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Systematic Anatomy Department of Anatomy,Histology & Embryology Department of Anatomy,Histology & Embryology Shanghai Medical College,Fudan University Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗) Email: [email protected] Office: Building 9,Room308542371519308 Mobile:13761809799 1 Mobile:13761809799

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Page 1: Department of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyDepartment …fdjpkc.fudan.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/ba/82/34...1 Extremitas capitata, 2 Extremitas caudata, 3 Margo epididymalis, 4

Systematic Anatomy

Department of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyDepartment of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyShanghai Medical College,Fudan University

Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)

Email: [email protected]: Building 9,Room308, 54237151-9308Mobile:13761809799

1

Mobile:13761809799

Page 2: Department of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyDepartment …fdjpkc.fudan.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/ba/82/34...1 Extremitas capitata, 2 Extremitas caudata, 3 Margo epididymalis, 4

Composition of reproductive t f b thsystem of both sexs

Internal genital organsGonadsGenital ductsAccessory glandsExternal genital organsExternal genital organs

Male genital organ Female genital organ

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Composition of reproductive system

Internal genital organs G d t ti

Ureter

Gonads-testis Genital ducts:Epididymis UreterEpididymisDeferent ductusEjaculatory duct

Bladder Seminal vesicleUrethra Accessory glands P t t

Penis

Prostate

Bulbourethral gland

Prostate Seminal vesicle Bulbourethral glane Penis Ductus deferens

Epididymis

Bulbourethral glaneExternal genital organs

Scrotum and penisTestis

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A i f l h d Th d d th

The position and shape of the testisA pair of oval-shaped organs.They are suspended on the

scrotum by the supermatic cord.Each testis have two extremities;two surfaces and two borders The function ofextremities;two surfaces and two borders.The function of testis is to produces sperm and secret androgens.

Two extremitySup.extremity

Two surfaces

Two extremityInf.extremityLat.surface Sup.extremityEpidydimis

Two surfaces

T b d

Med.surface

Ant.borderPost.

borderTwo bordersPost.border

Lat.surface

border

Ant.

border

Inf.extremity

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The structures of the testisTestis sends numerous fibrous septules into the gland,

dividing it into 100~200 testicular lobules that contain 2~4 contorted seminiferous tubules → traight seminiferous tubules →rete testis

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Shape of the testisShape of the testis

SupSup.

extremity

Post

Inf extremity

Post.

border

Inf.extremity

Ant.border

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Testicle of a cat:

1 Extremitas capitata,

2 Extremitas caudata,

3 Margo epididymalis,

4 Margo liber,

5 Mesorchium5 Mesorchium,

6 Epididymis,

7 tetibular a.& v.tet bu a a &

8 Ductus deferens

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The descend of testisTestes follow the "path of descent" from high in the posterior fetal abdomen to the inguinal ring and beyond to the inguinal canal and into the scrotum. In most cases (97% full-term, 70% preterm), both testes have descended by ( p ) ybirth. In most other cases, only one testis fails to descend (cryptorchidism) and that will probably express itself within a year.

Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism) ( yp )- a testis that did not descend all the

way into the scrotum

Page 9: Department of Anatomy,Histology & EmbryologyDepartment …fdjpkc.fudan.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/ba/82/34...1 Extremitas capitata, 2 Extremitas caudata, 3 Margo epididymalis, 4

Between the seventh week and birth the testes descend into the scrotum due to shortening of theBetween the seventh week and birth, the testes descend into the scrotum due to shortening of the gubernaculum. The testes pass through the inguinal canal in the anterior abdominal wall. After the 8th week, a peritoneal evagination, the processus vaginalis, forms just anterior to the gubernaculum. It forms the inguinal canal by pushing out sock-like extensions of the transversalis fascia, the internal oblique muscle and external oblique muscle The inguinal canal extends from the base ofinternal oblique muscle and external oblique muscle, The inguinal canal extends from the base of the inverted transversalis fascia (the deep ring) to the base of the everted external oblique muscle (the superficial ring). After the processus vaginalis has evaginated into the scrotum, the gubernaculum shortens and pulls the gonads through the canal. The gonads always remain within the plane of the subserous fascia associated with the posterior wall of the processus vaginalis Bythe plane of the subserous fascia associated with the posterior wall of the processus vaginalis. By the end of the pregnancy the testes have completely entered the scrotal sac. The gubernaculum is reduced to a ligamentous band attaching the inferior pole of the testis to the scrotal floor. Within the first year after birth the superior part of the processus vaginalis is usually obliterated leaving a distal remnant sac the tunica vaginalis which lies anterior to the testis Its lumen is normally collapsedremnant sac, the tunica vaginalis, which lies anterior to the testis. Its lumen is normally collapsed but sometimes it may fill with serous secretions forming a testicular hydrocele[1].

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THE NORMAL MIGRATION OF THE TESTICLE: The testes developTHE NORMAL MIGRATION OF THE TESTICLE: The testes develop in the abdominal cavity in early fetal life. By 14 to 17 weeks of intrauterine life they migrate to an opening in the body wall known as the inguinal canal After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and bythe inguinal canal. After 28 weeks they pass through the canal and by 35 to 40 weeks reach the scrotum.

U d d d t t U d d dUndescended testes . Undescended testes are a common problem. At birth 3.5% of boys will have an undescended testes. Approximately 30% will have both testesApproximately 30% will have both testes involved. A large proportion of these testes will have descended by 3 months after birth with just 1% of boys still having anwith just 1% of boys still having an undescended testes by 1 year of age. Premature infants have a much higher chance of having an undescended testes.chance of having an undescended testes. Testicular descent is a complex process and not yet fully understood. It is known that the process depends on adequate hormone p p qlevels as well as mechanical and neurological factors.

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Diagram of an adult human testicle:

A.) Blood vessels;

B ) H d f ididB.) Head of epididymus;

C.) Efferent ductiles;

D.) Seminiferous tubules; ) ;

E.) Parietal lamina of tunica vaginalis;

F.) Visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis;

G.) Cavity of tunica vaginalis;

H.) Tunica albuginea;

I ) L b l f t tiI.) Lobule of testis;

J.) Tail of epididymus;

K.) Body of epididymus; ) y p y ;

L.) Mediastinum;

M.) Vas deferens.

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Genital ductsEpididymisEpididymis Deferencs ductusDjaculatory ductsurethra

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Genital ducts- epididymisp y

Shape:oval shapedShape:oval shaped,

Head of epididymis

Body of epididymisBody of epididymis

Tail of epididymis

PositionPosition

Located on sup.extremity

& post border of testis& post. border of testis

Function

Th it f l tiThe site of accumulation

& storage of sperm

Efferent ductules connect between testis and epididymis.

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Genital ducts- ductus deferens Muscular tube that transports sperm form epididymis to ejaculatory duct,about 50cm in length. four divisions

1-Testicular part- extends from the tail of epididymis to the

i f i

3 4

sup. extremity of testis2 - Spermatic part- - from sup. extremity of testis to the supextremity of testis to the sup. inguinal ring,----- where the 3 –vasectomy is performed

23

y p3 -Inguinal part- extends from sup. to deep inguinal rings4 P l i t th4 - Pelvic part - crosses the ureter to reach the base of bladder terminal part dilates --

1

bladder, terminal part dilates, --ampulla ductus deferentis

Vasectomy

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V tVasectomy

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Important concept-Spermatic cord Position Extends from the sup. extremity of testis to deep inguinal ring Contents: Ductus deferens;Testicular artery;Pampiniform plexus; N & l h ti l 3 l f t i th ti Nerves & lymphatic vessels; 3 layers of tunic enwrap the spermatic

cord.there are internal spermatic fascia;cremaster; Ext. spermatic fascia

Spermatic cord

Ductus deferensGenitofemoral n.

Ext.spermatic fascia

Pampiniform plexus

penis

Testibular a.

Cremaster Pariatal layerEpididymis

Pampiniform plexus

Perididymistestis

Skin Vesceral layer

Perididymis

Scrotumwall Dartos coat

testis

The covering of testis and spermatic cord

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Genital ducts- ejaculatory duct

Formed by union of distal portion ductus deferens &portion ductus deferens & excretory duct of seminal vesiclevesicle

Passes through the upper part of prostate and opens p p pinto the prostatic part of urethra

Ejaculatory duct

Posterior surface of bladderLat.view of bladder and prostate

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Accessory glands

Seminal vesicle (paired)Prostate (five lobes)Bulbourethral gland (paired)Bulbourethral gland (paired)

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Accessory glands- seminal vesicle

Paired sacculated,coiled l dglands

Secrete part of seminal fluidfluid

Located on post. surface of bladder lateral to ampullabladder,lateral to ampulla ductus deferens

Ejaculatory duct is formedEjaculatory duct is formed by union of distal portion ductus deferense and excretory duct of seminal vesicle Seminal vesicles

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Post.view of bladder

Urinary bladderUreter

Ductus deferensDuctus deferens

Ampulla of ductusdeferens

Beginning of ejaculatory duct

Prostate

Ischiopubic ramus

Seminal vesicle

Deep transverse perineal m.and fascia

Prostate and seminal vesicles (post.view)

Bulbourethral glands

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Accessory glands- prostate

Position Lies in the lesser pelvic

cavity below the bladder,above the

urogenital diaphragm.P t t

Post.view

Shape Chestnut-shaped organ

Division - Three portions

Prostate

Division Three portions

Base of prostate

Apex of prostateApex of prostate

Body of peostate

Prostatic sulcus(post surfaces)

Prostate

Prostatic sulcus(post. surfaces)

Five lobes

Sagittalview

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Accessory glands- prostate

Contains of five lobesAnt.lobe

U thContains of five lobesAnt. lobe Mid. lobe

L ft l b Right.lobe

Urethra

Post.lobe Left lobeRi ht l b

Left.lobe g

Right lobe

Capsule of protate

Sheath of protate formed by pelvic fascia p

Post.lobeMid.lobe

Transverse section of prostate

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Accessory glands - Bulbourethral gland

Two small pea-shaped glands,located in the deep transverse

muscle of perineum,opens into bulb of urethra.

Bulbourethralgland

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Prostate cancerProstate cancer

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External genital organs

ScrotumScrotumPenisPenis

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External genital organs - scrotumg gPouch of thin skin lying below the root of the penis

Divided into two haves by septum of scrotum, contains testis

and epididymisand epididymis

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External genital organs - scrotumThe wall of the testis consist of skin and dartos coat, a

connective tissue layer that contains many smooth muscle

g g

y yfibers which is continus anteriorly to the scarpa’s fascia of abdomen and posteriorly with Colles fascia of perineum

Spermatic cord

Ductus deferensGenitofemoral n

Ext.spermatic fascia penis

Genitofemoral n.

Testibular a.

Epididymis

Pampiniform plexus

Cremaster

Skin

Pariatal layer

Vesceral layerPerididymis

Scrotumwall Dartos coat

testis

wall Dartos coat

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The regulation of testis temperatureThe testes work best at temperatures slightly less than core body temperature. The spermatogenesis is less efficient at lower and higher temperatures. This is presumably why the testes are located outside the p p y ybody. There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the optimum temperature.

While cool- cremaster contract –While hot- cremaster dilate – While cool- cremaster contract –the wall thickened- keep warm

While hot- cremaster dilate –the wall thinned- Decreased T

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The descend of testis

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The coverings of testis and spermatic cord

Transvers fasciaParietal peritoneum

g p

Obliquus internus abdominis

Trasversus abdominis

Aponeurosis of obliquus externus abdominis

abdominis

External spermatic fascia Parietal layer

Cremastter

Internal spermatic fascia

Viscerallayer

Tunica vaginalis of testisVaginal cavity

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Division Root ;Body;Glans

External genital organs - penis

Ext. orifice

Division Root ;Body;Glans

Cavernous body(3)Cavernous body of penis(2); Cavernous body of urethra(1)

Head of penis

of urethraHead of penis

Prepuce of penis

Cavernouis body of urethra

Body of penis

Cavernous body of penis

Frenulum of prepuce

Sup.fascia of penisPrepuce of penis

Crus Crus

Bulb of urethra

Frenulum of prepuce

of penis Crus of penis

urethra

Bulbourethral gland

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The transverse section of penisp

Dorsal n of penis Dorsal sup. a.of penisDorsal n.of penis

skin

Sup fascia of penisDorsal a.of penis

Dorsal deep a.of penis

Dorsal sup. a.of penis

Sup.fascia of penis

Deep.fascia of penisLat.v.of penis

Cavernouis body

Deep a.of penis

Cavernouis bodyof penis

Albuginea of cavernouisbody of penisbody of penis

urethracavernouis body of urethra

Albuginea of cavernouisbody of urethrabody of urethra

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The masterpiece of great univers

P iPenis -like

StStone

Penis sheath in new Guinea

“Yang yuan stone” situated in Danxia Mountain of Guangdong Province. It g y g gis called the first strange (wonder) stone on the world which are 28 meters in height and 7meters in diameter.

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Male urethraIt have a length about 16-20cm and pass through the prostate, the uregental diaphragm and the cavernous body of the urethra. Function:voiding the urine and ejaculating the seminal fluid.

Three portionsUreter

Three portionsThree stricturesThree dilationsTwo curvaturesAnt.and post urethra

Ductus deferensEjaculatory ductAmpulla of ductus deferens

bladder

UrethraPenis

Prostate

epididymis

scrotum

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Male urethra -Three portions

2

2131 - Prostatic part

3cm;

2 - Membranous part

1 5cm;1.5cm;

3 - Cavernous part1515cm

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Male urethra -Three strictures1 - Internal orifice of urethra2 - Membranous part3 - External orifice of urethra

21

33

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Male urethra –Two curvatures

1 - Subpubic curvaturen(can not be changed)2 - Prepubic curvature (can be changed)2 Prepubic curvature (can be changed)

2 1

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Anterior urethra and posterior urethra

1 – Anterior urethra (prostatic part + membranous part)2 Posteror urethra (cavenous part only)2 – Posteror urethra (cavenous part only)

2 1

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Male urethra –three dilations1 - Prostatic part2 - Bulb of urethra 3 - Nnavicular fossa of urethra

1

2

3

Local enlargement

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See you next time!See you next time!