degradasi karbohidrat

7/23/2019 degradasi karbohidrat

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DEGRADASI KARBOHIDRAT

Drh.M.Isa,M.Si



Food molecules:

comple car!oh"dra#es, e#c.

Adap#ed $rom Molecular Biolo%" o$ #he &ell, '#h ed.

Buildi(% !loc)s $or !ios"(#hesis:

su%ars, ami(o acids, e#c.

Useful formsUseful forms

of energyof energy

CatabolicCatabolic

pathwayspathways

AnabolicAnabolic

(biosynthetic)(biosynthetic)

pathwayspathways

Molecules #ha# $orm #he cell:

lipids, pro#ei(s, e#c.



How are catabolism and anabolism coupled?

Heterotrophic metabolism:

Interconversion of material and energy

CatabolismCatabolism

*!rea)do+(:-ields e(er%",

precursors

AnabolismAnabolism

*s"(#hesis:Reuires e(er%",

precursors

coupledcoupled





pp. 381

ATPATP couples energy between catabolismand anabolism

catabolismcatabolism

anabolismanabolism

ADPATP / 0i

E(er%" $rom $ood *$uelmolecules or $rom

pho#os"(#hesis

E(er%" a1aila!le $or +or)2 chemical s"(#hesis *e.%.

mo1eme(#, si%(alampli$ica#io(, e#c.

ATPATP is the principal carrier of chemical energy in the cell!

Ma3or ac#i1i#ies

promo#ed !" AT0:

4locomo#io(

4mem!ra(e #ra(spor#4si%(al #ra(sduc#io(

4)eepi(% ma#erials

i( #he cell

4(ucleo#ide s"(#hesis



Cellular Metabolism

0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o

simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$

simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA

accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$

limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH

0ar# 8:

&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O

a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"

produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH

a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(

$a#s

$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol

pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6

9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH

oid

a#i1e phosphor"la#io(

O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898



&a#a!olism 4 Respira#io(, $erme(#a#io(

Respira#io(:

< Gl"col"sis

< Kre!s=Tricar!o"lic acid *T&A

&"cle

< Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( 2oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(

Ferme(#a#io(:

> Gl"col"sis $ollo+ed !"

7AD/ re%e(era#io( reac#io(s.



Cellular Metabolism


simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$




0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6


oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(

O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898




simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$




0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6



O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Cellular Metabolism

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898



Glucose ca#a!olismca#a!olismO

O

O

O

O

O

glucose(a sugar)

C6H12O6 +

O

O

6 CO2

Carbondioxide

OHH

6 H2Owater

8 s#a%es i(1ol1ed:

5 Gl"col"sis

6 T&A *ci#ric acid c"cle8 Elec#ro( #ra(spor#=oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(

–Food = electron donor

–Oxygen = terminal electron acceptor

oxidation reduction G= -686 kcal/mol

Exergonic rxn

+ 6O2

(requires O2)




simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$




0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6



O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Regulation of Energy Metabolism

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898

glycolysis

TCA cycle

electron transport

&ox. phosphorylation



Glucose ca#a!olismca#a!olism

∆Go’ = -686 kcal/mol

O

O

O

O

O

O

glucose(a sugar)

C6H12O6 (requires O2) +

O

O

6 CO2

Carbondioxide

OHH

6 H2Owater

8 s#a%es i(1ol1ed:

5 Gl"col"sis6 T&A *ci#ric acid c"cle

8 Elec#ro( #ra(spor#=oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(

glucose lactate (muscle)ethanol (yeast)no O2 requiredGlycolysisGlycolysis

?ha# or%a(isms use %l"col"sis@

5. A(aero!es *%ro+ +i#hou# O6

6. Facul#a#i1e or%a(isms *%ro+ +i#h 2 +i#hou# O6

8. Aero!es *%ro+ o(l" +i#h O6



Cellular Metabolism


simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$




0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6

9 e4 *Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH


O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898

Gl"col"sisGl"col"sis



Gl"col"sis

< Spli##i(% o$ %lucose: "ield o$ 6 p"ru1a#e molecules

$rom o(e %lucose molecule. *Also H6O.

< AT0 i(1es#ed i( earl" s#eps, e(er%" %e(era#ed i( la#er

s#eps. 7e# e(er%" "ield: 6 AT0, 6 7ADH / 6 H/.



Cellular Metabolism


simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$




0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6



O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898



Kre!s &"cle

< Tra(si#io( s#ep reuired a$#er p"ru1a#e e(#ersmi#ocho(drio( p"ru1a#e co(1er#ed #o Ace#"l&oA. *7AD/ reduced #o 7ADH duri(% #his

process.

< Kre!s c"cle does(# direc#l" (eed o"%e(, !u#+o(# occur +i#hou# i#.

< Kre!s c"cle i(1ol1es decar!o"la#io(, oida#io(#o %e(era#e 7ADH, FADH6, AT0. &O6 is

!"produc# o$ #hese s#eps.

< 7ADH, FADH6 +ill rela" elec#ro(s #o elec#ro(

#ra(spor# chai(.



Cellular Metabolism


simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$




0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6



O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898



Elec#ro( #ra(spor# s"s#em

< Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( a(d oida#i1e phosphor"la#io( produce AT0 $rom produc#s o$%l"col"sis, Kre!s.

< Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( C pro#ei( complees +i#h

pros#he#ic %roups i(=o( i((er mi#ocho(drialmem!ra(e. *Some %roups are a!le #o mo1e E.%.&"# &

< ET& $acili#a#es series o$ redo reac#io(s, +i#h

o"%e( as $i(al elec#ro( accep#or.< AT0 $orma#io( uses pro#o( mo#i1e $orce 4 1ol#a%e

across mem!ra(e *io( %radie(# #ha# resul#s $romhi%h H/ i( i(#ermem!ra(e space.



Redo reac#io(s

< Ma(" e(er%" #ra(s$ers i(1ol1e #ra(s$er o$

elec#ro(s *or h"dro%e( a#oms.

< Oida#io( a(d reduc#io( occur #o%e#her.

> oss o$ elec#ro(s $rom o(e su!s#a(ce C oida#io(.

> Addi#io( o$ elec#ro(s #o a su!s#a(ce C reduc#io(. > Oidii(% a%e(# 4 accep#s elec#ro(s.

> Reduci(% a%e(# 4 %i1es up elec#ro(s.

E.g. Na + Cl -> Na+ + Cl-

oxidationreduction



Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( 4 series o$ redo

reac#io(s

< &ells release e(er%" i( s#a%es.



Elec#ro( #ra(spor# s"s#em



Development of Proton MotiveForce from Chemiosmosis



Forma#io( o$ AT0 $rom 0ro#o( Mo#i1e

Force a(d AT0 S"(#hase



AT0 0roduc#io( duri(% Aero!ic Respira#io( !"

Oida#i1e 0hosphor"la#io( i(1ol1i(% Elec#ro(

Tra(spor# S"s#em a(d &hemiosmosis



Bac#erial elec#ro( #ra(spor#

ASM digital image collection:

tt!:""###.a$mu$a.org



Bac#erial chemiosmo#ic AT0 %e(era#io(



Cellular Metabolism


simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$


accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH

0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6



O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898




simple su!u(i#s

0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$


accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH

0ar# 8:





$a#s


pol"saccharides

simple su%ars

pro#ei(s

ami(o acids

Acetyl CoA

%lucose

Citric

acid

cycle

&oA

6 &O6



O6

H6O

ATPATP

% l " c o l " s i s

p"ru1a#e

ATPATP

7ADH

Cellular Metabolism

Adap#ed $rom MBO&',

$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898





Fermented food?



Fermented … food?• Yogourt

– Fermented milk, fermentation carried out by lactic acid

bacteria.• Bread

– Simple fermentation of sugar to alchohol and !" by bread yeast Saccharomyces cere#isiae . !" makes bread rise.

• $imchee– abbage and other #eggies fermented by lactic acid bacteria.

• %#en some meat & fish products'– %.g. ountry(cured ham, $atsuobushi )tuna*



+nusual catabolism

• Badger mmunitions -lant ( /0"(/12 (

pro#ided 3eapons for the military andhandled large 4uantities of e5plosi#enitroglycerin )67*.

CONTAMINATION!!!!!

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degradasi karbohidrat