Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis

7/29/2019 Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis

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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3

Fcstlrs Tblsms; ^lraerfm`j Mfprlssme`mstmi Cuteltb`ejrcpbmi @crrctmvl m` Tlxt c`d ^mxlos te

Lxpoerl Alcr ea Dlctb m` L`d-ea-Omal Icrl-Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts

Dl`c F. Xesge

Je`zcjc \`mvlrsmty

IefO 12>, Ylitme` C9

^realsser @ehuyc M`cjcgm

Dlilfhlr 3:, 8>3>


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Tchol ea Ie`tl`ts

Tmtol ^cjl.....................................................................................................................................4Ymj`cturl ^cjl.............................................................................................................................M; M@TXED\ITME@, MFÊXTC@IL, DLAM@MTME@Y, XLYLCXIB FLTBED,

HCIGJXE\@D, IE@TLRT, C@D TBLYMY EXJC@M[[email protected]

M`treduitme`................................................................................................................................33Ytctlfl`t ea Mfpertcìl............................................................................................................33

Hcigjreu`d................................................................................................................................38

Alcrm`j Alcr...........................................................................................................................38

Zerrym`j Cheut Dlctb..........................................................................................................39Ie`tlxt.......................................................................................................................................39

Dlam`mtme` ea Tlrfs...................................................................................................................34

Xlslcrib Fltbed.......................................................................................................................34

Tblsms Erjc`mzctme`...................................................................................................................3

Yiepl..........................................................................................................................................4>Xlslcrib Cssufptme`s...............................................................................................................43

Fltbedeoejy..............................................................................................................................44

Cuteltbèjrcpbmi Mfplrctmvls...................................................................................................41

Cuteltbèjrcpbmi ^lraerfcìl @crrctmvl m` L`d-Ea-Omal Icrl Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts....................42^reildurl...................................................................................................................................4=

Xlslcrib Sulstme`s................................................................................................................

Ytudy Tmflom`l.......................................................................................................................@crrctmvl Yeurils...................................................................................................................

Ytudy Omfmtctme`s.......................................................................................................................


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Xlarcfm`j..............................................................................................................................19

Ibc`jm`j tbl Sulstme`...........................................................................................................1Ytudy Am`dm`js...........................................................................................................................:3

êlfs.....................................................................................................................................:3

^betejrcpbs............................................................................................................................22Dmsiussme` ea Am`dm`js; Hoejjm`j cs c ^reduild ^lraerfcìl................................................=8

êlfs.....................................................................................................................................=8

^betejrcpbs............................................................................................................................=4

Hoej Ocyeut c`d Dlsmj`........................................................................................................=:Lfhlddld M`tlrcitmvmty..........................................................................................................==

\`/Fcrgm`j tbl Yloa m` tbl Tlxts.........................................................................................3>>

Yyfheomicooy Lxibc`jm`j Lxplitctme`s..............................................................................3>4

Ie`tmùmty; Dmjmtmzm`j Ieffu`mty & ^rlslìl..................................................................3>2^lraerfm`j Acrlwloo............................................................................................................338

TFT c`d Iurtcm` Icoo..........................................................................................................333

Cutbers @etl..........................................................................................................................9>8


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Tmtol ^cjl

^LXAEXFM@J MF^XLYYME@MYTMI C\TELTB@EJXC^BMI @CXXCTMQL M@ TLRT C@D

^MRLOY TE LR^OEXL ALCX EA DLCTB M@ L@D-EA-OMAL ICXL-JMQM@J IE@TLRTY

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

C Tblsms

^rlsl`tld te tbl Aciuoty m` Ieffu`mictme` c`d Olcdlrsbmp Ytudmls

Yibeeo ea ^realssme`co Ytudmls

Je`zcjc \`mvlrsmty


\`dlr tbl Yuplrvmsme` ea ^realsser @ehuyc M`cjcgm

\`dlr tbl Fl`tersbmp ea Dr. Oems Flom`c


M` ^crtmco Auoamoofl`t

Ea tbl Xlqumrlfl`ts aer tbl Dljrll

Fcstlr ea Crts m` Ieffu`mictme` c`d Olcdlrsbmp Ytudmls


Hy

Dl`c F. Xesge

Dlilfhlr 8>3>


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Xu``m`j blcd; LR^OEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB

bttp;//dl`cresge.ief/ie`tcit.btfo

bttp;//tlxtc`dpmxlorlaolitme`s.ief

dl`cresgeNjfcmo.ief


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3>

Chstrcit

Tbms study lxpoerls alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts vmc mfprlssme`mstmi

cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl cs plraerfld e` c hoej wmtb pbetejrcpbs c`d pelfs. Tbms study

rlomls e` ltbmico cssufptme`s aer ieffu`mictm`j dmcoejul, ieàmrfctme`, c`d c plraerfcìl

`crrctmvl ltbes m` l`d ea omal. Tbms study lfpoeys Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery te mdl`tmay c jcp

m` lxmstm`j lfpmrmico alcr c`d dlctb studmls, c`d amoos tbct jcp hy lfhlddm`j mts arcflwerg c`d

fltbed m` tbl psyibetblrcplutmi trcdmtme` te aestlr irlctmvl arlldef c`d psyibeoejmico scalty

c`d se hrlcg tbl iuoturco smolìl sbreudm`j jrmla. Gly am`dm`js sbew tbct tbl hoej ieerdm`ctld c

tblrcplutmi preilss te cssucjl dlctb alcrs, hut tbct etblr vmrtuls hlsmdls alcr plraerfld m` tbl

tlxt. Tblsl eutiefls hl`lamt `crrctmvl blcotbicrl. Mfpomictme`s mìoudl olcdm`j aer caalitmvl c`d

spmrmtuco blcom`j c`d ieffu`mictm`j iefpcssme`, irlctmvmty, c`d oevl. Xlieffl`dctme`s aer

auturl rlslcrib m`veovl pcrt`lrm`j wmtb tlibèoejy erjc`mzctme`s, tbl crts, c`d seimco simlìls te

dlsmj` ieffu`mictme` systlfs te hl`lamt plepol m` blcotbicrl erjc`mzctme`s.

Glywerds; alcr studmls, dlctb studmls, Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery, plraerfcìl,

`crrctmvl, `crrctmvl blcotbicrl, beomstmi olcdlrsbmp, dmcoejul, ieàmrfctme`, mfprlssme`mstmi

cuteltbèjrcpby, tlibè-iuoturco studmls, iyhlr studmls, pbetejrcpby, wrmtm`j, hoej


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Fcstlrs Tblsms; ^lraerfm`j Mfprlssme`mstmi Cuteltbèjrcpbmi @crrctmvl m` Tlxt c`d ^mxlos te

Lxpoerl Alcr ea Dlctb m` L`d-ea-Omal Icrl-Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts

M; M@TXED\ITME@, MFÊXTC@IL, DLAM@MTME@Y, XLYLCXIB FLTBED,

HCIGJXE\@D, IE@TLRT, C@D TBLYMY EXJC@M[CTME@

M`treduitme`

Tbms study lxpoerls alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts tbreujb plraerfm`j

mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl vmc tbl dmjmtcooy fldmctld crts, er c hoej, pbetejrcpbs,

c`d pelfs wrmttl` durm`j oess. @cvmjctm`j oess ic` hl cs tbl scofmst dlsirmhld; c dcrg c`d

sbcdewld vcooly ( sc. 89). Jrmla ic` allo cs alcr (Olwms, 3=13). Yefltmfls plrse`s lld c

jumdl aer suib c petl`tmcooy armjbtl`m`j keur`ly. Aer fl, tbct plrse` wcs fy fctlr`co jrc`dfc.

Ytctlfl`t ea Mfpertcìl

Coo plrse`s ct sefl pem`t dml c`d oesl sefle`l tbly gèw er oevl. @et lvlrye`l fcy

alcr dlctb, hut alcr lxmsts cs c bufc` lfetme` c`d se c ieffe` lxplrmlìl, cohlmt ct dmaalrl`t

dljrlls, er aer dmaalrl`t rlcse`s. Iuoturl c`d seimlty ie`struits erfs aer lxprlssm`j lfetme`s

c`d jrmla, mìoudm`j rmtucos te flfermcomzl plepol wbe dml c`d te iefaert tbl hlrlcvld. êomtmis

cose màoulìls plepols l`d-ea-omal lxplrmlìls. Iurrl`t blcotbicrl rlaerf m` tbl \`mtld Ytctls

erjc`mzls c`d cssmj`s vcoul te tbl wcys plepol omvl c`d dml m` blcotbicrl slttm`js. Iurrl`t

ieffu`mictme` èrfs m` tbl Zlst utmomzl `lw fldmc er iefputlr fldmctld ieffu`mictme` cs

wcys te cssmj` flc`m`j te rloctme`sbmps c`d lxplrmlìls. Tbus, tbms study prevmdls c rlolvc`t,

tmfloy, peomtmico, seimco, iuoturco, c`d ieffu`mictme`-erml`tld jomfpsl m`te c plrse`s l`d-ea-omal

lxplrmlìls cs plraerfld tbreujb tbl dmjmtcooy fldmctld crts.


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Hcigjreu`d

M usld te rmdl fy bet pm`gêwdlr ûaahmgl wmtb c aoerco hc`c`c slct c`d aouerlsil`t

spegl dets dew` eur bmoo c`d tbl smx hoeigs te fy fctlr`co jrc`dpcrl`ts beusl. Tbesl rcm`hew

aoeurmsb dcys octlr jcvl wcy te c dcrglr spcil catlr M am`msbld fy u`dlrjrcductl werg ct c`d

fevld befl. Hy tbl`, Jrc`dpc wcs m` bms l`d ea omal c`d dmld tbct Ylptlfhlr. Zbmol M cttl`dld

bms wcgl, M cvemdld cttl`dm`j bms hurmco c`d flfermco slrvmils. ^rmer, M bcd m`tlrvmlwld bmf e`

bms Zerod Zcr MM lxplrmlìl, wretl tbl m`tlrvmlw m` c `crrctmvl aerfct wmtb pbetejrcpbs, c`d

jcvl iepmls te acfmoy. M wmt`lssld tbms werg iefaert acfmoy c`d fl7 tbl `crrctmvl jcvl fl c

feur`m`j rmtuco. M cose bcvl wrmttl` c fcùsirmpt cheut Jrc`dfc c`d fy m`tlrcitme`s. Lcib ea

wbmib old fl te fy vlstld m`tlrlst m` irlctm`j c`d rlslcribm`j omal c`d l`d ea omal `crrctmvls aer

blcom`j purpesls. Hlye`d tbct mfplrctmvl, M pbetejrcpbld c`d wretl sbert stermls c`d m keur`cos

smìl M wcs 38 cs c wcy te lxplrmlìl, u`dlrstc`d, c`d sbcrl fy werod. M ie`tmùld fy m`tlrlsts

cs c` cduot wbl` M studmld irlctmvl wrmtm`j c`d aeu`dld c pbetejrcpby husm`lss.

Alcrm`j Alcr

Ytmoo, M lxplrmlìld alcr ea dlctb; fy ew`, c`d tbl dlctb ea tbesl ioesl te fl, lsplimcooy

Jrc`dfc, wmtb wbef M sbcrld c ioesl he`d. Alcr lredld fy sl`sl ea sloa, l`juoald fy omal, c`d

m` mts m`tl`smty huoomld coo etblr allom`js c`d iocrmty u`dlrjreu`d. Bmstermicooy, M strujjold wmtb

pbysmico blcotb ibcool`jls, wbmib icusld fl te allo M bcd omttol ie`treo evlr fy omal c`d tbct fy

omal wcs omfmtld c`d lvl` sbertl`ld. Yuhslqul`t dmsfmssmvl`lss m` fldmico erjc`mzctme`s old fl

te aurtblr werry cheut fy wloacrl (Xesge, 8>>=, Eitehlr 8). M strujjold wmtb c alcr-defm`ctld,

dmstrustauo, c`d duco fm`d wbl` M cvemdld fcgm`j oe`j-tlrf ieffmtfl`ts. Mre`micooy, M

fcm`tcm`ld uìlrtcm`ty cs c dllr m` blcdomjbts te allo scal (Hrcdci, 8>>3). M eatl` ictcstrepbmzld

tbl auturl, er wbct Jcr`lr (3==:) dlsirmhld cs hlomlvm`j tbct tbl werst icsl sil`crme weuod


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eiiur. Tbms hlbcvmer eòy plrpltuctld tbl moousme` tbct M ieuod ie`treo fy omal hy wmtbdrcwm`j

aref mt. Cs M wmtbdrlw, M auoamoold wbct ^coflr (3==>) icoold tbl sicrimty prepbliy. M alot tbct

fy bepl m` fy auturl bcd dmffld. Durm`j tbesl ylcrs, M omvld m mre`y. M lxmstld wmtb m`tl`sl

alcr, cwcrl tbct M omvld dmvmdld m` fm`d, spmrmt, c`d lxplrmlìl aref tbl plrse` M wc`tld te hl;

e`l wbe il`tlrld blrsloa e` acmtb, bepl, c`d oevl m`stlcd ea alcr.

Zerrym`j Cheut Dlctb

Xefc`ysby` (3===) dlsirmhld feur`m`j cs oesm`j fy jrmp e` tbl werod (p. ==).

Oesm`j c oevld e`l ic` fcgl us dml c omttol c`d acoo cpcrt psyibeoejmicooy (Duig, 8>>=, p.

989). M werrmld cheut Jrc`dfcs dlctb hlicusl M werrmld tbct wbl` Jrc`dfcs hedy dmld, M

weuod oesl fy jrmp wmtb fysloa, wmtb etblrs, c`d wmtb fy drlcfs. Mt wcs cs ma M c`tmimpctld

Jrc`dfcs dlctb cs fy ew`, hetb pbysmicooy c`d spmrmtucooy. M cose alcrld M weuod rlplct tbl

c`xmlty c`d pc`mi M bcd lxplrmlìld creu`d tbl tmfl Jrc`dpc bcd dmld. Tbms c`xmlty plrpltuctld

dmsie``lit c`d se prlvl`tld fl aref lxplrmlìm`j c wbeol omal (Zblctoly & Gloo`lr-Xejlrs,

3===). Aref tbms hcigjreu`d, M m`tlrcitld wmtb Jrc`dfc cs blr ew` blcotb cmold c`d preilssld

tbl alcrs M alot cs M olcr`ld aref blr omal stermls c`d acmtb m` tbl ie`tlxt ea eur rloctme`sbmp.

Ie`tlxt

Ie`tlxt cowcys ieffu`mictls, c`d ieffu`mictme` irlctls ie`tlxt, wbmib tbl`

màoulìls plepols ibemil-fcgm`j hlbcvmers (Ie`rcd & eeol, 8>>>3-8>>1, M vmsmtld Jrc`dfc ct blr prmvctl rlsmdlìl. Aref 8>>1-8>3>, M vmsmtld Jrc`dfc

wbl` sbl rlsmdld ct c oeico rlbchmomtctme` il`tlr. Ymìl 8>>3 M hljc` te rlslcrib c`d wrmtl blr

omal stery cs m tlrtwm`ld wmtb fm`l. Fy m`tlrcitme`s wmtb Jrc`dfc teeg pocil wmtbm` c dmcoejmi

c`d acfmomco rloctme`sbmp. Dmcoejul, c iefpolx c pblèflè` cs rloctme`sbmps (Hcxtlr, 8>>4), ms


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rloctme`sbmp. Xloctme`sbmps lxmst cs e`jem`j, irlctld, irlctmvloy lxprlssld, `lilsscrmoy

dlstreyld, c`d fystlrmeus m`tlrcitmvl lxplrmlìls ( lcril & ^lcril, 8>>4). Dmcoejul ie`stmtutls

c`d fldmctls gèwm`j cs rloctme`co (Beoequmst, 3==>, cs imtld m` Hcxtlr, 8>>4, p. 3>=). Cs wl

ieffu`mictld vcouls c`d hlomlas, wl jcvl e`jem`j flc`m`j te eur ieffu`mictme` bchmts

(Hcxtlr & Fe`tjeflry, 3==1, cs imtld m` Hcxtlr, 8>>4, p. 338). Eur m`tlrcitme`s wmtb tbms

studys tepmi teeg pocil m` c icrljmvm`j ie`tlxt. M blopld fy fef c`d Jrc`dfc hy prevmdm j

rlspmtl icrl, tbleoejmico ie`vlrsctme`s, rlierdm`j c`d wrmtm`j blr stermls, ru``m`j lrrc`ds,

poc``m`j iocssmi fevml `mjbts, prcym`j, beusl iolc`m`j, pbetejrcpbm`j blr hmrtbdcy pcrtmls c`d

beomdcys, cribmvm`j iocssmi acfmoy pbetes, c`d hoejjm`j.

Dlam`mtme` ea Tlrfs

Icpessloc c`d Zcrèig (8>>4) ie`struitld icrljmvm`jcs c ieffu`mty laaert te prevmdl

suppert c`d rlspmtl aer icrljmvlrs wbe bcvl duco reols (sll Goujfc`, 8>>2). Xejlrs (3=2=)

sujjlstld tbct plrse`s lxplrmlìlalcrwbl` tbly sl`sl c ocig ea scalty c`d futuco

u`dlrstc`dm`j m` tblmr l`vmre`fl`t. Dlctb sllfs tbl am`co u`scal lxplrmlìl. L`d ea omal

icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts rlfm`d plrse`s ea dlctb. Alcric` olcd te c`xmlty sl`smtmvmty, wbmib ic`

cjjrcvctl lxmstm`j blcotb ibcool`jls (FiGrcigl` & Glejb, 8>>=). Tlxt c`d pmxlos rlalrs te tbl

`cfl ea tbl hoej c`d tbl dmjmtco `crrctmvl scfpols. C hoejms c` eòm`l keur`co dlsmj`ld aer

m`tlrcitmvmty c`d cudmevmsuco prlsl`tctme`. M l`tlrld tbl hoejjm`j werod m` 8>>1 wmtbX Chedl

(Xesge, 8>>1) c`d trc`smtme`ld te Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s durm`j tbms prejrcf (8>>=-prlsl`t).

Xlslcrib Fltbed

Tbms study usls mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltbèjrcpby c`d plraerfcìl `crrctmvls te

u`dlrstc`d alcr lxplrmlìls m` oess vmc dmjmtmzld plraerfcìl crt sbcrld e` c hoej, wbmib

mìoudls pbetejrcpbs c`d pelfs wrmttl` durm j tbms studys tmflarcfl (sll Ibcptlr 9). Tbms


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3>:). Cuteltbèjrcpbmi rlslcrib lxmsts m` twe

jl`rls; mfprlssme`mstmi c`d trcdmtme`co (Olcvy, 8>>=). Tbms study lfpoeys mfprlssme`mstmi

cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvls jmvl` tbl ieffl`ts, lfhlddld om`gs, c`d cudme amols e` tbl hoej hy

etblr plepol wbe ie`trmhutld te fy preduitme` preilss. Zbmol M irlctld tbl hoej, pelfs, c`d

fest ea tbl pbetejrcpbs, M mìoudl pbetejrcpbs hy etblrs, suib cs tbl iocssmi mfcjls c`d tbesl ea

fl wmtb Jrc`dfc. Tbus, mfprlssme`mstmi rlalrs te irlctm`j ie`tl`t tejltblr, tbeujb M rlfcm` tbl

prmfcry `crrcter. Fldmctmzldms lssl`tmco te tbms studys usl ea c hoej cs c plraerfcìl tlxt. Tbms

study usls trcdmtme`cocuteltbèjrcpby hy mìoudm`j c sloa `crrctmvl cs tbl scfpol ea study c`d

hy rlaolitm`j e` wbct M bcvl olcr`ld cs pcrt ea tbl dmsiussme` ea am`dm`js (sll Ibcptlr 4).

Tbms study lfhlds tbl rlslcrib preilss wmtbm` tbl psyibetblrcplutmi trcdmtme` c`d

`crrctmvl tblrcpy (sll Fcttm`joy, 3==27 êogm`jber`l, 3=22), wbmib cooews fl te lxpoerl alcr ea

dlctb ie`struitmvloy hy drcwm`j e` tbl mdlcos aer futuco u`dlrstc`dm`j, cutbl`tmi jrewtb, c`d

irlctmvl arlldef (Irlswloo, 8>>:7 Xejlrs, 3=2=7 3==4). Tbl plraerfcìl csplit iefls cheut

dul te clstbltmi m`tl`tc`d mdl`tmty; M irlctld tlxt c`d pmxlos e` tbl hoej, er tbl clstbltmi tlxt,

wmtb tbl m`tl`t te tloo tbl stery ea fy lxplrmlìl te c` cudmlìl (sll Ibcptlr 8).

Tblsms Erjc`mzctme`

Ibcptlr 8 lxpocm`s plraerfcìl `crrctmvl cs tbms studys tblerltmico arcflwerg c`d

mdl`tmamls c jcp m` dlctb tlrrer rlslcrib hy mìoudm`j c rlprlsl`tctmvl omtlrcturl rlvmlw ea

lfpmrmico wergs tbct bcvl studmld dlctb tlrrer. Tbms ibcptlr dlsirmhls dmcoejul, ieffu`mictme`


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ieàmrfctme`, c`d plraerfcìl `crrctmvl ltbes cs scoml`t c`d `lilsscry ltbmico cssufptme`s aer

rlslcribm`j alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts. Ibcptlr 9 dlsirmhls tbl siepl,

rlslcrib cssufptme`s, fltbedeoejy, preildurl, c`d c`coysms arcflwerg aer tbms studys tlxt, er c

hoej, pbetejrcpbs, c`d pelfs tbct M wretl durm`j c`d aeooewm`j Jrc`dfcs l`d-ea-omal. Ibcptlr

4 eutom`ls tbms studys c`coysms strctljy c`d rlsuots c`d dmsiussls am`dm`js. Ibcptlr < lxpocm`s

seime- peomtmico c`d iuoturco omfmtctme`s ea tbl rlslcrib fltbed c`d am`dm`js, cddrlssls

mfpomictme`s aer ieffu`mictme` c`d olcdlrsbmp, rlieffl`ds auturl rlslcrib, c`d ieìoudls wmtb

scoml`t ehslrvctme`s. Cppl`dmils C te I mìoudl c hmejrcpby rlolcsl, ltbmis preteieo, c`d auoo

tlxt ea tbl hoej, rlsplitmvloy, Cppl`dmx D sbews Tchols 3.3-3.4, wbmib rlprlsl`t tbl amrst olvlo

c`coysms ea am`dm`js, c`d Cppl`dmx L mìoudls tbl fl`ter cjrllfl`t aerf aer tbms study. Aref

tbms study, M dlsmj`ld c wlhsmtl aer oess `crrctmvls (sll Cutbers @etl).

Yuffcry

Tbms study dlsmrls te u`dlrstc`d bew M rlspe`dld te fy alcrs durm`j Jrc`dfcs l`d-ea-

omal hy irlctm`j plraerfcìl tlxts e` c hoej, c`d ma suib alcrs wlrl scoml`t. Tbms study

ibcool`jls seime-iuoturco èrfs tbct smolìl jrmla lxprlssme`s hy mìoudm`j pbetejrcpbs, pelfs,

c`d hoej pests, wbmib M irlctld durm`j Jrc`dfcs dlctb c`d eur acfmoys suhslqul`t feur`m`j

rmtucos. Tbms study cspmrls te cdvcìl alcr c`d dlctb studmls hy sbewm`j bew `crrctmvl c`d

tlibèoejy ic` hl`lamt plepols lxplrmlìls wmtb ieffu`mictm`j tblmr m``lr werod te l`jcjl

tblmr seime-iuoturco rlcof cfmd oess. Tbms study ie`trmhutls te blcotbicrl dmsieursl hy prepesm`j

ltbmico stc`dcrds aer lfpoeym`j plraerfcìl `crrctmvl, tbl dmjmtco crts, c`d sterytloom`j

cpprecibls hy ieffu`mictm`j ieàmrfctme`, dmcoejul, c`d c` cwcrl`lss tbct coo tbl tlxts wl

ibeesl te irlctl sbcpl plepols lxplrmlìls m` l`d ea omal.


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3:

MM; OMTLXCT\XL XLQMLZ

Tbms omtlrcturl rlvmlw wmoo dlsirmhl tblerltmico c`d ltbmico cssufptme`s ea dmcoejul,

ieffu`mictme` ieàmrfctme`, c`d `crrctmvl c`d plraerfcìl ltbes c`d tbl` lxpocm`

ieffu`mictme` c`d plraerfcìl `crrctmvl arcflwergs cs tbly rloctl te tbms studys tepmi;

plraerfm`j alcr ea dlctb, jrmla, c`d oess cs fldmctld hy dmjmtco `crrctmvls. Tbms rlvmlw wmoo dltcmo

lfpmrmico wergs tbct lxpoerl alcr ea dlctb cs fc`cjm`j tlrrer c`d wmoo lxpocm` bew suib rlslcrib

fcm`tcm`s c jcp wmtb m`blrl`t ibcool`jls aer rlslcribm`j l`d-ea-omal. Tbms omtlrcturl rlvmlw wmoo

prepesl eòm`l plraerfcìl `crrctmvl arcflwergs c`d tblmr ltbmico cssufptme`s cs c flc`m`jauo

c`d seimcooy hl`lamimco wcys te rlslcrib alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts.

Ltbmico Cssufptme`s

Tbms study cssufls tbct plraerfcìl `crrctmvl rlslcriblrs, iom`mimc`s, c`d ie`stmtul`ts

`lld ilrtcm` ltbmico sl`smhmomtmls wbl` m`tlrcitm`j wmtb plepols alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal. @e

fercomty rlfcm`s c suaamiml`t flcsurl aer plepol wbe `lld jrcil te auooy pcrtmimpctl wmtb tblmr

stery se sloa-`crrctmvls fust am`d c befl m` iuoturl c`d m` tbl sloa m` erdlr te dlvloep ferco

ibcrcitlr tbreujb lxplrmlìm`j omal lvl`ts (Bculrwcs, 3==4). Te hl jrcimeus, l`d ea omal, alcr

studmls, c`d blcotbicrl rlslcriblrs `lld te pcrtmimpctl auooy wmtb plepols `crrctmvls vmc dmcoejul,

ieffu`mictme` ieàmrfctme`, c`d c plraerfcìl `crrctmvl ltbes.

Dmcoejmi Yl`smhmomtmls

Ie`qulrjeed (3=29c) sujjlstld plraerflrs bcvl c ferco rlspe`smhmomty te plraerf

dmcoejmicooy, er te hl cwcrl ea tbl wcys tbct tbl plraerfcìl cfpomamls vemil evlr etblr plepols

vemils tbreujb tbl plraerfcìl. Tbms study ie`smdlrs bew dmcoejul eiiurs tbreujb `crrctmvls

fldmctmzld vmc dmjmtco crts, rbltermi, tbl `crrcter, c`d tbl plraerfcìl. Humodm`j aref Huhlrs

(3=:>)M c`d Tbeu, dmcoejul prevmdls c ie`tlxt aer m`qumry (Hcxtlr, 8>>4) wblrl plepol fllt


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lcib etblr m` aoumd c`d arcjmol wcys. Il`trco te tbms study, plepol dmcoejul tbreujb stery cs c`

màerfco dcmoy citmvmty (C`dlrse`, Hcxtlr, & Imss`c, 8>>4). ^lepol lxprlss tur`m`j pem`ts m

tblmr omvls tbreujb sterytloom`j, rlfm`msilìl, c`d mdmesyìrctmi lxprlssme`s (Hcxtlr, 8>>4).

Cr`ltt (3=23) lfpbcsmzld tbl `lld te u`dlrstc`d suib c rbltermico smtuctme` hltwll` plrse`s

(p. 838) aref wbmib c sbcrld flc`m`j lflrjls. Tbms icoo te citme` rlprlsl`ts prcxms, m`vegls c`

ltbmi aer plepol te ieffu`mictl bufc` ieìlr`s c`d seimco prcitmils, c`d icoos tbl rlslcriblr te

dmrlit rlspe`smhol rbltermi tewcrd cètblr (Jreef, 8>>2). Dmcoejmi prcxms flc`s rlspe`dm`j te

plepol m` c smtuctld ie`tlxt tbreujb tbl rbltermis (Jreef). Catlr coo, te lxmst flc`s te `cfl c`d

te irlctl (Arlmrl, 3==4). Dmcoejul eaaslts tbl `cfm`j pewlr tbct c plraerflr bcs m irlctm`j c`

clstbltmi tlxt hy tcgm`j m`te ciieu`t tbl prmfciy ea tbl `crrcters vemil. Tbms ciieu`t preduils c

pcrcdex cs tbl `crrcters vemil cose ie`trmhutls te dmcoejul, er tbl wcys tbct plepol puhomioy

ieffu`mictl tblmr mdlcs c`d lxplrmlìls wmtb etblrs wbesl mdlcs c`d lxplrmlìls fcy dmaalr.

Dmcoejul m` rlslcrib cssufls tbct rloctme`sbmp prevmdls c ie`tlxt aer m`qumry (Hcxtlr,

8>>4). Xloctme`sbmps mfpcit dlimsme`-fcgm`j c`d prevmdl c hlttlr ltbmico jumdl tbc`

prlieìlmvld ltbmico irmtlrmc er rlvmlw preilssls (Dl`zm`, 8>>9h). Jmvl` tbms lfpbcsms e`

rloctme`sbmp, dmcoejul rlspe`ds te tbl icoo te bufc`mzl, te hl rlspe`smhol, te hl cvcmochol, c`d te

hl prlsl`t te iefaert etblrs (Oeudmy, 8>>2). Tbms study cssufls mt ltbmico c`d lssl`tmco te

bufc`mzl plepol m` l`d-ea-omal, wbmib eatl` eiiurs m` erjc`mzctme`s, suib cs m` acfmoy c`d

blcotbicrl. Jreef (8>>2) dlam ld erjc`mzctme`co ieffu`mictme` cs c` cit ea hlm`j-aer-etblrs,

c rlspe`sl te tbl ferco dmfl`sme` ea c ieffu`mictmvl spcils... tbct sbcpl plepols omvls (p.

342). Ieffu`mictm`j l`d ea omal lxplrmlìls m` cicdlfmi er blcotbicrl erjc`mzctme`s rlqumrls

c` ltbes te hl aer etblrs m` c ferco fc``lr, suib cs hy lxtl`dm`j bepl te plepol m` suaalrm`j

(Bydl, 8>>4). ^lepol lxplrmlìl bepl wbl` tbly icrl aer etblrs (Bydl). Tbms dmcoejmi irlde


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 3=

fllts cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvls icoo aer rlslcriblrs te wrmtl hlye`d tblmr plrse`co lxplrmlìl

te syfheomzl rldlfptme` c`d bepl (Dl`zm`, 8>>9c). Tbms ltbes aer sbcrm j suaalrm`j te lxtl`d

bepl rlse`ctls wmtb tbms studys cssufptme` aer auoo pcrtmimpctme` (sll Ibcptlr 9). Tbms ltbes

ie`stmtutls c` ltbmi ea icrl, wblrl icrm`j rloctls te tbms study cs smtuctld m` c icrljmvm`j ie`tlxt.

M` sbert, dmcoejul flc`s u`dlrstc`dm`j tbl sloa cs pcrtmimpctm`j auooy wmtb tblmr ew` c`d etblrs

suaalrm`j c`d cs lfhlddld m` erjc`mzctme`s, iuoturl, c`d m` tbl eutiefl ea tbl stery tbct tbly

irlctl cs c rlsuot ea tblmr sbcrld c`d lfhlddld lxplrmlìls. Xlse`ctm`j wmtb `crrctmvl, dmcoejul

flc`s rloctme`cooy c`d irlctmvloy rlspe`dm`j te bufc` suaalrm`j.

Dms/Ieàmrfm`j Hlbcvmers

Xloctme`cooy c`d irlctmvloy rlspe`dm`j te bufc` suaalrm`j tbreujb stery ieàmrfs plepol

cs tbly prlsl`t tblfslovls te hl. Ieffu`mictm`j oess c`d alcr ea dlctb rlqumrls c ieàmrfctme`

ltbmi. Drcwm`j aref Ocm j (3=1>7 3=13), plepol ieàmrf lcib etblr wbl` tbly cigèwoldjl

tbct lcib etblr lxmsts cs tbly prlsl`t tblmr lxmstlìl te hl (Imss`c & Ymlhurj, 8>>>


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ieàmrfm`j c plrse` sbews oevl, wbmol mjèrm`j er dmsfmssm`j c plrse` tbreujb dmsieàmrfctme`

ieffu`mictls vmeolìl (C`dlrse`, Imss`c, & Cr ltt, 3==4). Libem`j dmcoejul, ieffu`mictm`j

ieàmrfctme` aestlrs c scal pocil aer plepol te sbcrl tblmr dmvlrsl stermls hlicusl ieàmrfctme`

dels rlqumrl iefpomcìl, eòy c wmoom`j`lss te rlspe`d te plepol cs m`tloomjl`t hlm`js wbe crl

ferl tbc` icpchol ea sloa-cwcrl`lss, ibemil, c`d lvl` plraerfcìl.

Ieffu`mictm`j dlctb te c armjbtl`ld iuoturl.

Zbct dels mt flc` te ieffu`mictl ieàmrfctme` aer plrse`s wbe alcr dlctb5 Ol`druf

c`d Yyfl (3==8) mdl`tmamld alcr ea dlctb cs aestlrm`j sloa-, jreup-, c`d iuoturl- il`surl cs plepol

crl tee carcmd ea dlctb te tcog cheut mt (p. 81>). Cs c rlsuot, tbl hlrlcvld eatl` am`d tblfslovls m`

seimco `ltwergs tbct crl u`chol er u`wmoom`j te omstl` te tblmr jrmla stermls (Ymovlrfc`, 3=22). M`

etblr werds, iuoturco tl`dlìmls te cvemd dlctb dmsieàmrf plepols lxplrmlìls wmtb oess.

Ieffu`mictm`j te hrlcg smolìl.

M` puhomi seimlty, plepol il`ser tblfslovls wbl` tbly plrilmvl c ocig ea puhomi suppert

er ieffe`comty m` tblmr vmlws (Bcyls, 8>>:) c`d wbl` tbly alcr mseoctme` er slpcrctme` aref

etblrs cs c rlsuot ea lxplrmlìm`j sefltbm`j puhomioy u`pepuocr (@luwmrtb, Arldlrmig, & Fcye,

8>>:) suib cs wbl` splcgm`j m`te tbl puhomi c puhomicooy fercooy c`d lfetme`cooy ibcrjld

ie`trevlrsmco mssul (@elool-@lufc`` & ^ltlrsl`, 8>>4). Tbms sloa-il`sersbmp hliefls smolìl

c`d dmrlitoy om`gs tbl psyib-seimco te tbl puhomi (@elool-@lufc``, 3=:47 3=247 3==37 @elool-

@lufc`` & ^ltlrsl`, 8>>4). Ymolìm`j dlctb er lfetme`s laalitmvloy sljrljctls tbl sloa aref

tbl puhomi. C plrse` è oe`jlr plrilmvls bmf er blrsloa te hloe`j te c seimco werod wbl` tbct

werod dels èt ieffu`mictl c wmoom`j`lss te blcr bms er blr stery. Tbus, plrse`s il`ser

tblfslovls aer alcr ea hlm`j lxioudld er iut. Tbms alcr ea hlm`j iut eaa trufps tbl dcfcjl de`l

m` smolìm`j e`ls `lld te ieffu`mictl fercooy er lfetme`cooy ibcrjld mssuls wmtbm`


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tblfslovls. Tbms smolìl dmsieàmrfs plepol wbesl smtuctme` flrmts c rlspe`sl m` c iuoturcooy

u`pepuocr hut mfpertc`t lxplrmlìl, suib cs alcr er dlctb.

^lepol il`ser tblfslovls c`d se suaalr m` smolìl wbl` tbly plrilmvl c ocig ea seimco

suppert te dmsiuss tblmr jrmla. Olwms (3=13) dlsirmhld bms ew` lxplrmlìls wmtb sloa- c`d

iuoturl- il`surl catlr bms wmal dmld, plrbcps tbl hlrlcvld eujbt te hl mseoctld m` splimco

slttolfl`ts omgl olplrs. Te sefl Mf wersl tbc` c` lfhcrrcssfl`t. M cf c dlctbs blcd (pp.

38-39). Blofrctb c`d Ytlm`mtz (3=:2) rlpertld m`stcìls ea acfmoy c`d arml`ds smdlstlppm`j

rlalrlìls te tbl hlrlcvlds oess, c`d icoold tbms smdlstlppm`j c ie`spmrciy ea smolìl (p. :22).

Ymovlrfc` c`d Ymovlrfc` (3=:=) ètld plepol sloa-il`surl hlicusl tbly ic`èt rlseovl tbl

dmsirlpcìy hltwll` tblmr lfetme`co dlsmrls c`d tbl rlcomty ea tbl dlctb (p. 492). Hlcib

(3==>


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ltbmis fcmòy m`veovl hlm`j cwcrl tbct tbl m`tl`t te irlctl c` clstbltmi tlxt m`veovls tbl m`tl`t te

màoulìl seime-iuoturco èrfs (sll Ie`qulrjeed, 3=29c7 3=2>=). Xlse`ctm`j wmtb dmcoejuls ltbes te rlspe`d

(Hcglr Ebolr, 8>>2), plraerfcìl `crrctmvls ltbes ms te tcgl seimco c`d ferco rlspe`smhmomty evlr

e`ls m`tl`t te irlctl clstbltmi tlxts (Ie`qulrjeed, 3=29c7 3=2


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(Hloo, 8>>:), c rlolvc`t hlbcvmer wbl` ie`smdlrm j plraerfm`j oess, dlctb, c`d alcr. Evlrcoo,

lssl`tmco te plraerfcìl ltbes mìoudls cwcrl`lss ea tbl m`tl`tte irlctl tblsl clstbltmi tlxts7 tbl

m`tl`t ieffu`mictls c ibemil te plrsucdl tbl cudmlìl ea tbl ilrtcm` wcy ea hlm`j c`d tbm`gm`j.

Aref c tblrcplutmi plrsplitmvl, oess `crrctmvls bmjbomjbt bew plepol lxplrmlìl tblmr

u`flt lxplitctme`s cs smtuctld m` tbl uìbc`jlchol, suib cs dlctb (Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Tbms vmlw

cssufls c tblrcplutmi ltbes te plraerfm`j oess `crrctmvls. Cs Yiblib`lr (3==9) ie`tl`dld,

plraerfcìl, wmtb coo mts tl`sme`s, fmsjmvm`js, cspmrctme`s, c`d preilss, prevmdls c hlst wcy te

oevl c`d strujjol wmtb tbl etblr m` c`d eutsmdl ea tbl sloa. \otmfctloy, tbms study cssufls mt

prmfcry te rlspe`d te plepol m` l`d-ea-omal tbreujb c rloctme`co, irlctmvl, c`d iuoturcooy-l`jcjm`j

cpprecib. Tbms mfplrctmvl te rlspe`d humods aref tbl plraerfcìl `crrctmvl ltbes te hl cwcrl ea

tbl mfpcit tbct plraerflrs m`tl`t te irlctl clstbltmi tlxts bcs e` tblmr cudmlìl. M` etblr werds,

c` ltbmico rlspe`sl te oess mìoudls rlspe`dm`j hy plraerfm`j `crrctmvl aer c tblrcplutmi purpesl.

Tblerltmico Arcflwergs

Tbms study aeiusls e` tbl m`smdl werod ea lfetme`, er alcr, tbl seime-iuoturco werod ea

ie`tlxts, er l`d-ea-omal, c`d tbl m`-hltwll` werod ea fldmctm`j lfetme`s c`d l`d-ea-omal tbreujb

dmjmtco plraerfcìl `crrctmvls. Tbms study drcws e` plraerfcìl `crrctmvl arcflwergs te

u`dlrstc`d bew plepol smj`may c`d fcgl sl`sl ea tblmr lfetme`co c`d oess lxplrmlìls.

@crrctmvl

^lepol cpprecib bufc` suaalrm`j flc`m`jauooy c`d wmtb sl`smtmvmty wbl` tbly rloy e` c

ieffu`mictme` arcflwerg aer sterytloom`j, wblrl cttl`tme` te bufc` suaalrm`j flc`s cttl`tme`

te stermls (Fcttm`joy, 3==2, p. 3). @crrctmvl arcflwergs prevmdl c wcy te u`dlrstc`d mdl`tmty

c`d tblrcplutmi usls m` oess. @crrctmvl studmls tbl wcys tbct plepol lxplrmlìl tbl werod m` c`d

tbreujb tblmr stermls (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>). @crrcteoejy, er tbl study ea crrctmvl,


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m`veovls gèwm`j bew plepol sllg iocrmty cheut tblmr slovls c`d lxplrmlìls tbreujb plraerfm`j

vmj`lttls ea tblmr omvls (Xesl`wcod, 3==1). @crrctmvl rlslcriblrs study omvld lxplrmlìls c`d omal

stermls cs c `crrcter cttcibls flc`m`j te tbesl lxplrmlìls (Jllrtz, 3=217 Tur`lr, 3=28). Tbl

cit ea `crrctm`j lxplrmlìl flc`s erjc`mzm`j c`d ieffu`mictm`j c ie`tlxt c`d lvl`t m` tbl

`crrcters lvlry dcy omal (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>).

Ie`tlxt fcttlrs te `crrctm`j ibc`jl (Oc`jloomlr, 3=2>=), wblrl

u`dlrstc`dm`j bew plepol rlspe`d te c`d rlseovl u`lxplitld omal ibc`jls ie`stmtutls c jeco aer

tbms study c`d aer `crrctmvl tblrcpy (sll Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Lssl`tmcooy, c stery lxprlssls bew

c`d wby omal ibc`jls (FiGll, 8>>9, p. >>27 FiCdcfs, 3==97

FiGll, 8>>9). @crrcters trc`saerf plepol cs tbly `crrctl c`d lxplrmlìl tur`m`j pem`ts m` tblmr

omvls (Dl``m`j, 8>>>1). Cs `crrctmvls prefetl c`d dlsirmhl ibc`jl,

`crrctmvls erjc`mzl lxplrmlìl cs fevlfl`t, er tbl c`tmtblsms te dlctb. ^lraerfcìl `crrctmvl

prevmdls c vlbmiol tbct tcgls us te c pocil etblr tbc` wblrl wl usucooy crl (Heot, 8>>4, p. 3=>)

c`d se prevmdl c` lflrjl`t stery. Tbms stery rlseu`ds wmtb ferco ie`struits, c plrsucsmvl c`d

clstbltmi cpplco, c`d c` e`jem`j ie`vlrsctme` (Xufm`msgm, 8>>2, p. 339) tbct rlvlcos fuib

cheut plepols seimco reols c`d ie`tlxts (Oc`jloomlr & ^ltlrse`, 8>>47 ^ltlrse` & Oc`jloomlr,

8>>1). Tbms tblfl aer ie`tmùmty mooufm`ls bew plepol u`dlrstc`d irmtmico omal lvl`ts (sll

Zlhstlr & Flrtevc, 8>>:).

@crrctmvls sbew c stery ea jrewtb c`d tl`sme` cs `crrcters rlvmsl, m ioudl, c`d lxioudl

ilrtcm` dltcmos (Kesslose`, 3==1). Jmvl` tbms trc`saerfctmvl qucomty, `crrctmvl prevmdls c

hl`lamimco rlslcrib fltbed aer trcufc studmls (Fi@maa, 3==27 Olcvy, 8>>=). Bmstermicooy,


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 8>9) aeu`d tbct sterytloom`j c`d etblr irlctmvl lxprlssme`s, suib cs crt, blopld

ibmodrl` te lxprlss c`d preilss jrmla, laalitmvloy hrlcgm`j wbct Hestmiie c`d Tbefpse` (8>>>9) ehslrvld tbct

iej`mtmvl dlvloepfl`t ic` omfmt c ibmods jrmla lxprlssme`. Bewlvlr, stermls cooewld ibmodrl` te

oesl tblfslovls m` tbl stery, c`d se lcsl tbl preilss ea fcgm`j sl`sl ea c `lw smtuctme`

(l.j., dlctb c`d tbl suppert jreup, p. 39:). Cs stermls lcsld tl`sme`, stermls prevmdld Xejlrs

(3=2=7 3==4) scal c`d irlctmvl l`vmre`fl`t aer ibmodrl` te pcrtmimpctl wmtb etblrs m` wergm`j

tbreujb tblmr oess. M` tbms wcy, sterytloom`j mfpcrtld c tblrcplutmi vcoul wblrl tbl preilssm`j

ea jrmla ic` hl cmdld hy tbl usl ea `crrctmvl c`d crt (Joczlr & Fcriuf, 8>>9, p. 39:).

M` wbct wcys dels sterytloom`j c`d crt hl`lamt cduots lxplrmlìm`j oess5 Aer stcrtlrs,

`crrctmvls irlctl c`d lxprlss mdl`tmty (Yiblmhl, 3=217 FiCdcfs, 3==9) c`d se prevmdl c wcy aer

plepol te prlsl`t tblfslovls c`d tblmr lxplrmlìls te tbl werod (Eibhlrj, 3==4). Tbms cit ea

plraerfm`j `crrctmvl mfpcrts cjlìy cs plepol `lld te tloo stermls te hl wbe tbly crl (Ioc`dm`m`

& Ie``looy, 8>>>7 FiCdcfs, 3==9) c`d se plrsucdls plepol ea tbl lxplrmlìls c`d mdl`tmty cs

tbly `crrctl tblf te hl (Jcrre & Fcttm`joy, 8>>>). Xlicoom`j ieàmrfctme`, `crrctmvls tbl` jmvl

c tlxt tbct icoos plepol, iuoturl, c`d seimlty te rlspe`d te tbl `crrcter wbe bcs smtuctld tbl sloa m`

tbl tlxt. M` se dem`j, sterytloom`j epl`s deers aerflroy oeigld hy sloa- er iuoturco il`ser te

bmjbomjbt plepols m``lrfest imriol, er tbct ierl pcrt ea tblf tbct màoulìls tblmr suracil

hlbcvmers, hut etblrwmsl rlfcm`s u`sll` hy etblrs (Cotfc` & Tcyoer, 3=:9). @crrctmvl sbews

tbl sloa cs m` suspl`sl hltwll` omal lxplrmlìls c`d tblrcplutmi poets, er bew plepol `cvmjctl tbl

seimco drcfc hltwll` hregl` lxplitctme`s, pcmàuo lxplrmlìls, c`d am`dm`j wcys te ie`tmùl


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omvm`j (Fcttm`joy, 3==2). ût cètblr wcy, `crrctmvl plraerfs c ieblrl`t (êogm`jber`l, 3=22)

c`d dmsie`tmùeus (C`zcodc, 3=2:7 Fcttm`joy, 3==2) sloa te c iuoturl aerflroy eut ea teuib.

^lraerfcìl `crrctmvl cs c psyibetblrcplutmi strctljy (Fcttm`joy, 3==27 êogm`jber`l,

3=22) c`d trc`saerfctmvl preilss seu`ds c` cpplcom`j m`tlrvl`tme` aer l`d-ea-omal ie`tlxts c`d

alcr studmls. Tbl lfpbcsms e` plrse`co ibc`jl rloctls te cuteltbèjrcpbmi plraerfcìl

`crrctmvl m` oess smtuctme`s (sll Ibcptlr 9). ^syibetblrcpy tbct utmomzls `crrctmvl blops plepol te

ie`struit flc`m`jauo lxplrmlìls (êogm`jber`l, 3=22). Tblrcplutmicooy, sterytloom`j prevmdls c

blcom`j preilss (DlYcove, 3===7 ^l``lhcglr, 3==>) aer plrse`s lxplrmlìm`j tufuot. Aer

m`stcìl, `crrctmvl l`rmibls plrse`s wbl` tbly rltresplit te irlctl c `crrctmvl tbct sctmsamls tblmr

iurrl`t smtuctme` (êogm`jber`l, 3=22). Mfpertc`toy, sterytloom j flc`s m`vlstmjctm`j tbl wcys

tbct plepols werds c`d lvl`ts màoulìl tblmr citme`s c`d fetmvls c`d vmil-vlrsc (Fcttm`joy,

3==2). ^lepol rlaolit c`d tloo tblmr m tl`t, dlsmrl, er hlomlas, c`d tbl wcys tbct tblsl fetmvctme`s

olcd te citme` (Fcttm`joy). ^lepol `lld te `crrctl m` erdlr te cit c`d vmil-vlrsc (Fcttm`joy). M`

`crrctmvl tblrcpy, `crrctmvl blops plrse`s te oeictl tblmr dlsmrl wbl` tbly lxplrmlìl oess

(Fcttm`joy), flc`m`j tbct `crrctmvl prefetls tbl petl`tmco sloa (Fcttm`joy). Tbms petl`tmco sloa

fcgls tbl `crrctmvl dmaalrlìl hlicusl `crrctmvl cddrlssls plrse`s hregl` c`d sljfl`tld

lxplrmlìls c`d blops plepol te l`vmsme` c beplauo auturl cfmd trcufc (Fcttm`joy7 êogm`jber`l,

3=22). ût cètblr wcy, `crrctmvl prevmdls c tblrcplutmi cpprecib te oess hy u`dlrstc`dm`j tbl

ierrloctme`s hltwll` ibemil, citme`, c`d blcom`j.

^lraerfcìl

Tbl cit ea plraerfm`j `crrctmvl flc`s tbl cit ea plraerfm`j werds tbct de tbm`js

(Jcrre & Fcttm`joy, 8>>>, p. 813). ^lraerfcìl studmls prevmdl c arcflwerg te study tbl wcys

tbct plepol lfpewlr tblfslovls c`d l`vmsme` c beplauo auturl m` oess. ^lraerfcìl c`d


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`crrctmvl tejltblr hrm`j tbl tlxt te omal. ^lraerfcìl tlxts, hrecdoy ieìlmvld, mìoudl vmsuco

`crrctmvls c`d c`y etblr flc`m`j-fcgm`j syfheo irlctld c`d sbcrld hy plepol er iuoturl

(Hcgbtm`, 3=21). Humodm`j aref Jeaafc` (3=). Xlse`ctm`j wmtb `crrctmvl, wbl`

plepol plraerf lvlry dcy omal, tbly irlctl c`d lxprlss mdl`tmty (Icrose`, 8>>97 Ie`qulrjeed,

3=237 Yiblmhl, 3=21). ^bloc` (3==9) dlsirmhld plraerfcìl cs tbl wcys tbct plepol rlprlsl`t

tblmr mdl`tmtmls c`d lxplrmlìls wmtbeut rlpreduim`j tblf, wbmib flc`s tbct plraerfcìl

`crrctmvls fcgl c wcy aer plepol te hl m` tbl werod (Eibhlrj, 3==4).

M` wbct wcys de plepol plraerf `crrctmvl, c`d wbct dmaalrl`tmctls `crrctmvl aref

plraerfcìl5 Tbms qulstme` fcy crmsl aref tbl bmstermls hy wbmib tbl dmsimpom ls ea

plraerfcìl c`d `crrctmvl dlvloepld c`d tbl suhslqul`t icfps tbct slpcrctld tbl preilssls c`d

fldmc wmtb wbmib plepol tloo stermls, suib cs vmc tlxt er erco (sll Hcufc` & Hrmjjs, 3==>7 Hocu

3=28/3=297 3==>7 Ie`qulrjeed, 3==27 Oc`jloomlr, 3=2>1). Ymj`mamic`toy, tbl `crrcter, hy `crrctm j, plraerfs. Ie`dmtme`s aer c

plraerfcìl te eiiur mìoudl tbl `lld aer c plraerflr, lvl`t, cudmlìl, c`d plraerfcìl

(Oc`jloomlr, 3=2


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ie`stmtutls plraerfcìl (Ie`qulrjeed, 3=29c7 3=2>2), sujjlstm`j

tbct plepol olcr`, hliefl, c`d fcgl c dmaalrlìl tbreujb irlctmvl lxprlssme`. M` etblr werds,

plraerfcìl m`veovls c preilss cs fldmctld hy lvl`t, mdl`tmty, c`d m`tl`t.

^lraerfcìl cose m`veovls plraerflr c`d cudmlìl prlslìl (Cusoc`dlr, 3===7 Hloo,

8>>2) c`d, fest ea coo, c trmpcrtmtl m`tlrcitme` hltwll` tbl plraerflr, cudmlìl, c`d seime-

iuoturco c`d peomtmico rlcofs (Icrose`, 8>>9). Cs Yiblib`lr (3==9) ehslrvld, plraerfcìl

l`cits hlbcvmer cs blmjbtl`ld c`d puhomioy dmspocyld. Tbl ie`vlrsctme`s hliefl c` m`tlrcitmvl

defcm` wblrl plepol ieffu`mictl vcrmld mdlcs cfmd sbcrld m`tlrlsts c`d seoutme`s (^rloowmtz,

8>>2). Tbms puhomi spcil ymlods c preilss aer plepol te ieffu`mictl ieffu`mty vmc sbcrm`j

tlxts c`d rloctme`sbmps ( rloowmtz). Tbus, plraerfcìl splcgs rloctme`sbmp, seime-iuoturl, c`d

peomtmis m`te, c`d lxcits lcib aref, tbl puhomi defcm`.

Ymìl plraerfcìl `crrctmvls hlcr puhomi mfpomictme`s, mt ms mfpertc`t te u`dlrstc`d tbl

dlomhlrctl c`d plrsucsmvl preilss hy wbmib plepol plraerf `crrctmvl. Hloo (8>>2) dlam`ld

syfheo usl cs hlm`j smtuctld, fldmctld, olcr`ld, c`d l`citld. ^lraerfcìl `crrctmvls rloy e`

rbltermico dlvmils tbct rlqumrl cwcrl`lss cs te tbl wcys tbct plepol usl syfheos te màoulìl

etblrs vmc plrsucsme` (Hloo). Tlxt mìoudls coo iuoturco systlfs c`d vmrtucooy c`ytbm`j m` tbl

werod tbct ic` hl rlcd (Hloo7 K. Icpute, plrse`co ieffu`mictme`, Ylptlfhlr 8:, 8>3>). Aer

lxcfpol, iuoturl eplrctls cs c tlxt, wblrl c`y iuoturl... ic` hl dlam`ld cs c systlf-m`-fetme` ea

smj`s c`d syfheos (Hee`, 3=21, p. 89=). ^lepol irlctl smj`s c`d syfheos tbct m` tur` irlctl

iuoturl c`d tbl iuoturl èrfcomzls er rlklits tbl plraerfcìl tlxt. ^lraerfcìl tlxts fcrg c`d

u`fcrg plepols seimco drcfcs wmtb rbltermi c`d syfheos (^bloc`, 3==9), suib cs hy mfcjls.

Heot (8>>4) wretl tbct plraerfcìl crt lìefpcssls tbl fe`streus plraerfctmvl wcys tbct


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mfcjls olcg m`te tbl werod c`d preduil mt m` sefle`l uàerlsll` wcy. Tbms ms tbl pewlr ea tbl

werg ea crt (p. 322). M` tbms wcy, plraerfcìl crt màoulìls plepols lvlrydcy omvls. Tur`lr

(3=2:) wretl tbct plraerfm`j lxplrmlìl m`veovls m`tlrruptm`j tbl olvlo suracil ea e`jem`j

seimco omal, wmtb mts m`tlrcitme`s, trc`scitme`s, rlimpreimtmls, mts iustefs aer fcgm`j rljuocr,

erdlroy slqulìls ea hlbcvmer wmtb pcssme`s, iefploold hy tbl veomtme`s, evlrfcstlrm`j ct

tmfls m` tbl rctme`co ie`smdlrctme`s (p. =>). M` etblr werds, plraerfctmvl lxplrmlìl dels èt

eiiur cs c tmdy om`lcr poet wbesl l`d fllts lxplitctme`s, hut cs c dmsiursmvl, ylt iuoturcooy

èrfcomzld, wcy te acsbme` c`d wmlod pewlr vmc syfheos.

Tbms study lxpoerls c dmjmtco tlxts pewlr m` sbcpm`j seime-iuoturco èrfs aer

ieffu`mictm`j c oess lxplrmlìl. Tlibèoejy màoulìls c`d bmjbomjbts seime-iuoturco erfs

aer plraerfcìl. Yterytloom`j `llds tbl dmjmtco te hl c puhomi c`d plraerfctmvl preilss

(Hrcttltlmj, 8>>2). Ieìurrm`j wmtb Tur`lrs (3=2:) seimco drcfc, plepol irlctl tblctlr m tblmr

lvlry dcy m`tlrcitme`s eòm`l (Dmxe`, 8>>:). Oess lxplrmlìls eatl` eiiur m` tc`dlf wmtb

iuoturcooy scìtme`ld feur`m`j rmtucos. Xmtucos, ylt cètblr hrecd-hcsld tlrf, mìoudl syfheomi

flc`m`j systlfs, plraerfcìl cits c`d preilssls, c`d rloctme`sbmps c`d lxplrmlìls (Yiblib`lr,

3==9). Yiblib`lr sujjlstld tbct tbl auturl ea rmtuco m` c`y jmvl` seimlty dlpl`ds e` rmtuco hlm`j

lfhlddld m` c fldmctld ie`tlxt. Dmjmtco plraerfcìl `crrctmvls fldmctl ie`tlxt, c ie`tlxt

wbmib m` tur` fldmctls tbl rmtuco te c puhomi. Tbl puhomi mìoudls c dmvlrsl c`d u`prldmitchol

cudmlìl, c`d m`stmtutme`co ie`tlxt tbct eatl` fcgls plraerfcìl rmtucos, suib cs puhomi

flfermcos, peomtmico (Yc`tmè, 8>>9).

^lepol dlsmj` ieffu`mictme` systlfs, wbmib m` tur` màoulìl tbl wcys tbct plepol

ieffu`mictl, c`d se irlctls c` e`jem`j alldhcig oeep (Ie`rcd & êeol, 8>>


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(YT), wbmib sbcpl bew plepol ieffu`mictl. YT csslssls tlibèoejy aref c beomstmi pcrcdmjf;

seimco, psyibeoejmico, l`vmre`fl`tco, c`d tlib`mico eutiefls (Trmst & Hcfaertb, 3=>>47 ^ltlrse`, 8>>2).

Hy ibcool`jm`j plraerfcìl irmtlrmc, tlibèoejy cooews rlslcriblrs te ibcool`jl tbl prmfciy ea

tbl hedy cs c wcy ea gèwm`j (Ibvcstc, 8>>9) c`d se sllg `lw wcys te ieìlptucomzl

plraerfcìl. Tbms sbmat m` lfhedmfl`t hl`lamts `crrctmvls dlcom`j wmtb dlctb, wblrl c hedy è

oe`jlr lxmsts. Fcmòy, eòm`l plraerfcìls arcfl tbl wcy tbct plepol `ljetmctl rloctme`sbmps,

mìoudm`j tbesl flfermcomzld c`d fldmctmzld vmc tlibèoejy (Om`dlfc``, 8>>) c`d ^bloc` (3==:) crjuld tbct plepol plraerf te

rlblcrsl dym`j. ^lraerfcìl c`d tlibèoejy crl hurmco prcitmils wmtb vlry eod fetmvctme`s; te

beod e`te omal, te prlslìl, te lxmstlìl, te ieffu`mictme` (Hloo, 8>>2, p. 819). M` etblr werds,

plepol plraerf c`d irlctl tlibèoejy m` rlspe`sl te tblmr fertcomty cwcrl`lss. Aurtblr, puhomi

flfermcos smtuctl tbl dlilcsld plrse` m` tbl oc`d ea tbl omvm`j (Yc`tmè, 8>>9) mfpomictm`j tbl

plraerflr c`d tbl cudmlìl te gllp tbl dlilcsld comvl m` tbl plraerfcìl (sll Ber`shy-Fmèr,

8>>:). ]lt fldmctld flfery c`d rmtucos eòy ocst se oe`j cs c` cudmlìl m`tlrcits wmtb tblf


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(Ibvcstc, 8>>9) hlicusl plraerfcìls, cs tblmr cudmlìls c`d plraerflrs, omvl e` herrewld

tmfl. Ct sefl pem`t plraerfcìl mffldmciy fust l`d (Hocu, 3=28/3=297 3==>). ût ferl

smfpoy, plepol gèw dlctb m` rloctme` te omal vmc plraerfcìl (Ibcvstc, 8>>9), ylt gèw tblmr

plraerfcìl, cs tblmr omal, ms tlfpercry (Hocu 3=28/3=297 3==>7 ^bloc`, 3==:). Lvl` plraerfm`j

c` l`d te c stery, suib cs wbl` c hoejjlr steps pestm`j te c hoej, jmvls tbl lxplrmlìl ea dlctb

(Ibcvstc, 8>>9). ^lraerfcìl tlstmamls te omal hy oeegm`j omgl dlctb hlicusl tbl omal mtsloa, cs tbl

plraerfcìl, wmoo lvl`tucooy l`d c`d tbus sllf te hl ibre`micooy olat hlbm`d (Hocu, 3=28/3=297

3==>). Tbus, plraerfcìls m`-hltwll` rlfcm`s tbct tl`sme` hy wbmib plepol tuj c`d puoo

hltwll` omal c`d dlctb c`d cfmd omal/dlctb cwcrl`lss, cofest cs Cr`ltts (3==4) lxmstl`tmco

beflolss`lss. Tbms ètme` l`d cjcm` rlalrs te lpmstlfeoejy cs fertcomty cwcrl`lss fldmctld

c`d prlioudld hy plraerfcìl (Hocu, 3=28/3=297 3==>).

Aurtblrferl, plepol wrmtl tblmr fertco rmtucos, flfermls, slovls, c`d crjuchoy etblrs m`te

hlm`j hy hoejjm`j (Ibcvstc, 8>>9). M` tbms omjbt, plrbcps plraerfm`j fldmctmzld oess dels èt

flc` tbct plepol rlblcrsl, rlpreduil, er rlprlsl`t dlctb, hut tbct plepol strmvl te rlcib aer omal m`

omjbt ea tblmr gèwoldjl ea dlctb tbreujb tblmr m`tl`t c`d citme` te rlarcfl mt. Tbms arcflwerg

fevls plepol m`te c` u`lcsy spcil hltwll` lxplitm`j c`d ehslrvm`j wbct citucooy bcppl`s m`

omal/dlctb (Hocu, 3=28/3=297 3==>), wbmib rlse`ctls wmtb tblrcplutmi `crrctmvls lfpbcsms e`

rlieìmom`j u`flt lxplitctme`s (Fcttm joy, 3==2). E` tbl hrmjbt smdl, plepol plraerf e`

herrewld tmfl hy fcgm`j tbl plraerfcìl fefl`t lxlfpocr. M` tbms wcy, plraerfcìl m`vmtls

plepol te scy è te dlctb te scy yls te omal (Ibcvstc, 8>>


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Alcr ea Dlctb

E`l fust u`dlrstc`d tbl `cturl ea alcr te lxpoerl bew plepol plraerf tblmr alcr ea dlctb.

Lfetme`s suib cs alcr aocj tbct wbmib c plrse` vcouls ( ujfmrl, 3==4). C`xmlty plrpltuctls

dmsie``lit (^coflr, 8>>>) c`d se prlvl`ts plrse`s aref lxplrmlìm`j c wbeol c`d preduitmvl

omal (Zblctoly & Gloo lr-Xejlrs, 3===7 Zmtt, 8>>:). Alcr defm`ctls, dmvmdls, c`d ieàusls

plepols ie`simeus`lss (Areff, 3=117 Esher`, 3=1) tlrfs, alcr epprlssls

plepol. Aer m`stcìl, plrse`s fcm`tcm` uìlrtcm`ty cs c dllr m` blcdomjbts te allo scal (Hrcdci,

8>>3) hy wmtbdrcwm`j tblmr ieffmtfl`ts te tblmr jecos. ^lepol strmvl bcrdlr te prldmit tbl

eutiefls ea tblmr ibemils, eatl` ictcstrepbmzm`j tbl auturl, er hlomlvm`j tbct tbl werst icsl

sil`crme wmoo eiiur (Jcr`lr, 3==:). Tbms strmvm`j plrpltuctls tbl moousme` tbct c plrse` ic`

ie`treo omal hy wmtbdrcwm`j aref mt (^coflr, 3==>) c`d, fest mfpertc`toy, m`dmictls c plrse`s

sl`sl ea ocig ea ie`treo. Hy wmtbdrcwm`j, plepol auoamoo wbct ^coflr icoold c sicrimty prepbliy

c`d se fmss eppertu`mtmls te ibc`jl tblmr smtuctme` aer tbl hlttlr. Tbms alcr-prlimpmtctld

dew`wcrd spmrco eppesls plepols `lld te drcw `lcrlr tejltblr, te ieffu`mictl, c`d te fcgl

dlimsme`s m` l`d-ea-omal (sll Hocigcoo, Ymffs, & Jrll`, 8>>=).

Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery (TFT)

Tlrrer Fc`cjlfl`t Tblery (TFT) rlprlsl`ts c fcffetb tblery tbct studmls dlctb

tlrrer. Blm`l, Bcrmbcrc, c`d @mmyc (8>>8) dlsirmhld TFT cs e`l ea tbl heodlst c`d fest acr-

rlcibm`j tblermls rljcrdm`j tbl sloa-ieìlpt (p. 32:). TFT sujjlstld tbct plepol alcr dlctb, c`

m`blrl`t bufc` lxplrmlìl (Icstcè & Dlibls`l, 8>>>97 FiGrcigl` &

Glejb, 8>>=7 Yeoefe`, Jrll`hlrj, & ^yszizy`sgm, 3==3).


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Fertcomty cwcrl`lss ielxmsts wmtb bufc` laaerts te omvl c`d te rloctl wmtb etblrs. Tef

^yszizy`sgm, Yblode` Yeoefe`, c`d Klaa Jrll`hlrj m`treduild TFT catlr rlcdm`j heegs wrmttl`

hy tbl octl iuoturco c`tbrepeoejmst Lr`lst Hliglr, Tbl Hmrtb c`d Dlctb ea Flc`m`j(3=:3) c`d

Tbl Dl`mco ea Dlctb (3=:9). Xlslcriblrs bcvl smìl dlvloepld TFT tbreujb lfpmrmico wergs.

TFT lxpoerls seimco hlbcvmer hy mdl`tmaym`j c`d tlstm`j flibc`msfs plepol usl te fedlrctl

tblmr alcr ea dlctb wbl` tbly lxplrmlìld dlctb rlfm`dlrs, er fertcomty scomlìl (FY). FY

flibc`msfs acoo u`dlr twe ictljermls; mdl`tmty (3) c`d iuoturl (8), er sloa-lstllf c`d iuoturco

(Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, & Yeoefe`, 3=217 Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`, Xesl`hoctt,

Qlldlr, Gmrgoc`d, & lt co., 3==>7 Yeoefe`, Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, 3==3). Aer m`stcìl,

Bcrfe`-Ke`ls, Ymfe`, Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`, c`d FiJrljer (3==:) aeu`d tbct

plrse`s wmtb c bmjblr sloa-lstllf lxplrmlìld oewlr dljrlls ea FY laalits. Icstcè c`d

Dlibls`l (8>>>8). Aer m`stcìl, plepols acmtb m Jed prevmdls cttcibfl`t m` oess (Jrc`qvmst, Fmguomìlr, &

Ybcvlr, 8>3>), wbmib fcy lxpocm` wby plepol iom`j te tblmr werodvmlw wbl` tbly alcr dlctb.

Cr`dt, Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`, c`d Ymfe` (3==:) dmsievlrld tbct pcrtmimpc`ts tbeujbt

ea dlctb olss wbl` tbly dlal`dld tblmr werodvmlws. Jrll`hlrj, ^yszizy`sgm, Yeoefe`,

Xesl`hoctt, Qlldlr, Gmrgoc`d, lt. co (3==>) dmsievlrld tbct plrse`s rlspe`d te FY hy heostlrm`j


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tblmr iuoturco werodvmlw c`d te sbew prlalrlìl te tblmr jreup flfhlrs wbe sbcrl tbms

werodvmlw, er tblmr m -jreup. Icstcè, ]zlrhyt, ^cocdmè, c`d Yciibm (8>>8) aeu`d tbct m -jreup

caamomctme` prevmdld syfheomi lxmstlìl m` plrse`s wbe acild dlctb rlfm`dlrs. ^lrse`s iom`j te

tblmr seimco jreup c`d werodvmlw caamomctme` hlicusl dem`j se tloos tblf tbct tbly wmoo survmvl

c`d ie`tmùl te lxmst catlr tbly dml.

Jreup flfhlrsbmp, werodvmlws, c`d sloa-lstllf bcvl tblmr drcwhcigs lvl` tbeujb tbly

ic` eaaslt dlctb tlrrer. Aer lxcfpol, plrilmvld seimco suppert ic` olcd te m`-jreup hmcs. ^lrse`s

seimcooy mdl`tmay wmtb etblrs wbe sbcrl c`d l`dersl tbl scfl iuoturco werodvmlw (Bcooerc` &

Gcsbmfc, 8>>4) c`d iom`j te tblmr seimco jreup (Icstcè, 8>>4) wbl` ieàre`tld hy dlctb

rlfm`dlrs. M`-jreup mìoudls jreups tbct sbcrl werodvmlws c`d ltb`mi mdl`tmtmls. Aer lxcfpol,

Cr`dt, Jrll`hlrj, Yibmflo, ^yszizy`sgm, c`d Yeoefe` (8>>8) aeu`d tbct plrse`s fldmctld dlctb

tlrrer tbreujb mdl`tmaym`j wmtb tbl scfl jl`dlr c`d/er ltb`mimty. ^lrse`s lxplrmlìld FY wbl`

tbly m`tlrcitld wmtb plrse`s eutsmdl tblmr jreup (Bcrfe`-Ke`ls, Jrll`hlrj, Yeoefe`, & Ymfe`,

3==1). ^lepol alcr hlm`j lxioudld, slpcrctld aref, c`d smolìld aref tblmr jreup wbl` tbly

tbm`g ea dlctb (Icsl & Zmoomcfs, 8>>4). ût tejltblr, wbl` rlfm`dld ea dlctb, plepol alcr

hlm`j slpcrctld aref tblmr iuoturco jreup, wbmib drmvls tblf te iom`j te tblmr seime-iuoturco

jreup c`d te dlal`d tblmr sbcrld vmlws ferl lvl` te tbl pem`t ea lxioudm`j eut-jreups, cotbeujb

èt cowcys (Dlibls`l, Kc`ssl`, & Qc` G`mppl`hlrj, 8>>>).

Yuib iom`jm`j hlcrs seimco kustmil mfpomictme`s m` seime-iuoturco ie`tlxts tbct dlfc`d

irmtmico dlimsme`-fcgm`j sgmoos. ^ysziyzy`sgm, lt co. (3==1) dmsievlrld tbct pcrtmimpc`ts

lxcjjlrctld ie`sl`sus wbl` acild wmtb FY. Cr`dt, Omlhlrfc`, Ieeg, c`d Yeoefe` (8>>


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 9>3) ehslrvld tbct fertcomty rlfm`dlrs old te rcimsf, wblrl wbmtl

pcrtmimpc`ts wlrl ferl omgloy te sbew acvermtmsf tewcrds wbmtl rcimsts. Tbus, dlctb tlrrer ic`

jl`lrctl ieàomit hltwll` jreups wmtb dmaalrm`j seimco hcigjreu`ds c`d iuoturco prcitmils, suib

cs cpprecibls te icrljmvm`j er dlctb. Tbms study lxpoerls tbl lxplrmlìl ea vuo`lrchol

pepuoctme`, er sefle`l smtuctld m` c` l`d-ea-omal ie`tlxt. TFTs peomtmico mfpomictme`s de èt

hedl wloo aer kust trlctfl`t ea suib plrse`s cssufm`j tbct l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts rlfm`d

plepol ea dlctb (Gctz & Jl`lvcy, 8>>87 @lmflylr, Zmttewsgm, & Feslr, 8>>47 ^lig, 8>>=).

Tbl dym`j syfheomzl fertcomty c`d se rlfm`d plrse`s ea dlctb, laalitmvloy trmjjlrm`j dlctb alcr

(Mscgsl`, 8>>87 Gctz & Jl`lvcy, 8>>8). Aer lxcfpol, Fcrtl`s, Jeodl`hlrj, c`d Jrll`hlrj

(8>>>>8) hcsld tbms dy`cfmi e` plepols alcr ea c`mfcomty, er

oesm`j ie`treo evlr e`ls hedmoy auìtme`s, c`d ea hlm`j m`smj`mamic`t. Tblsl tbrlcts rlduild

lodlrs te suhbufc`s wbl` tbl cjld plrse`s dltlrmerctm`j pbysmico c`d iej`mtmvl chmomtmls

syfheomzl dlctb (Mscgsl`). Mscgsl` smj`mamld tblsl tbrlcts cs c dlirlcsl m` preduitmvmty,

iefpltlìl, strl`jtb, qumig`lss, c`d fl`tco cjmomty. Alcr ea dlctb ic` tbl` mfpcit qucomty ea

icrl. Aer m`stcìl, ^lig (8>>=) aeu`d tbct eìeoejy werglrs c`xmlty cheut tblmr ew` dlctb

dmrlitoy rlduild tblmr ieffu`mictme` ea cdvcìl dmrlitmvls te tblmr ie`stmtul`ts, sujjlstm`j tbct


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plrse`s dlctb c`xmlty dmsrupts ieffu`mictme` m` l`d-ea-omal (@lmflylr, lt. co 8>>4) hlicusl

plepol wbe alcr dlctb cvemd tbl dym`j.

Tblrlaerl, mt rlfcm`s lssl`tmco te u`dlrstc`d bew c seimlty èrfcomzls cpprecibls te

ieffu`mictl dlctb tlrrer, wbmib ic` humod c kust seimlty er tlcr mt dew` (Tcf, Ibmu, & Ocu,

8>>:). Ie`smdlrm`j rlseuril cooeictme`, Tcf, lt. co csslrtld tbct alcr ea dlctb plrpltuctld seimco

m`kustmil, lsplimcooy wmtb bmjb FY c`d `ctme`comsf m` wcr tmfl. Durm`j wcrtmfl, m`kustmil

eiiurrld wbl` plrse`s sbewld prlalrlìl tewcrd tblmr seime-iuoturco jreup hy wmtbbeodm`j

rlseurils aref jreup eutsmdlrs (Tcf, lt. co). Jmvl` iurrl`t blcotbicrl rlaerf, ieìlr`s aer

rlseuril cooeictme` m` c` lieèfmi dew`tur` ru` bmjb. Ma l`d-ea-omal ie`tlxts rlfm`d plepol ea

dlctb, c`d se prlimpmtctl c dew`wcrd spmrco ea survmvcomst hlbcvmers, tbl` tbl stctl ea icrljmvm`j

aer dym`j plrse`s oeegs holcg. Te eaaslt tbms dysauìtme`, lomfm`ctm`j tbl petl`tmco aer c`xmlty

ic` rlduil tbl `lld te dlal`d werodvmlws wbl` rlfm`dld ea dlctb (Jrll`hlrj, Fcrtl`s, Ke`cs,

Lmsl`stcdt, ^yszizy`sgm, & Yeoefe`, 8>>9). Tbl evlrcribm`j mfplrctmvl aer dlctb c`d alcr

studmls, tbl`, fust cddrlss plepols alcrs te aestlr seimcooy kust c`d hl`lamimco ieffu`mictme`.

TFT Ibcool`jls

^lepol m` iom`mico spcils fust u`dlrstc`d bew seimco ie`tlxt c`d rlslcrib fltbed màerf

prcxms (Flylrs, 8>>:). Ma TFT ms rmjbt, tbl` plepol lxplrmlìm`j alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal

ie`tlxts crl omgloy te acmo te fcgl flc`m`j ea tblmr lxplrmlìl m` c seimcooy ie`struitmvl wcy

wmtbeut u`dlrstc`dm`j tblmr iuoturco màoulìl er tbl seimco èrfs tbct sbcpl tblmr lxplrmlìl.

Cotbeujb TFT prevmdls c wloo rlslcribld, lstchomsbld, c`d rlpomictld tblery, mt pesslssls

m`blrl`t ibcool`jls c`d petl`tmcooy dlstruitmvl cssufptme`s. Aer m`stcìl, TFT oejmi rlomls e`

tbl rctme`co arcfl (Iebl`, Yeoefe`, Fcxamlod, ^yszizy`sgm, c`d Jrll`hlrj, 8>>4) c`d se fcy

prmvmoljl e`l wcy ea gèwm`j evlr etblrs. ^lrbcps TFTs quc`tmtctmvl cpprecib ms pepuocr wmtb


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plrse`s c`d ie`tlxts tbct corlcdy prlalr tbl rctme`co arcfl, suib cs fldmico erjc`mzctme`s

(Ferjc`-Zmttl, 8>>>4) iuoturco c`mfco. E` tbl

aerflr, TFT dmsie``lits tbl sloa c`d slls tbl sloa cs smtuctld e` tbl eutsmdl oeegm`j m`, m`stlcd

ea m` tbl m`-hltwll`. E` tbl octtlr, TFT cssufls c survmvco fm dslt, wblrl plrbcps rlslcriblrs

aeu`d wbct tbly cssufld. Lvl` Fmguomìlr c`d Aoermc` (3==:), aerlru``lrs m` TFTs

cttcibfl`t styols, qulstme`ld TFTs prmfcry ètme` tbct plepol dlal`d tblfslovls cjcm`st tbl

tbrlct ea dlctb hy cssufm`j c ie`slrvctmvl c`d ljetmstmi cttmtudl tewcrd omal, c`d qulstme`ld ma

plepol bcvl cddmtme`co bufc` `llds ylt te hl lxpoerld. M`dlld, TFT ic` je è aurtblr tbc`

rlduitme`mst iocmfs wbl` mt hlomlvls tbct plepol crl drmvl` hy survmvco m`stmìt coe`l wblrl eòy

tbl seimcooy amt c`d tbl wloo-jreupld survmvl. @et eòy tbct, hut TFT lqumveictls cttcibfl`t te

oevl (sll Fmguomìlr, Aoermc`, & Bmrsibhlrjlr, 8>>97 Fmlkc, Gcocsgc, & Cdcfizyg, 8>>1)7 oevl

m`veovls ibemil, c`d èt c survmvco m`stmìt te iom`j te plepol c`d rloctme`sbmps te huaalr dlctb

c`xmlty (sll Aoermc`, Fmguomìlr, & Bmrsibhlrjlr, 8>>9). TFTs ew` rlslcriblrs cigèwoldjl

tbl tblery ocigs seoutme`s te eaalr plepol wbe alcr dlctb (Lm`-Der, Fmguomìlr, Dere`, & Ybcvlr,

m`-prlss). Ymìl lvlrye`l lvl`tucooy dmls, tbl` rlslcrib cpprecibls m` l`d-ea-omal fust ie`smdlr

etblr mfplrctmvls suib cs qucomty ea omal, beomsf, c`d oevl. Zbmol Zlmig (3=:=) dlam`ld c stre`j

tblery cs jl`lrcomzchol, smfpol, c`d ciiurctl, TFTs swllpm`j iocmfs rmsg evlroeegm`j tbl

lxilssls m` rlslcrib tbct fcy prevmdl ferl hl`lamimco c`d l`rmibm`j màerfctme`.


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Jmvl` tblsl ie`smdlrctme`s, TFT prevmdls c` cwgwcrd amt aer rlslcribm`j pepuoctme`s

fcdl vuo`lrchol hy seimltmls tbct ie`struit wertb hcsld e` pbysmico blcotb, plraerfctmvl chmomty,

cjl, rlcse`m`j icpcimty, seimelieèfmi preduitmvmty, c`d lfetme`co aertmtudl. Evlrcoo, TFT

pcm`ts e`l pmiturl ea alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrl jmvm`j ie`tlxts, lvl` wbmol cdfmttm`j tbct

alcr ea dlctb ms c vcrmchol, fuotmdmfl`sme`co, c`d iefpolx pblèflè` (Aoermc` & Fmguomìlr,

3==:c). Te ieu`tlr suib omfmtctme`s, dlctb studmls fust irlctl c `lw cjl`dc (sll @lmflylr,

8>>4). Crts-hcsld rlslcrib prevmdls suib c pessmhmomty. ]lt, crts-hcsld rlslcrib fust sustcm`

clstbltmi irmtmqul ma mt wc`ts te irmtmqul tbl pmtacoos ea simlìl (Bu`tlr, 3===), wbmib mìoudls

u`dlrstc`dm`j bew tbl crts c`d bufc`mtmls c`d simlìl tblfslovls eplrctl cs tlxts. Bu`tlr

sujjlstld u`dlrstc`dm`j rbltermi smtuctls tlxtucomtmls, suib cs tbl crts er simlìls, wmtb

gèwoldjl c`d se rlieffl`dld cvemdm`j c pl`duouf swm`j te tbl crts. Eose` (8>>1) sujjlstld

tbct suib rbltermico sibeocrsbmp ic` hrmdjl tbl crts c`d bufc`mtmls c`d seimco simlìls. M` etblr

werds, lvl` rlslcrib tlxts sbcpl flc`m`j c`d se màoulìl plepols lxplrmlìls c`d seimco

drcfcs. Zbmol dlctb tlrrer fcy sllf tbl pblèflè` te lxpoerl, plrbcps dlctb tlrrer

syfheomzls etblr dy`cfmis tbct dlctb studmls fust dmsievlr hcsld e` lxmstm`j smtuctld

gèwoldjl. Zbmol bufc`s fcy hl actld te dml, plepol fcy stmoo plrilmvl tblfslovls te bcvl

cjlìy te màoulìl lvl`ts hy tblmr citme`s c`d ibemils. Tbl dmstmìtme` blrl m`veovls

u`dlrstc`dm`j bew plrse`s cttrmhutl omal ibc`jls suib cs dlctb te lxtlr`co er m`tlr`co icusls (sll

Hurrus & Xelsl, 8>>1). M` etblr werds, bew de plepol plraerf tblmr caalitmvl, clstbltmi, c`d

cjl`tmi omvls m` omjbt ea dlctb, c`d bew de tbesl plraerfcìls màoulìl tblmr lxplrmlìls5

^lraerfm`j L`d-ea-omal Lxplrmlìls

Ma lfetme`s ie`trmhutl te fcgm`j ie`simeus`lss, er c wcy ea gèwm`j (Dcfcsme, 8>>>),

c`d ma ie`simeus`lss sustcm`s bufc` irlctmvmty m` ieffu`mictme` (Dcfcsme), tbl` lfetme`s,


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mìoudm`j alcr, aulo irlctmvl lxprlssme`. Irlctmvl cpprecibls te jrmla werg fcy fldmctl iuoturco

èrfs c`d cssmj` flc`m`j te oess (Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Iefhm`m`j irlctmvl c`d sibeocrsbmp wergs

ic` aurtblr ioesl tbl jcp hltwll` tblery c`d prcxms (Ie`qulrjeed, 8>>8)7 Ibvcstc (8>>>:)

rljcrdld blrsloa cs c icrrmlr ea blr jrlct jrc`dfetblrs plraerfcìl. ^lrbcps suib

plraerfcìls rloy e` tbl cudmlìl te tcgl e` tbl stery ea tbl dlilcsld cs wloo. Zbl`

plraerfm`j oess, crl plepol eòy icrrmlrs ea tbl stermls ea, er lfhedym`j tbl rmtucos aer, tbesl

wbe dmld, er dels tbl plraerfcìl dlovl dllplr5 Tblrcplutmicooy, plepol wbe plrilmvl

ie``litme`s c`d cssmj` flc`m`j te tblmr oess lxplrmlìl olss c`jumsb evlr tmfl (Arc`g, 3==>=7 Fcttm`joy, 3==2). Cddmtme`cooy, crts-hcsld tblrcpy dels èt werg aer lvlrye`l (Mrwm ,

3==3), c`d tblrl lxmst omfmts te lxplitm`j rlslcrib te rlsuot m` tblrcpy (sll Ibcptlr


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MMM; YIE^L C@D FLTBEDEOEJ]

Yiepl

Tbms study màerfs u`mvlrsco lxplrmlìls cs smtuctld m` tbl sloa; fertcomty c`d fertcomty

cwcrl`lss. Dlctb ms u`mvlrsco, c`d alcr ms c bufc` lfetme`. Tbus, jrmla werg fcm`tcm`s c ocrjl

siepl, c`d dlctb tlrrer rlfcm`s c iefpolx pblèflè` te study (Aoermc` & Fmguomìlr, 3==:c).

Xefc`ysby` (3===) iefpcrld feur`m`j te c sbmpwrlig olcdm`j te c oest jrmp e` tbl werod.

^lrse`s lxplrmlìl alcr ea dlctb cs e`l wcy te rlspe`d te dlctb (Aoermc` & Fmguomìlr, 3==:c7

Fmguomìlr, Aoermc`, & Bmrsibhlrjlr, 8>>9). Jrmla ic` allo cs alcr (Olwms, 3=13). Lfetme`s

suib cs alcr aocj tbct wbmib e`l vcouls (ûjfmrl, 3==4). ^lepol lxplrmlìl alcr ea dlctb m`

vcrym`j dljrlls cs c`tmimpctery dym`j, tlrrer ea tblmr ew` dlctb, er werry ea tbl dlctb ea c oevld

e`l. Tbms alcr ic` lxmst hlaerl, durm j, c`d, aer tbl survmvers, catlr dlctb eiiurs. Tbms study

sllgs te u`dlrstc`d suib c dy`cfmi c`d prepesls te amoo c jcp m` iurrl`t dlctb tlrrer studmls hy

usm`j c irlctmvl cpprecib, er studym`j tbl plraerfcìl `crrctmvls ea c hoej, pbetejrcpbs, c`d

pelfs tbct M irlctld durm`j tbl tmflarcfl ea Jrc`dfcs dlctb c`d eur acfmoys feur`m`j rmtucos.

Jrc`dfc dmld m` Kcùcry 8>3>, tbl fe`tb tbct M hljc` cppomld rlslcrib iocss. Hy

Alhrucry, M bcd corlcdy irlctld tbl plraerfcìl tlxt e` fy hoej; pelfs tbct M wretl c`d

pbetejrcpbs tbct M irlctld durm`j blr am`co dym`j stcjls, tbl jrcvlsmdl slrvmil, c`d tbl omal

ilolhrctme` slrvmil, c`d tbl` slolitld tbesl te pest e` fy hoej Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s.

Mfpertc`toy, M prefetld tbms hoej vmc seimco `ltwergs c`d lfcmo te acfmoy c`d arml`ds, c`d tbl

hoej cooews puhomi ciilss aer c`ye`l eòm`l te rlcd. Tbms study lxpoerls bew M usld dmjmtco crt te

irlctl flc`m`j, te c`coyzl c`d m`tlrprlt, c`d te rl-prlsl`t fy lxplrmlìl (Olcvy, 8>>=).


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Xlslcrib Cssufptme`s

Tbms study cssufls tbct cuteltbèjrcpbmi mfprlssme`mstmi plraerfcìl `crrctmvl prevmdls

c` ltbmico rlslcrib strctljy aer studym`j l`d ea omal c`d alcr lxplrmlìls. Cuteltbèjrcpbmi

`crrctmvl lxpoerls lfetme`s (Looms, 3==:) c`d mdl`tmty (Ieaaly, 3===) cs m`tlrtwm`ld wmtb bew

plepol u`dlrstc`d tblmr rloctme`sbmps c`d lxplrmlìls (Looms, 3===7 8>>47 Greb`, 8>>:). TFTs

lfpmrmico wergs iocssmamld alcr ea dlctb cs c fc`cjlfl`t fetma. Tbms study cssufls tbct

lxpoerm`j alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j ie`tlxts rlqumrls dmcoejmi sl`smhmomtmls,

ieffu`mictme` ieàmrfctme`, plraerfcìl `crrctmvl ltbes, c`d c beomstmi cpprecib. Dmcoejul

prevmdls c rmib ltbmi ea icrl aer plraerfm`j irlctmvmty c`d flc`m`j m` erdlr te rlspe`d te

plepols suaalrm`j (Hcglr Ebolr, 8>>2), te hl prlsl`t, c`d te mfpcrt bepl (Bydl, 8>>4). Dmcoejmi

ltbes m` rlslcrib flc`s tbct M stcy wmtb tbl preilss c`d tlxt c`d sll mt tbreujb. Mfprlssme`mstmi

cuteltbèjrcpby mìoudls etblr vemils m` tbl tlxt, cohlmt stmoo amotlrld tbreujb tbl rlslcriblr vmc

tbl wrmtm`j (Ibcsl, 3==1). Dmjmtco plraerfcìl `crrctmvls sbew rlarcfm`j, ie`tmùmty, c`d

prevmdl c fldmctld spcil te u`dlrstc`d bew M plraerfld alcrs c`d oess te fy puhomi wmtbeut

`lldm`j te hl pbysmicooy prlsl`t. M cose rlalr te dmcoejul wbl` cudmlìl m`tlrcits wmtb tbl hoej

ieìurrm`j wmtb Ibvcstc (8>>9), wbe sujjlstld tbct c plraerfcìl eiiurs c`y tmfl c plrse`

m`tlrcits wmtb c tlxt. Tbms m`tlrcitmvmty, tbl cudme, pbetejrcpbs, c`d pelfs ea c`d hy etblr

plepol iefhm`ld wmtb fy pbetejrcpbs, pelfs, c`d hoej fcgl tbms study mfprlssme`mstmi.

Ymj`mamic`t te tbms study, plepol fust pcrtmimpctl m` hetb tbl rmtuco c`d tbl suaalrm`j tbct mt

prlioudls aer rmtuco te hl laalitmvl (Xussloo, 8>>4). Mre`micooy, suaalrm`js strl`jtb mfpomictls

pewlr m` seime- peomtmico c`d iuoturco èrfs cs suaalrm j m`vlrts bmlrcribmls. Xmtucos petl`tmcooy

blco tbesl suaalrm`j m` pcrt hy qulstme`m`j tbl pewlr struiturls tbct preduil er cfpomay suaalrm`j

(Xussloo), rlseu`dm`j c dmcoejmi ltbmi te stcy wmtb plepol m` suaalrm`j (Bydl, 8>>4) c`d te beèr


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lcib plrse`s vemil te ieàre`t tbl wcys tbct iuoturl c`d seimlty epprlss plepol (Arlmrl, 3=:>).

Blrl, iefpcssme` iefls wmtb l`jcjm`j suaalrm`j. Iefpcssme` cs c pcrtmimpctery ibemil

m`veovls ferl tbc` c g`ll-klrg lfetme`co rlspe`sl te polcsurl er pcm` (Xussloo, 8>>4).

^lraerfm`j suaalrm`j hy pcrtmimpctm`j wmtb rmtuco ie`trmhutls te ieffu`mty cs plepol suppert

lcib etblr tbreujb sbcrm`j trcdmtme`s c`d suaalrm`j (Xussloo). Tbms studys cpprecib auooy

pcrtmimpctls wmtb seime-iuoturco èrfs aer feur`m`j rmtucos c`d rlarcfls c`d dlsmj`s mts ew`

feur`m`j rmtuco vmc tbl plraerfcìl m` tbl hoej.

M` cddmtme` te pcrtmimpctm`j wmtb rmtuco, tbms study cssufls mt c beomstmi strctljy te

u`dlrstc`d tbl wcys tbct tbl rbltermis màerf bew c`d wby plepol cssmj` flc`m`j te oess, c

preilss tbct mfpcits plepols lxplrmlìls c`d dlimsme`s. Tbus, plraerfcìl cs beomstmi cose

fust icrry peomtmico ioeut cssufm`j tbct tbl sloa cs seimco cose fust hl iuoturco c`d peomtmico te hl

wbeol. Alr`c`dlz (3=21) ie`smdlrld wbeol`lss m` rloctme` te ieffu`mtmls wbe m`tlrcit wmtb

tlxts, c`d dlam`ld lxplrmlìl cs tbl locherctloy cibmlvld m` c` crjufl`t ea mfcjls (p. 3:=).

Tbms m`tlrcitmvmty ie`stmtutls tbl hoejs imvmi l`jcjlfl`t. C beomstmi cpprecib te rlslcrib

m`veovls hrmdjm`j tbl crt-simlìl dmvmdl (Olcvy, 8>>=) hy u`dlrstc`dm`j tbl wcys tbct c`y

rlslcrib tlxt slrvls cs c rbltermi, er c syfheo tbct màoulìls tbl wcys plepol u`dlrstc`d

gèwoldjl c`d cssmj` flc`m`j te am`dm`js (Bu`tlr, 3===). Tbms ieìlpt rloctls te rbltermico

olcdlrsbmp (Eose`, 8>>1), wblrl tbms study cssufls mt `lilsscry te ciqumrl rbltermico

u`dlrstc`dm`j m` coo rlslcrib cssufm`j tbct lvl` tbl fltbed prevmdls c tlxt.

Drcwm`j ioeslr, plepols lxplrmlìls iecolsil cs c wbeol, c`d de èt lxmst m` tmdy

iefpcrtfl`ts. Icrose` (8>>9) sujjlstld plraerfcìl studmls tcgl e` c beomstmi vmlw ea

plraerfcìl hy è oe`jlr slpcrctm`j tbl plraerflr aref tbl cudmlìl, tbl plraerflr aref tbl

plraerfld, c`d tbl m`dmvmduco aref tbl plraerflr. ^lraerfcìl c`d sterytloom`j prevmdls c`


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cpprecib tbct fcgls tbl `crrcter c`d rlslcriblr cose tbl cudmlìl. Yterytloom`j hliefls tbl smtl

ea m`tlrcitme` c`d blops c tlxt te trc`smtme` aref c` M te c Zl fm`dslt (^ltlrse` &

Oc`jloomlr, 8>>1). Lvl` tloom`j stermls m` c acfmoy ie`stmtutls plraerfcìl (êoocig, 3==>). Tbms

fm`dslt mfpcrts seimco mdl`tmty c`d cjlìy (Oc`jloomlr & ^ltlrse`, 8>>47 ^ltlrse` & Oc`jloomlr,

8>>1), wbmib cjcm` om`gs beomsf wmtb seime- iuoturco c`d peomtmico citme`. Trcdmtme`co

cuteltbèjrcpby vmc fy rlaolitme`s c`d dmsiussme`s ea am`dm`js (sll Ibcptlrs 4 c`d >9). Aer sefl, tbl wrmtm j preilss blcos tbl rupturl tbct tbl

sloa c`d acfmomls lxplrmlìl m` oess (^lcril, 8>>2). Yterytloom`j prevmdls c wcy te jmvl tbl

hlrlcvld c sl`sl ea ie``litme` wmtb tbl dlilcsld c`d c` eppertu`mty te lxplrmlìl u`mamld slovls

c`d rloctme`sbmps (Hestmiie & Tbefpse`, 8>>). Blcom`j `crrctmvls om`g allom js te lvl`ts c`d

rlvlco m`smjbts aref pcmàuo lxplrmlìls (DlYcove, 3===). Zrmtm`j lfpewlrs plrse`s wmtb

cjlìy te u`dlrstc`d oess wbl` e`l fmjbt etblrwmsl allo eut ea ie`treo, tbus rlduim`j dlctb

c`xmlty (Hestmiie & Tbefpse`, 8>>3>c). Yuib rlslcrib bcr`lssls tbl pewlr ea

sterytloom`j te fetmvctl etblrs te seimco ibc`jl, cwcrl`lss, c`d bepl (Dl``m`j, 8>>>9c7 8>>9h7 FiCdcfs, 3==97 FiGll, 8>>9, Ku`l). Cjcm`, beomsf `lilssmtctls c seime-

iuoturco c`d peomtmico sloa. êmj`c`toy, Bewcrtb c`d Bmìbiomaal (8>>:) dlsirmhld irlctmvl


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lxprlssme`s pewlr cs splcgm`j te oevld e`ls aref tbl jrcvl. Fcmòy, `crrctmvl prevmdls c`

ciilssmhol wcy aer rlcdlrs te m`tlrcit c`d u`dlrstc`d sl`smtmvl c`d dmsturhm`j omal mssuls (Olcvy,

8>>=), suib cs alcr ea dlctb c`d oess.

Fltbedeoejy

^lraerfcìl `crrctmvl rl-prlsl`ts c`d rlarcfls lxplrmlìl m` clstbltmi aerf (^lomcs &

QcÈestm`j, 3=2:). Tbms study ocylrs fuotmpol `crrctmvls te mfprevl irldmhmomty hy prlvl`tm`j c`

evlr-rlomcìl e` e`l `crrctmvl seuril. Dmjmtco stermls mìoudl vmsuco `crrctmvls tbct sy`tblsmzl

mfcjls, vmdle, c`d cudme rlierdm`js ea pbetejrcpbs, fusmi, c`d tlxt. YllCppl`dmx Iaer tbl auoo

tlxt ea tbl hoej usld aer tbms study.

Tbms study usls trcdmtme`co c`d mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltbèjrcpby plraerfcìl `crrctmvls

te pcrtmimpctl auooy wmtb alcr lxplrmlìls m` oess vmc dmjmtmzld plraerfcìl crt cs pestld e` c

hoej, wbmib preduils pbetejrcpbs c`d pelfs wrmttl` durm`j tbms studys tmflarcfl (sll

^reildurl slitme`). Tbms study prepesls te amoo c jcp m` dlctb tlrrer rlslcrib hy sllm`j ma

cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl prevmdls eppertu`mtmls te hl`lamt ieffu`mictme` c`d rlarcfl alcr m`

l`d-ea-omal c`d se dmsievlr tblrcplutmi m`tlrvl`tme`s aer plrse`s strujjom`j wmtb alcr c`d/er oess.

Cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl cooews rlslcriblrs c`d rlcdlrs te lxpoerl stermls,

lxplrmlìls, lpmpbc`mls, c`d ie`tlxts (Irlswloo, 8>>:). ^rlsl`toy, cuteltbèjrcpbmi rlslcrib

lxmsts m twe jl`rls (Olcvy, 8>>=); trcdmtme`co c`d mfprlssme`mstmi. Trcdmtme`co

cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl hljm`s wmtb tbl rlslcriblr sbcrm`j plrse`co lxplrmlìl c`d tbl`

rloctm`j tbl `crrctmvl te tbl rlslcrib. Trcdmtme`co cuteltbèjrcpby m`veovls wrmtm`j ieìousme`s

c`d `crrctmvl tbct trc`smtme` aref amlod tlxt te rlslcrib tlxt (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>).

Mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltbèjrcpby, c` lflrjl`t fuotmfedco fltbed, usls cute- c`d ltbè- jrcpbmi

rlslcrib cheut etblrs c`d tbl sloa. Lmtblr fltbed cpplcos te rlslcriblrs cs wrmtlrs hlicusl tbly


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB 4>=), tbeujb mfprlssme`mstmi

cuteltbèjrcpby fcy dlam`l cuteltbèjrcpby ferl ciiurctloy. Zbmol tbl tlrf ieffeòy

rlalrs te tbl sloa m` iuoturl (Jrhmib, 8>>:), cuteltbèjrcpby smj`mamls c` m``lr-eutlr c`d eutlr-

m``lr syfheomi c`d seimco preilss cs lfhlddld m` ie`tlxt, er tbl sloa m` seime- iuoturco c`d

peomtmico c`dtbl seime- iuoturco c`d peomtmico m` tbl sloa, bmjbomjbtm`j wbct Xlld-Dc`cbcy (3==:)

icoold c hourrld jl`rl c`d vemil.

Tbms study lfpoeys mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvls jmvl` tbl mfcjls,

ieffl`ts, lfhlddld om`gs, Jrc`dfcs pelf, c`d cudme amols tbct M slolitld te pest e` tbl hoej.

Tblsl tlxts mìoudl etblr plepol cs arcfld, er fldmctmzld, tbreujb fy preduitme` preilss.

Zbmol M irlctld fest ea tbl pbetejrcpbs, M mìoudl pbetejrcpbs tbct etblrs teeg, suib cs tbl

iocssmi mfcjls c`d tbl e`ls ea fl wmtb Jrc`dfc, wbmib fy bushc`d usucooy pbetejrcpbld. M`

coo pbetejrcpbmi icsls M pest-preduild tbl mfcjls wmtb ^betesbep Omjbtreef, wbmib rlarcfld

tbl mfcjls vmc fy slolitme`s aer ireppm`j, ieoer, c`d lxpesurl. Tbus, mfprlssme`mstmi rlalrs te

etblrs irlctm`j tbl ie`tl`t wmtb fl, tbeujb M rlfcm` tbl prmfcry `crrcter. Tbms study usls

trcdmtme`cocuteltbèjrcpby hy mìoudm`j fy sloa `crrctmvl cs tbl scfpol ea study c`d fy

rlaolitme`s e` wbct M bcvl olcr`ld cs pcrt ea tbl dmsiussme` ea am`dm`js (sll Ibcptlrs 4 c`d >:7 Xejlrs, 3=2=7 3==4). Tbl plraerfcìl iefls cheut dul te

clstbltmi m`tl`t c`d mdl`tmty; M irlctld tlxt c`d pmxlos e` tbl hoej, er tbl clstbltmi tlxt, wmtb tbl

m`tl`t te sbcrl fy lxplrmlìl te c` cudmlìl c`d te acsbme` fy ew` feur`m`j rmtuco.


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Cuteltbèjrcpbmi Mfplrctmvls

Cuteltbèjrcpbmi rlslcrib prevmdls c wcy te u`dlrstc`d tbl m`-hltwll` preilssls, suib

cs bufc` plrilptme` c`d ltbes, wbmib màoulìl gèwoldjl c`d lxplrmlìl;

Cotbeujb rmsgs crl tcgl` hy c`y rlslcriblr usm`j c plrse`co lxplrmlìl cpprecib suib cs

cuteltbèjrcpby, tblrl ms c pocil m` sibeocrsbmp aer sbm`m`j tbl omjbt ea rlslcrib wblrl

e`l stc`ds aer cttlfptm`j te gèw e`ls ew` lxplrmlìl c`d sbcrm`j tbct gèwoldjl. Cs

qucomtctmvl rlslcriblrs, wmoom`j te ieàlss tbct rlcomty ms hcsld e` plrilptme`, wby sbeuod

wl èt lxcfm`l ferl auooy wbct ie`stmtutls eur plrilptme`s5 (]crdoly, 8>>1, p. 38)

Dl`zm` (8>>1) wl`t se acr cs te sujjlst tbct cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl ms tbl eòy ltbmico

cpprecib te usl m` rlslcrib (cs imtld m` Flom`c, 8>>2, p. 313). Cuteltbèjrcpby cssufls tbct tbl

rlslcriblr fust drcw `lcr te c rlslcrib pblèflè`, rlse`ctm`j wmtb Blsbusmus (3==4), wbe

sujjlstld rlslcrib sbmat aref c` ehklitmvl stcìl te c pcrtmimpctery fm`dslt. ^lraerfcìl

cuteltbèjrcpby rlqumrls tbl rlslcriblr te pcrtmimpctl wmtb tbl seimco drcfc tbct sbl er bl

studmls. Aer tbms study, tbms ltbes flc`s pcrtmimpctm`j wmtb rmtuco c`d suaalrm`j (Xussloo, 8>>4).

Aer m`stcìl, @lose`-Hliglr (8>>1) teeg plrse`co m`tlrlst m` blr werg cs c pcrtmimpctery

rlslcriblr hy cspmrm`j te aestlr c` l`vmre`fl`t tbct ùrturld blr pcrtmimpc`ts wloo-hlm`j tbreujb

omstl`m`j c`d hlm`j auooy prlsl`t vmc c beomstmi cpprecib. @lose`-Hliglrs am`dm`js lolvctld blr

rlslcrib reol cs c futuco pcrtmimpc`t m` tbl l`d ea omal lxplrmlìl tbct sbl studmld.

Cuteltbèjrcpby prepesls te icrry c icrljmvm`j auìtme` (Heib`lr & Looms, 8>>1, p.

333). ^lpplr c`d Zmody (8>>=) c`d Looms (8>>4) dlsirmhld `crrctmvls cs c beomstmi rlslcrib

strctljy te icrl aer plepols wloo-hlm`j. ^lomcs (8>>4) ie`tl`dld tbct c beomstmi lfpbcsms (wbmib

bl icoold rlse`cìl) iefprmsls cuteltbèjrcpbmi wrmtm js purpesl. Tbl cuteltbèjrcpbmi

ieìlpt ea sloa cs wmt`lss (Olcvy, 8>>=) fctibls tbl dmcoejmi ltbmi te hl tbms ferco wmt`lss (sll


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Bculrwcs & Qc`mlr, 8>>27 Oeudmy, 8>>2) c`d cooews rlcdlrs te mdl`tmay wmtb tbl `crrcter

(Dl``m`j, 8>>>=). Tbms mfplrctmvl te icrl aer c`d te wmt`lss plepol m` oess rlfm`ds

fl te u`dlrstc`d fy alcrs hlaerl suaalrm`j wmtb etblrs te blop tblf te de tbl scfl.

Ie`trcry te hlm`j sloa-m`duojl`t, cuteltbèjrcpbmi rlslcrib fevls hlye`d tbl omal stery

te cigèwoldjl ie`tlxt cs il`trco (Ieol, 3==8) hy cssufm`j tbct rlslcrib eiiurs m` c bmstermico

fefl`t wmtb etblrs tbreujb tbl lfhedmld, fldmctld, c`d seime- iuoturco c`d peomtmico sloa.

Tbus, cuteltbèjrcpbmi mfplrctmvls mìoudl vuo`lrchmomty (Looms, 3===), er lxpesm`j tbl sloa wbe

cose splitctls aer c seimco purpesl (Hlbcr, 3==1, p. 34). Aer Hlbcr, suib vuo`lrchmomty plrsucdls

tbl rlslcriblr te plraerf cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl te kufp m`te c` m`tmfciy ea slrmeus seimco

mssuls (p. 34) wmtbeut chusm`j tblmr ie`simlìl, ie`jrulìl, er pewlr m` dem j se. M` tbms wcy,

cuteltbèjrcpby ieàre`ts iuoturco èrfs tbct kudjl plepols veicomzld jrmla c`d lfetme` werg

cs sloa-m`duojl`t c`d se arlls plepol te vemil tblmr lxplrmlìls m` c seimlty tbct smolìls dlctb

`crrctmvls (sll Hestmiie & Tbefpse`, 8>>8) hy lflrjm`j `lw e`ls (Olcvy, 8>>=). Jl`lrcooy

splcgm`j, rlslcriblrs c`d wrmtlrs werg c duco reol cs ie`tl`t irlcters c`d cudmlìl (^.

Tcgcyesbm, plrse`co ieffu`mictme`, Eitehlr 3, 8>3>), cddm`j tbl ibcool`jl c`d hl`lamt ea

fuotmpolMs; `crrcter (Loomett, 8>>>>). M` icrljmvm`j, cuteltbèjrcpblrs

werg cs c icrlr (Goujfc`, 8>>2), m` acfmoy sterytloom`j, tbl reol ea c rloctmvl (sll Oc`jloomlr &

^ltlrse`, 8>>4), c`d m` cicdlfmc, tbl reol ea rlslcriblrs (Heib`lr, 3==:7 Beppls, 8>>


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Cuteltbèjrcpbmi ^lraerfcìl @crrctmvl m` L`d-Ea-Omal Icrl Jmvm`j Ie`tlxts

M` sl`smtmvl omal smtuctme`s suib cs l`d ea omal, cuteltbèjrcpbmi plraerfcìl `crrctmvl

beèrs plepols lfetme`s c`d lxplrmlìl. Te ciiefpomsb tbms alct, cuteltbèjrcpbmi rlslcriblrs

`lld am`l-tu`ld sl`smtmvmty c`d te citucooy lxplrmlìl tblmr slrmeus suhklit fcttlr. Looms c`d

Heib`lr (3===) rlieffl`dld hrm`jm`j plrse`co `crrctmvls c`d lfetme` cs rlslcrib fltbeds

m`te fldmico seimco simlìl. Dmigse`-Ywmat, Kcfls, Gmppl`, c`d Omcfputte`j (8>>=) aeu`d

tblerltmico c`d lfpmrmico suppert tbct puhomi blcotb rlslcriblrs dmd lfetme` werg m` tblmr

qucomtctmvl rlslcrib. Ma qucomtctmvl rlslcriblrs corlcdy de lfetme` werg (Dmigse`, lt. co, 8>>=),

c`d ma lfetme`s prevmdl c amotlr er arcflwerg aer gèwm`j (Icrly, 3===7 ûjfmrl, 3==4), tbl`

cuteltbèjrcpby prevmdls c flc`s te hrm`j lfetme`s te tbl aerljreu`d.

Cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvl `llds preilssls tbct lìeurcjl futuco icrm`j (Dl`zm`, 3==:7

@eddm`js, 3=24), trust humodm`j (Looms, 8>>4), c`d lvl` arml`dsbmp (Tmoofc``-Blcoy, 8>>9).

Tbus, tbms fltbed bllds tbl dmcoejmi ltbmi te rlspe`d te suaalrm`j plrse`s (Hcglr Ebolr, 8>>47

Bydl, 8>>4). @crrctm`j tbl lvl`t m` tlxt c`d plraerfm`j tbl lxplrmlìl syfheomzls tbms ltbes.

Ie`struitm`j suib `crrctmvls rlqumrls c plrse` te mdl`tmay tbl smj`mamic`t evlr tbl trmvmco (^lpplr

& Zmody, 8>>=), c prcitmil tbct tlcibls tbl rlslcriblr bew te omvl hy am`dm`j flc`m`j m`

cdvlrsmty (Heib`lr & Looms, 8>>1). M` l`d-ea-omal icrljmvm`j, `crrctmvls cooew icrlrs te mdl`tmay

dmvmdld crlcs m` tblmr omvls c`d te lfpewlr tblfslovls (Ke`ls, 8>>3) tbreujb lxlrimsls m`

rljcm`m`j tblmr plrse`co spcil, cuteèfy c`d sl`sl ea mdl`tmty (p. 3:=).

Cuteltbèjrcpby cose blops plepol te blco c`d jrew. Cuteltbèjrcpbmi `crrctmvls aestlr

jrewtb m` pcrt hy dmsruptm`j seimco èrfs c`d sujjlstm`j `lw c`d dmaalrl`t wcys te cpprecib

seimco preholfs (sll Dl`zm`, 3==:). Aer m`stcìl, Heib`lr (3==:), m` bms cuteltbèjrcpby, scmd

tbct bms actblrs dlctb old bmf te ieàre`t tbl dmvmdl hltwll` bms cicdlfmi c`d plrse`co omal.


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^lcril (8>>2) lxplrmlìld tbl wrmtm`j preilss cs blcom`j blr c`d etblrs rupturld mdl`tmty durm`j

blr fetblrs ibre`mi moo`lss c`d dlctb wbmol sbl c`d blr smstlr icrld aer blr fetblr.

Ie`struitm`j c `crrctmvl ea fy omal c`d ea fy acfmoys omal l`chold fl te iocmf fy omal (p.

34>>), er bew M plraerfld alcrs ea dlctb m` dmjmtcooy fldmctld `crrctmvls wbl`

icrm`j aer Jrc`dfc, fy sloa, c`d etblrs m` blr l`d-ea-omal c`d feur`m`j rmtucos. M ie`smdlr bew

tbms olcr`m`j preilss sbcpld fy u`dlrstc`dm`j ea fy mdl`tmty, fy blcom`j, c`d fy omal ieursl.

^reildurl

]ugo (8>>1) rlieffl`dld m`tlrprltmvl rlslcrib trmc`juoctl mts cpprecibls te l`bcìl

irldmhmomty. Zbmol tbms study fcy èt dmrlitoy ie`stmtutl c fmxld fltbeds cpprecib, M sujjlst

usm`j fuotmpol `crrctmvl scfpols, tblerltmico arcflwergs, c`d ltbmico cssufptme`s te iblig c`d

hcocìl c`d hlttlr cddrlss tbl mdmesyìrcsmls c`d vcrmltmls ea tbl tepmi m` qulstme`. M ie`duit fy

rlslcrib vmc tbrll qucomtctmvl cpprecibls; cuteltbèjrcpby (Hlbcr, 3==17 Heib`lr & Looms,


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB

8>>>7 8>>17 Irlswloo, 8>>:7 Looms, 3==17 3==:7 3===7 8>>47 8>>2), rbltermico irmtmimsf (Aess,

8>>=7 Qcrcooe, 8>>=), c`d plraerfcìl `crrctmvl c`coysms (Ioc`dm`m` & Ie``looy, 8>>>7 Dl`zm`,

8>>9c7 8>>9h7 Fcttm`joy, 3==27 ^bloc`, 3==97 êogm`jber`l, 3=227 Xmlssfc`, 3==97 8>>:).

Xlslcrib Sulstme`s

Tbms study lxpoerls bew mfprlssme`mstmi cuteltbèjrcpbmi plraerfcìl `crrctmvl cs c

dmjmtco tlxt mooufm ls alcr ea dlctb m` l`d-ea-omal icrl-jmvm`j ie`tlxts. Tbms study csgs twe (8)

qulstme`s; (XS 3) Zbct dels tbl plraerfcìl tlxt rlvlco cheut fy alcrs c`d oess lxplrmlìl5

c`d (XS 8) Zbct dmd tbl preduitme` preilss rlvlco cheut bew M wergld tbreujb tbesl alcrs

hlaerl c`d catlr Jrc`dfcs dlctb5

Ytudy Tmflom`l

M aeius tbms tmfl-hcsld study e` `crrctmvls M plraerfld e` fy hoej aref Kcùcry 8>,

8>3> te Fcrib 38, 8>3>. M drcw e` c pest dctld @evlfhlr 31, 8>3> te jumdl fy rlaolitme`s m`

Ibcptlr >1, plrse`co

ieffu`mictme`, cs imtld m` Flom`c, 8>>2, p. 313). Tbus, M rlalr te dctc cs `crrctmvl seurils,

er tbl pelfs c`d pbetejrcpbs tbct plraerf e` tbl hoej stcjl. Tblsl `crrctmvl seurils cspest

sirmptuf study fy cutbl`tmi lfetme`co c`d seime-iuoturco lxplrmlìls cs smtuctld m` tbl tmflom`l

ea Jrc`dfcs l`d-ea-omal c`d eur acfmoys feur`m`j rmtucos.

êlfs.

M slolitld pelfs cs c purpesmvl scfpol cs M wretl tblf cheut fy lxplrmlìls wmtb

Jrc`dfcs dlctb durm`j blr dlctb rmtucos c`d tbl` pestld e` Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s ochlold


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB >9). êlfs iefprmsl citme` rlslcrib c`d ic` mìrlcsl lfpctbltmi u`dlrstc`dm`j hy

ieffu`mictm`j ierl `crrctmvls c`d stre`j lfetme`s c`d hy tlcibm`j tbreujb tbl pewlr ea

oc`jucjl (Olcvy, 8>>=). êltrys mfcjlry c`d suiimìt`lss cooew plepol te lxprlss tbeujbts,

allom`js, c`d lxplrmlìls (Heote`, 8>>=). Zrmtm`j pelfs rlspe`ds te tbl cuteltbèjrcpbmi ltbmi

cs tbl rlslcriblr m`qumrls e` tbl herdlroc`d; wmtbm`, wmtbeut, c`d lvl` hliefm`j wmtb tbl

pcrtmimpc`ts (Dl`zm` & Omìeo`, 3==2). êlfs prevmdl c` clstbltmi, lfpctbltmi, c`d è`-

trcdmtme`co rl-prlsl`tctme` (Olcvy, 8>>=). êlfs iefplo, iocrmay, c`d l`jcjl tbreujb c`

lieèfy ea werds te sbcrl c`d u`dlrstc`d c` lxplrmlìl (Olcvy).

Mfpertc`toy, peltry prlsl`ts tbl bufc` drcfc ea wbct fmjbt hl (Crmstetol,êltmis, cs

imtld m` ^mmrte, 8>>8h, p. 49>:). Irlctmvl wrmtlrs werg cs ferco ibc`jl cjl`ts wbe pourcomzl m`stlcd ea ictljermzl vemils

(Tmlr`ly, 8>>8). êltry, tbl`, rlqumrls rlslcriblrs te l`jcjl wmtb dlptb, seime- iuoturco c`d

peomtmico cwcrl`lss, c`d te rlspe`d hy l`vmsme`m`j tbl auturl wmtb mfcjm`ctme` c`d allom`j.

^betejrcpbs.

M slolitld pbetejrcpbs cs c purpesmvl scfpol. Tbl pbetejrcpbs ievlr tbrll lvl`ts m`

tbrll dmaalrl`t oeictme`s; Jrc`dfcs hmeoejmico dym`j preilss ct Tcohet Il`tlr aer Xlbchmomtctme`

c`d Blcotbicrl m` Xl`te`, Zcsb., Jrc`dfcs jrcvlsmdl slrvmil ct Tcbefc @ctme`co Ilfltlry m`

Gl`t, Zcsb., c`d tbl acfmoys Omal Ilolhrctme` Ylrvmil aer Jrc`dfc ct Yeutb Il`tlr

Ieffu`mty Hcptmst Iburib m` Tugwmoc, Zcsb. M pestld tblsl pbetejrcpbs wmtb icptme`s cs

m`treduim`j tbl pelfs e` Tlxt c`d ^mxlo Xlaolitme`s c`d ochlold tbl pests Xlflfhrcìl.


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Xu``m`j blcd; LRÔEXM@J ALCX EA DLCTB >1). Tbeujb ^bloc` (3==9)

crjuld tbct pbetejrcpbs rlpreduil c`d de èt plraerf, pbetejrcpbs iefpesl c plraerfcìl

jl`rl (Beof, 8>>2) flrmtm j c`coysms c`d irmtmqul. ^betejrcpbs werg wloo cs c prmfcry

`crrctmvl seuril (Hryfc`, 8>>2). Ma tbl wrmtm`j preilss aestlrs blcom`j (DlYcove, 3===), tbl`

dels tbl pbetejrcpbmi preduitme` preilss blco5 ^betejrcpbs slrvl peomtmico citme` hy

ieàre`tm`j tbl prmvmoljld reol tbct tlxt fcm`tcm`s m` rlslcrib (Heb`scig, 8>>2), c`d se

pbetejrcpbs lòcrjl tbl pessmhmomtmls ea ie`vl`tme`co lfpmrmico rlslcrib (Bcrplr, 8>>8).

Mfpertc`t te tbms study, pbetejrcpbs lxpoerl dllplr sbcats m`te c dmaalrl`t pcrt ea bufc`

ie`simeus`lss tbc` de werds-coe`l m`tlrvmlws hlicusl pbetes icpturl tbl mfpessmhol; c plrse`

je`l7 c` lvl`t pcst (pp. 88-89). ^betejrcpbs rlarcfl fy lxplrmlìls, rloctme`sbmps, c`d

ie`tlxts m` dljrlls ea scirld c`d m`tmfctl.

Cddmtme`cooy, tbms study lxpoerls c iefpolx tepmi. êrtrcmts pertrcy rmib c`d iefpolx

dltcmos m` c smfpol c`d l`jcjm`j wcy (Olcvy, 8>>=), plrbcps m` om`l wmtb Alr`c`dlz (3=21)

ètme` ea wbeol`lss cs smfpomaym`j tbl iefpolx. Cs vmsuco crt, pbetejrcpbs cose cddrlss mdl`tmty

mssuls c`d pewlr strujjols c`d rl-prlsl`t iuoturco, peomtmico, seimco, c`d erjc`mzctme`co csplits ea

mdl`tmty (Olcvy, 8>>=7 ^bloc`

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Dena Rosko | Master's Thesis