‘Academic Anti-Semitism in Germany 1870-1933: A Comparative Perspective’, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte, 27 (1998), 473-89 Liedtke, Rainer, Jewish Welfare in Hamburg and Manchester c.1850-1914 (Oxford: 1998) ⊗ Weber, Thomas, ‘Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Élites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War’, English Historical Review, No. 475 (February 2003), 86-119 cc) Germany Gay, Ruth, The Jews of Germany (New Haven, 1992) Gilman, Sander and Ziper, Jack (eds.), Yale Companion to Jewish Writing and Thought in German Culture 1096-1996 (Newhaven, 1997) Graml, H., Antisemitism in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1992) Goldhagen, Daniel, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (London, 1996) (cf. the chapter on the history of German anti-Semitism) Keith, Pickus, Constructing Modern Identities: Jewish University Students in Germany, 1815-1914 (Detroit, 1999) Levy, Richard S., The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany (New Haven, 1975) Massing, Paul, Rehearsal for Destruction: A Study of Political anti-Semitism in Imperial Germany (New York, 1949) Niewyk, Donald L., The Jews in Weimar Germany (Manchester, 1980) Panayi, Panikos, Ethnic Minorities in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Germany: Jews, Gypsies, Poles, Turks and others (Harlow, 2000) ⊗ Pulzer, Peter, Jews and the German State: The Political History of a Minority, 1848-1933 (Oxford, 1992) ⊗ Idem, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (London, 1988 (1964)) ⊗ Retallack, James, ‘Conservatives and Antisemites in Baden and Saxony’, German History, 17,4 (1999), 507-26 ⊗ Smith, Helmut Walser, The Butcher's Tale: Murder and Anti-Semitism in a German Town (New York, 2002) ⊗ Idem (ed.), Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany 1800-1914 (Oxford: Berg, 2001) Idem, ‘Religion and Conflict: Protestants, Catholics, and Anti-Semitism in the State of Baden in the Era of

20

Wilhelm II’, Central European History, 27 (1994), 283-314 Wertheimer, Jack, Unwelcome Strangers: East European Jews in Imperial Germany (New York, 1987)

6. German History a) General ⊗ Berger, Stefan, The Search for Normality: National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Germany since 1800 (Oxford, 1997)

-Muhlack, Ulrich, ‘Debate: Stefan Berger, The Search of Normality […]’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute London, 22,2 (2000), 36-43

Berghahn, Volker, Modern Germany: Society, Economics and Politics in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 2nd ed., 1987) ⊗ Blackbourn, David and Eley, Geoff, The Peculiarities of German History (Oxford, 1984) (the most influential and famous attack against the Sonderweg thesis) Carr, William, A History of Germany, 1815-1990, 4th ed., (London, 1991 (1969)) (good, if dated, overview) ⊗ Craig, Gordon, German History 1867-1945 (Oxford, 1978) (classic exposition of the older generation of proponents of a German Sonderweg) Idem, The Germans (Harmondsworth, 1991) Dahrendorf, Ralf, Society and Democracy in Germany (London, 1967 (German ed. 1965)) (still indispensable) Eley, Geoff, From Unification to Nazism: Reinterpreting the German Past (Boston, 1985) ⊗ Eley, Geoff, (ed.), Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930 (Ann Arbor, 1996) ⊗ Elias, Norbert, The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Cambridge, 1996 (German ed. 1989)) ⊗ Evans, Richard J., In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past (London, 1980) ⊗ Idem, Rethinking German History (London, 1987) (collection of essays; revises Wehler’s approach) ⊗ Idem, Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification 1800-1996 (London, 1997) (similar in character to idem, Rethinking; good essays on Sonderweg some of which are intellectually stimulating) Fischer, Fritz, From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: Elements of Continuity in German History (London, 1986)

⊗ Fulbrook, Mary (ed.), German History since 1800 (London, 1997) Idem (ed.), A Concise History of Germany (Cambridge, 1990), Updated ed. 1995 Idem, The Divided Nation: A History of Germany, 1918-1990 (Oxford, 1992) Idem, Interpretations of the Two Germanies, 1945-1990, 2nd ed. (Basingstoke, 2000) Idem (ed.), Twentieth Century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1918-1990 (London, 2001) ⊗ Hildebrand, Klaus, Reich, Nation-State, Great Power: Reflections on German Foreign Policy 1871-1945 (London, 1995) Jarausch, Konrad H.; Geyer, Michael, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German histories (Princeton, 2003) Iggers, Georg, ‘Reflections on Writing National History in Germany, 1870-1970’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute London, 21,2 (1999), 16-32 Holborn, Hajo, A History of Modern Germany, 3 vols. (London, 1969) ⊗ James, Harold, A German Identity 1770 to the Present Day (London, 1994 (1989)) Joll, James, National Histories and National Historians: Some German and English Views of the Past (Annual Lecture of the German Historical Institute London 1984) (London, 1985) ⊗ Kocka, Jürgen, ‘German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg’, Journal of Contemporary History, 23 (1988), 3-16 Idem, ‘Nach dem Ende des Sonderwegs. Zur Tragfähigkeit eines Konzepts’, in Bauernkämper, Arnd; Sabrow, Martin and Stöver, Bernd (eds.), Doppelte Zeitgeschichte: Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen 1945-1990 (Göttingen, 1998), pp. 364-75 Mann, Golo, The History of Germany Since 1789 (London, 1968) (grand narrative; written by the son of Thomas Mann) Martel, Gordon (ed.), Modern Germany Reconsidered, 1870-1945 (London, 1992) ⊗ Mosse, George, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York, 1998 (1964)) Pulzer, Peter, Germany, 1870-1945: Politics, State Formation, and War (Oxford, 1997) Röhl, John, From Bismarck to Hitler: The Problem of Continuity in German History (London, 1970)

21

Stern, Fritz, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology (Berkeley, 1961) ⊗ Winkler, Heinrich A., Der Lange Weg nach Westen, 2 vols. (Munich, 2000) ⊗ Idem, The Long Shadow of the Reich: Weighing Up German History (Annual Lecture of the German Historical Institute London 2001) (London, 2002) b) Weimar Germany aa) Versailles and the Long Shadows of the First World War ⊗ Bessel, Richard, Germany After the First World War (Oxford, 1993) ⊗ Macmillan, Margaret, Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War (London, 2002) ⊗ Winter, Jay; Parker, Geoffrey and Habeck, Mary R. (eds.), The Great War and the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT, 2000) bb) General

Fischer, Conan, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923-1924 (Oxford, 2003)

Kolb, Eberhard, The Weimar Republic (London, 1988)

⊗ Mommsen, Hans, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996 (German ed. 1990)

⊗ Idem, From Weimar to Auschwitz: Essays in German History (Cambridge, 1991) Scheck, Rafael, Alfred von Tirpitz and German Right-Wing Politics, 1914-1930 (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1998) cc) The Collapse of the Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Party

Abraham, David., The Collapse of the Weimar Republic: Political Economy and Crisis (New York, 2nd ed., 1986)

Allen, William Sheridan, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922-1945 (without place, 1966)

⊗ Bessell, Richard, Political Violence and the Rise of Nazism: The Storm Trooper in Eastern Germany, 1925-34 (New Haven, 1984)

⊗ Broszat, Martin, Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany (Leamington Spa, 1987)

⊗ Childers, Thomas, Idem, The Nazi Voter: The Social Foundations of Fascism, 1919-1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1983)

Idem (ed.), The Formation of the Nazi Constituency, 1918-1933 (London, 1986)

Geary, Dick, Unemployment and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic (Teddington, 2001)

Fischer, Conan, The German Communists and the Rise of Nazism (1991)

⊗ Hamilton, Richard, Who Voted for Hitler? (Princeton, NJ, 1982)

⊗ Kershaw, Ian (ed.), Weimar: Why did German Democracy Fail? (London, 1990)

⊗ Nicholls, Anthony J., Weimar and the Rise of Hitler, 4th ed. (Basingstoke, 2000)

⊗ Turner, Henry A., German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler (Oxford, 1985)

⊗ Idem, Hitler's Thirty Days to Power: January 1933 (London, 1997 (1996)) c) The Third Reich aa) Nazi Germany - Overviews ⊗ Bessel, Richard (ed.), Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts (Cambridge, 1996) ⊗ Idem (ed.), Life in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1987)

⊗ Bracher, Karl Dietrich, The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism (London, 1971 (German ed. 1969))

Broszat, Martin, German National Socialism, 1919-1945 (Santa Barbara, CA, 1966)

⊗ Idem, The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich (London, 1981 (German, 1969))

Burleigh, Michael, The Third Reich: A New History (London, 2000), original interpretation that interpets Nazism as a political religion)

Burleigh, Michael and Wippermann, Wolfgang, The Racial State (London, 1991)

Caplan, Jane, Government Without Administration: State and Civil Service in Weimer and Nazi Germany (Oxford,

22

1988)

Caplan, Jane and Childers, Tim, Re-evaluating the Third Reich (New York, 1993) Dülffer, Jost, Nazi Germany 1933-1945: Faith and Annihilation (London, 1996) Evans, David, and Jenkins, Jane, Years of Weimar and the Third Reich (London, 1999) Evans, Richard J., The Coming of the Third Reich (London, 2003) ⊗ Frei, Norbert, National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933 –1945 (Oxford, 1993)

Gregor, Neil, Nazism (Oxford, 2000)

Hildebrand, Klaus, The Third Reich (London, 1984) Kirk, Tim, The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany (London, 1995)

⊗ Kershaw, Ian, The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1987 (German ed. 1980)

Idem, Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria 1933-1945 (Oxford, 1983)

Kogon, Eugen, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System behind them (New York, 1980)

Krausnick, Helmut. et al., Anatomy of the SS State (London, 1968)

Leitz, Christian (ed.), The Third Reich: The Essential Readings (Oxford, 1999)

⊗ Meinecke, Friedrich, The German Catastrophe: Reflections and Recollections (Boston, MA, 1963 (1950)), transl.

Noakes, Jeremy (ed.), Government, Party and People in Nazi Germany (Exeter, 1980)

⊗ Overy, Richard J., The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich (London, 1996) ⊗ Stackelberg, Roderick, Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies (London, 1999) Stachura, Peter D. (ed.), The Shaping of the Nazi State (London, 1978)

bb) Hitler

Bullock, Alan, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Harmondsworth, 1962)

⊗ Idem, Hitler and Stalin – Parallel Lives (London, 1998)

Idem, Personality and Power: The Strange Case of Hitler and Stalin (London, 1995)

Burrin, Philippe, Hitler and the Jews (London, 1994)

Carr, William, Hitler: A Study in Personality and Politics (London, 1978)

Fest, Joachim C., Hitler (London, 1974 (German ed. 1973))

Geary, Dick, Hitler and Nazism (London, 1993)

Haffner, Sebastian, The Meaning of Hitler (London, 1979)

⊗ Hamann, Brigitte, Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship (Oxford, 2000)

Harris, Robert, Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries (London, 1996 (1986))

Jäckel, Eberhard, Hitler in History (Hanover, N. H., 1984)

Idem, Hitler's Weltanschauung: A Blueprint for Power (Middleton, CT, 1972 (German ed. 1969))

⊗ Kershaw, Ian, Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris (London, 1998)

⊗ Idem, Hitler: 1936-1945: Nemesis (London, 2000)

Rosenbaum, Ron, Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of his Evil (London, 1998) Trevor-Roper, Hugh, The Last Days of Hitler, 6th ed (London, 1987) cc) Economic, Social, and Cultural

Hayes, Peter, Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era, new ed. (Cambridge, 2001 (1987))

⊗ Herbert, Ulrich, Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1997)

James, Harold, The Deutsche Bank and the Nazi Economic War against the Jews: The Expropriation of

23

Jewish-owned Property (Cambridge, 2001)

⊗ Mason, Tim, Nazism, Fascism and the Working Class, edited by Jane Caplan (Cambridge, 1995)

⊗ Idem, Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the 'National Community'; edited by Jane Caplan (Providence, R.I., 1993)

⊗ Mosse, George, Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich (London, 1966)

⊗ Peukert, Detlev, Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life (London, 1987 (German ed. 1982))

⊗ Overy, Richard J., War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1994)

Schoenbaum, David, Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 (New York, 1980 (1966)) dd) Coercion & Race

⊗ Burleigh, Michael, Death and Deliverance: "Euthanasia" in Germany c. 1900-1945 (Cambridge, 1994)

⊗ Frederickson, George M., Racism: A Short History (Princeton, 2002)

⊗ Gellately, Robert, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2001)

⊗ Idem, The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy 1933-1945 (Oxford, 1990)

⊗ Johnson, Eric, The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans (London, 2000)

Weindling, Paul, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989) ee) Foreign Policy

⊗ Hildebrand, Klaus, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich (Berkeley, CA, 1973)

Rich, Norman, Hitler’s War Aims, 2 vols. (London, 1973-4)

Smith, Woodruff D., The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism (Oxford, 1986)

⊗ Weinberg, Gerhard L., The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany. Volume 1: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933-36 (Chicago, 1970); Volume 2: Starting World War II, 1937-1939 (Chicago, 1980)

ff) The Origins of War and General Accounts of the Second World War

Finney, Patrick (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1997)

Martel, Gordon (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: A.J.P. Taylor and the Historians, 2d ed. (London, 1999)

⊗ Overy, Richard, The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1987)

Parker, R. A. C., The Second World War: A Short History, rev. ed. (Oxford, 1997)

Rothwell, Victor, Origins of the Second World War (Manchester, 2001)

Taylor, A.J.P., The Origins of the Second World War (Harmondsworth, 1964 (1961))

Watt, Donald Cameron, How War Came About: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (London, 1989)

⊗ Weinberg, Gerhard, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. (Cambridge, 1994)

gg) The German Armed Forces

⊗ Bartov, Omer, The Eastern Front 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 1985)

⊗ Idem, Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York, 1991)

Beevor, Antony, Stalingrad (New York, 1998)

⊗ Heer, Hannes, and Klaus Naumann (eds.), War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II 1941-1944 (New York and London, 2000)

⊗ Kitchen, Martin, Nazi Germany at War (London, 1995)

⊗ Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.), Germany and the Second World War. Oxford, 1990- (German ed. 1979-)), Vol. 1, The Build-Up of German Aggression (Oxford, 1990), * Vol. 2, Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe (Oxford, 1991), * Vol. 3, The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939-1941: From Italy's Declaration of Non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War (Oxford, 1995), * Vol. 4, The

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Attack on the Soviet Union (Oxford, 1998), * Vol. 5, Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part 1, Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939-1941 (Oxford, 2000), * Vol. 6, The Global War: Widening of the Conflict into a World war and the Shift of the Initiative 1941-1943 (Oxford, 2001)

Wegner, Bernd, The Waffen-SS: Organization, Ideology and Function (Oxford, 1990)

⊗ Weinberg, Gerhard, Germany, Hitler and World War II (Cambridge, 1995)

Wheeler-Bennett, John, Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics 1918-45 (London, 1953) Yelton, David, Hitler’s Volkssturm: The Nazi Militia and the Fall of Germany, 1944-1945 (Lawrence, 2002) d) Post-1945 Germany

Buruma, Ian, The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan (London, 1995)

Fox, Thomas, Stated Memory: East Germany and the Holocaust (Rochester, NY, 1999)

Fulbrook, Mary, German National Identity After the Holocaust (Cambridge, 1999)

Moeller, Robert J., War Studies: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic (Berkeley, 2001)

⊗ Overy, Richard J., (ed.), Interrogations: Inside the Minds of the Nazi Elite (London, 2002 (2001)

Sereny, Gitta, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth (London, 1995)

Idem, The German Trauma: Experiences and Reflections, 1938-2001 (London, 2001 (2000))

Tusa, Ann and Tusa, John, The Nuremberg Trial (London, 1995)

b) West Germany

Rieber, Alfred (ed.), Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950 (London, 2000)

7. War and Holocaust Photography Arani, Miriam Yegane; ed. by Blank, Margot, Beutestücke: Kriegsgefangene in der deutschen und sowjetischen Fotografie 1941-1945 (Mit Texten von Peter Jahn and Christoph Hammann) (Berlin, 2003)

Bannasch, Bettina; Hammer, Almuth (eds.), Verbot der Bilder – Gebot der Erinnerung: Mediale Repräsentation der Schoah (Frankfurt am Main, 2004) Brothers, Caroline, War and Photography: A Cultural History (London, 1997) Fotogeschichte; Doppelheft zu ‚Krieg und Fotografie’, Heft 85/86, 2002 Hamburger Institut fuer Sozialforschung Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Dimension des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1994: Ausstellungskatalog (Hamburg, 2002) Hamburger Institute for Social Research, The German Army and Genocide: Crimes against War Prisoners, Jews, and other Civilians in the East, 1939-1944 (translated from the German by Scott Abbott with editorial oversight by Paula Bradish) (New York, 1999) Jahn, Peter and Schmiegelt, Ulrike (eds.), Foto-Feldpost: Geknipste Kriegserlebnisse 1939-1945 (Berlin, 2000) Keller, Ulrich, The Warsaw Ghetto in Photographs: 206 Views Made in 1941 (New York, 1984) Knightley, Phillip, First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Criemea to Iraq, 3rd. (Baltimore, 2004) Knoch, Habbo, Tat als Bild: Fotografien des Holocaust in der deutschen Erinnerungskultur (Hamburg, 2001) Kramer, Sven, Die Shoah im Bild (Munich, 2003) Liss, Andrea, Trespassing through Shadows: Memory, Photography, and the Holocaust (Minneapolis, 1998) Markon, Genya; Milton, Sybil, History of Photography; Vol. 23, No. 4 (Winter, 1999): ‘Photography and the Holocaust’ Milton, Sybil, ‘The Camera as a Weapon: Documentary Photography and the Holocaust’, Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual, 1 (1984), pp. 45-68. Schwarberg, Günther, Im Ghetto von Warschau: Heinrich Jösts Fotografien (Göttingen, c. 2001) Sontag, Susan, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York, 2003) Struk, Janina, Photographing the Holocaust: Interpretations of the Evidence (London, 2003)

8. Journals ⊗ Holocaust and Genocide Studies ⊗ Yad Vashem Studies

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8. Websites Holocaust-related Websites http://www.gfh.org.il/english/ - Ghetto Fighters' House

According to USHMM website, this is a “Website of an Israel museum founded in 1949 by Holocaust survivors, ghetto fighters and partisans and devoted to the Holocaust and Jewish resistance. Includes information focused on Janusz Korczak, the head of the orphanage in the Warsaw ghetto, including excerpts from his writings and historical photographs. Also provides a searchable database of partisans and resistance fighters.”

http://www.ushmm.org - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005059 - Holocaust Learning Center: Ghettos

Acc. to USHMM website, this website “includes entries related to the history and fate of Jewish ghettos under Nazi rule. Summarizes the creation of the ghettos and general conditions within their walls. Provides links to additional entries on the ghettos of Kovno, Krakow, Lodz, and Warsaw, as well as relevant photographs, personal histories, and historical film footage.”

http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/phistories/index.php?content=phi_ghettos_ghettoization_uu.htm - Personal Histories

“Includes brief statements (in both text and video format) from Holocaust survivors about their experiences in the ghettos.”

www.silentvoicesspeak.com - Silent Voices Speak Holocaust Art Web Site http://warsawghetto.epixtech.co.uk - The Warsaw Ghetto today Lodz-related Websites www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/lodz/statistics.htm - Lodz Shtetl Links http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/albums/palbum/p02/a0112p2.html - Simon Wiesenthal Center, Multimeadia Learning Center Online, Museum of Tolerance Other Websites of Interest http://www.ghi-dc.org – German Historical Institute, Washington DC (The section ‘German History in Documents and Images is particularly useful) http://www.h-net.org/~german/ - H-Net German. Website of scholarly email list on German history. (The website contains online documents, etc.) http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/munich1.htm - Avalon Project, Yale Law School. Arguably the best collection of documents of 18th to 20th c. international history http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ - Internet Sourcebooks Project (Fordham University) http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ - Calvin College, Michigan: German Propaganda Archive (Nazi and East German propaganda)