System of rice intensification (SRI)- a method of rice cultivation for higher yield isasTma Aaf ra[-sa [nToMSaIifkoSana ³esa Aar Aa[- ¹ Qaana kaSt kI AiQak ]pja donao vaalaI ivaiQa

SS Rana, Suresh Kumar and Kapil Saroch saurond isaMh raNaaÊ sauroSa kumaar evaM kipla saraoca

September 2011 isatmbar 2011

Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176062 (India)

sasya iva&ana ivaBaagaÊ ÌiYa mahaivaValayaÊ saI esa ko ihmaacala pdoSa ÌiYa ivaSvaivaValayaÊ palamapur ¹ 176062 ³Baart´

System of rice intensification (SRI)- a method of rice cultivation for higher yield isasTma Aaf ra[-sa [nToMSaIifkoSana ³esa Aar Aa[- ¹ Qaana kaSt kI AiQak ]pja donao vaalaI ivaiQa

System of rice intensification developed in Madagascar in 1983 has spread to 28 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the last 14 years. SRI, a ‘less water’ method of production is ideal to poor farmers with relatively more family labour than land and capital. The average yield obtained by SRI method, around 7 t/ha compared to world average around 3.8 t/ha, requires no new cultivars and only about half as much water per season as that of usual lowland rice. It has been tested in China, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka with encouraging results. SRI does not depends on purchased inputs, only changes in the way that plants, soil, water and nutrients (composted biomass) are managed. Reduced demand for water and the avoidance or reduction of fertilizer and other agrochemicals make SRI environmentally friendly. Some controversial are the very high yields obtained by farmers who use the method most skillfully and have improved their soil quality through SRI practices. Yields of 12 to 20 t/ha and even higher are beyond what has been considered the biological ceiling. However, this has been estimated for rice grown under continuous submergence and with large applications of fertilizers. According to SRI concepts, those conventional practices reduce the achievable yield by contributing to degeneration of root system and by ignoring the fact that N uptake by rice roots is demand-led process. The SRI practices produce a different phenotype from rice genomes, with more tillers (30-50 commonly, around 80 to 100 for individual plants), deeper and more effective roots (root resistance around 5 times greater for conventionally grown plants); and a positive correlation between tillering and grain filling. These phenotypic responses to SRI management have been reported with all rice varieties, traditional as well as high yielding. Because SRI was developed empirically and has been ‘practice led’, the scientific basis for its performance is not fully understood. Evidence on

isasTma Aaf ra[-sa [nToMSaIifkoSana ³esa Aar Aa[- ijasao 1983 maoM maoZagaaskr maoM ivakisat ikyaa gayaa ipClao 14 vaYaao-M maoM eisayaa, AfrIka AaOr laoitna Amairka ko 28 doSaaoM maoM fOla gayaa hO. esa Aar Aa[- ¹ ek kma panaI ]%padna ivaiQa ]na garIba saImaaMt iksaanaaoM ko ilae ijanako pasa pairvaairk Eama ]plavQa hO ko ilae ]%tma hO.esa Aar Aa[ - Qaana kI AaOsatna pOdavaar 7 TnaÀhO@Toyar sasaaMr kI AaOsatna pOdavaar ³3º8 TnaÀhO ko dugaunaI ko lagaBaga kao iksaI BaI na[ - AiQak ]pja donaovaalaI iksma kI ja$rt nahIM hO. macca va raoipt Qaana kI Apoxaa esa Aar Aa[ - maoM kovala AaQaa hI panaI caaihe. caInaÊ [NDaonaoiSayaaÊ kmbaaoiDyaaÊ qaa[-laONDÊ baaMgalaadoSa va EaI laMka maoM esa Aar Aa[- ko sarahnaIya pirNaama imalao hOM. esa Aar Aa[- KrIdo jaanao baalao inavaoSaaoM pr AaQaairt nahIM hO. Aiptu yah PaaOQaÊ maRdaÊ panaI va paoYaNa ³saD,a jaOivak pdaqa - ka pirvait-t p`baMQana hO. panaI kI kma AavaSyakta va rasaayainak KadaoM sao prhoja, yaa ]naka kma ]pyaaoga esa Aar Aa[- ivaiQa kao pyaa -varNa ima~ banaata hO. iksaanaaoM Wara ijanhaoMnao [sa ivaiQa kao dxatapUNa - Apnaayaa va Apnao KotaoM ka sauQaar esa Aar Aa[- tknaIkaoM sao kr AiQak ]pja paPt kI ka kuC hd tk ivavaad rha hO. 15¹20 TnaÀhO yaa AiQak ]pja jaao xamata sao khIM AiQak hO Aama saaoca sao pro hO. laoikna yah Andaj,aa lagaatar panaI KD,a rKnao va rasaayainak Kad ka AiQaktma ]pyaaoga krnao vaalao Qaana ka hO. laoikna esa Aar Aa[- QaarNaa Anausaar yao pcailat yaayaama Qaana kI paPt krnao yaaogya ]pja kao jaD,ao kao nauksaana kr kma krto hO. yaha^M [sa tqya kao BaI Baulaa idyaa jaata hO ik Qaana kI jaD,ao Wara naa[T/aojana laonaa maaMga ¹ AaQaairt iËyaa hO. esa Aar Aa[- iËyaayaoM Qaana ko paOQao ka ivaSaoYa Aakar pOda krtI hOM ijasamaoM AiQak iCD,ava ³saaQaarNatyaa 30 sao 50 tk va paya: 80 sao 100 tk daoijayaa^M Ê gahrI evaM pBaavaSaalaI ja,D,o ³ja,D, pitraoQa pcailat ivaiQayaaoM kI Apoxaa lagaBaga 5 gauNaa´ evaM iCD,ava va danaa Barava maoM Qanaa%mak saMbaMQa haota hO ³saaQaarNa ivaiQa maoM lagaatar panaI zhrava va AiQak naa[-T/aojana ko karNa yah saMbaMQa ]lTa haota hO . esa

phenotypic differences attributable to SRI practices has been reported. Some studies also indicate contribution of biological nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilisation to high yield of SRI. All these contributions may be more conjunctive than established facts. There are more unanswered questions raised by SRI than there are answers on hand Management practices.

Aar Aa[- pbaMQana ko yao AnauBava Qaana kI doSaI evaM AiQak ]pja donao vaalaI saBaI iksmaaoM maoM doKo gayao hO. esa Aar Aa[ - pyaaoga &ana ko AaQaar pr ivakiSat huAa hO AaOr yah AByaasa AaQaairt rha hO. [sako baiZyaa pd-Sana ka vaO&ainak AaQaar @yaa hO AbaI tk samaJa maoM nahIM Aayaa hO. kuC Aqyayana AiQak naa[T/aojana isqarIkrNa evaM fasfaorsa GaulanaSaIlata of esa Aar Aa[- kI AiQak ]pja ka karNa maanato hO. dRZ, tqya kI Apoxaa yao saBaI sahyaaoga jauD,o hue hao sakto hOM. Laoikna ]<ar haqa maoM haonao kI Apoxaa esa Aar Aa[- nao Anaok jabaavariht pSana pOda ike hOM. pbaMQana iËyaaAaoM ka saixaPt vyaaOra idyaa jaa rha hO.

Nursery Management

• Raised nursery bed similar to regular crops

• Seed rate 5 kg/ha

• Nursery area 2.5 cents per ha of main field

• Apply a layer of fine manure on seed bed

• Distribute pre-sprouted seed uniformly

• Cover the seed with another layer of fine

manure

• Mulching seed bed with paddy straw

• Regular watering to keep the seedbed

moist

PaaOQa ³na -sarI´ pbaMQana

• Aama fsalaaoM kI BaaMit ]zI hu[- @yaarI.

• baIja dr ¹ 5 iklaaogaama pit hO@Toyar ³ik gaaÀhO .

• @yaarI ka xao~fla ¹ ek hO@Toyar ko ilae paOQa hotu 250 vaga -maITr ³2º5 pitSat´.

• @yaarI maoM vaiZ,yaa BaurBaurI dosaI Kad kI th ivaCaeM.

• fUTo baIja kao @yaarI maoM samaana $p sao ivaKoroM.

• baIja kao dosaI Kad kI Anya th sao Zk doM.

• @yaarI pr Qaana kI puAala kI malca ivaCaeM.

• panaI ko iCD,kava sao @yaarI kao lagaatar nama banaae rKo.

• baIja ]ga Aanao pr ³4 sao 5 idna baad´ plavaar hTa doM.

Main Field Preparation

• Similar to that of lowland rice

• Perfect land leveling

• Drainage channels at 2 to 3 m interval

• Draw lines both ways (25 cm x 25 cm or 30

cm x 30 cm) with marker

Kot kI tOyaarI

• laugaM evaM raoipt Qaana kI hI trh.

• sampUNa - samatlaIkrNa.

• 2 sao 3 maITr kI dUrI pr panaI inakasa hotu naailayaaoM ka pavaQaana.

• daonaaoM trf sao ³25 × 25 yaa 30 × 30 saOTIMmaITr´ maak -r Wara laa[-nao lagaaeM.

Manuring • Incorporate around 5 t/ha of compost

during main field preparation for better soil

health

• Depending on the necessity top dress with

chemical fertilizers

Kad

• imaT\TI kI ]va -ra Sai@t kao banaayao rKnao hotu Kot kI tOyaarI ko samaya 5 Tna pit hO@Toyar gaaobar kI KadÀkmpaYT DalaoM.

• ja$rt Anausaar fsala maoM rasaayainak KadaoM ka ]pyaaoga kroM.

Transplanting

• Transplant 8 to 12 days old seedlings with

seed intact, having 2 or 4 leaves

• Banana leaf sheaths may be used for lifting

the seedlings from nursery bed

• Carefully lift the seedlings with seed, soil

and roots using banana leaf sheath by

inserting it below the root system and carry

to the main field

• Place single seedling with seed, soil and

roots at 25 cm x 25 cm or 30 cm x 30 cm

intersecting points marked with the marker

• Place the seedling without plunging too

deep into the soil

paOQa raopNa

• baIja ko saaqa 8 sao 12 idna kI paOQa ijasamaoM 2 yaa 4 pi%tyaaM haMo ka raopNa.

• @yaarI sao paOQa ]zanao ko ilae kolao kI pi%tyaaoM ko inacalao Baaga ka ]pyaaoga.

• kolao kI p%tI kao nasa-rI maoM jaD,aoM ko naIcao Gausaakr PaaOQa kao baIjaÊ imaT \TI va jaD, ko saaqa ]zakr mau#ya Kot tk phuMcaanaa.

• 25 × 25 yaa 30 × 30 saOTIMmaITr ko prsapr kTo ibaMduAaoM pr baIja , imaT\TI va jaD, samaot ek paOQa pit ibaMdu rKoM.

• PaaOQa kao imaT \TI maoM hlka saa dbaanaa.

Water Management

• Fields should not be flooded during

vegetative phase

• Regular water application to keep soil moist

but not saturated

• Intermittent wetting and drying for

jala pbaMQana

• fsala kI vaanaspitk Avasqaa maoM ivalkula BaI panaI KD,a nahIM rKnaa.

• imaT\TI kao nama banaayao rKnao ko ilae lagaatar hlka panaI doto rhnaa prntu saUKa ivalkula BaI na haonao donaa.

adequate aeration during vegetative phase

• Relatively frequent watering after

vegetative phase

• No water stagnation at any stage

• vaanaspitk Avasqaa maoM parI¹parI Kot ka nama va saUKa haonaa BarpUr hvaa p`dana krta hO.

• vaanaspitk Avasqaa ko baad Kot maoM vaar¹vaar panaI donaa.

• fsala kI iksaI BaI Avasqaa maoM Kot maoM panaI KD,a na rhnao donaa.

Weed management

• Severe weed infestation due to moist soil than land submergence

• Using simple rotary weeder between crop rows in both the directions starting from 10 days after planting

• About four rotary weedings at 10-15 days interval could be adequate till panicle initiation

• If necessary, one or two hand weedings may be necessary to remove weeds closure to rice plants

Krptvaar inayan~Na

• panaI KD,a rhnao kI Apoxaa Kot nama rKnao ko karNa KrptvaaraoM ka pkaoPa AiQak.

• raopNa ko 10 idna ]praMt pi@MtyaaoM maoM daonaao idSaaAaoM maoM saaQaarNa raoTrI vaIDr ka ]pyaaoga.

• ponaIkla Aanao tk 10¹15 idna ko Amtrala pr lagaBaga caar vaar raoTrI vaIDr kI AavaSyakta.

• ja$rt Anausaar ek yaa dao vaar Qaana ko paOQaaoM ko najadIk ]gao KrptvaaraoM kao inakalanaa.

Acknowledgement The photographs used in the brochure have been downloaded from the internet. saaBaar baraocar maoM ]pyaaoga ike gae jyaadatr faoTao [nTrnaoT sao ilae gae hOM.

Printed by Secretary, Sewa Bharti, Palampur, Village Nain, PO Kamlehar, Tehsil Palampur, Distt Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India, 176061