Decline of Ottomans and Qing ChinaCh 26

I. Introduction

China Declined and reemerged… and declined again

China continued its cycle of prosperity and decline

Nomads were a problem Period of general prosperity under the Manchu

nomads Greatly declined due to outside influences Numerous rebellions and uprisings erupted near the

end of reign

I. Introduction

Ottoman Empire Prosperous 400 + years Started loosing territory in early 17th century Went through numerous reforms to try to stop

the decline

II. Ottoman Empire

Ottoman empire suffered from weak rulers Janissaries and religious leaders tried to gain

more power Ayan (wealthy land-owners) cheated sultans

Europeans brought decline of merchants Decreased treasury

Couldn’t pay soldiers and buy supplies

II. Ottoman Empire

Europeans take over outer boundaries Russian gain warm water port on Black Sea Revolts in Greece, Serbia and Balkans Dominance in the Mediterranean Sea

Attempts at reforms Power struggle between types of reforms

Religious and social changes competed Some preferred to go back to traditional religious

values and rule Westernization- ambassadors, military and politics

II. Ottoman Empire

Reformers Sultan Selim III

Improve administration Angered bureaucracy

New Army and Navy- angered Janissaries Overthrown by Janissaries in 1807

II. Ottoman Empire

Sultan Mahmud II Built small well trained private army Wiped out Janissaries

Agents incited mutiny-Janissaries riot- Slaughtered with their families in the streets

Expanded and Westernized military European advisors

Creates ambassadors to Europe Ulama- pushed for traditional theocracy

II. Ottoman Empire

Tansimat reforms (1839-1876) Westernized Education Postal Office, Telegraph and Railroads Removed tariffs- destroyed merchants/artisans

Abdul Hamid (1878-1908) Tried to restrict power of others Despotic Absolutism

Restricted civil liberties- killed/tortured dissidents Still westernized army and built rail between

Baghdad and Berlin

II. Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress Paris in 1889 Political agitators- young Turks Started to overthrow sultanate but became

divided Then WWI distracted them

Eventually called the “Sick man of Europe”

III. Egypt and Sudan

Tried to reverse decline of Ottoman empire

Egypt Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798

Not interested in Egypt but India Slaughtered Mamluk forces

Murad underestimated the French

Had to retreat due to British destroying French fleet

III. Egypt and Sudan

Muhammad Ali (1801) Reformed military

French officers, French tactics and weapons and conscription of peasants

Told peasants to work harder to pay for military Descendants- Khedives- 1952

III. Egypt and Sudan

Europeans cause more problems for Egypt Push for Cotton Europeans loaned numerous amounts to

Khedives Couldn’t manage their money

Pushed for the building of the Suez Canal

III. Egypt and Sudan

Al Afghani (1839-1897)and Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) Pushed for borrowing technology from Europe

Argued that the Europeans became great due to Islamic innovation

Qur’an is not the only source of all truth

Ahmad Orabi Led a revolt in 1882 due to dismissal of

Egyptian soldiers Khedives helped by British and crushed Orabi’s

forces

III. Egypt and Sudan

Mahdi Muhammad Achmad declared Mahdi (deliverer) Jihad on “corrupt” Egyptians and Europeans Khalifa Abdalli

Took over after Muhammad died of Typhus Forbade drinking, smoking and dancing

Strict punishment for immorality

Continued Jihad until General Kitchener slaughtered the Mahdi forces at the battle of Omdurman (1898)

IV. Last Chinese Dynasty

Manchu nomads consistently raided northern China but were not united

Nurhaci (1559-1626) United tribes and formed the banner armies Conquered Manchuria Reorganized the Manchu to follow Chinese

rule/culture

IV. Last Chinese Dynasty

Qing Empire Ming Dynasty was weak and asked Manchus to

help fight rebellion Big Mistake Conquered in 1644

Manchu rule Kept civil service exam Pardoned rebels from early conquest Adopted Confucian rituals Son of Heaven Ideology Patrons of arts and Confucianism (Kangxi)

IV. Last Chinese Dynasty

Qing society Hierarchal ranking Women not as valuable

Infantcide Tried to help farmers/peasants

10% of budget to repairing/building dikes, canals, roads and irrigation

Diversified crops Tea

Brought large amounts of European silver in economy Compradors- wealthy merchant class

IV. Last Chinese Dynasty

Qing Decline Corruption

Cheating on exams Bureaucracy based on who you know and not

what you know Money went to wealthy and not military Dikes, irrigation and roads crumbled

Famine and disease

IV. Last Chinese Dynasty

Opium Huge cash crop from India Way to turn the tides of European bullion going

into China Huge amounts left china 1% addicted

Chinese tried to outlaw- didn’t work Lin Zexu- enforced laws

Opium War 1839-1841 British won and increase Opium trade

Later forced open trade and diplomatic exchange

IV. Last Chinese Dynasty

Rebellions Taiping Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan Massive rebellion in south (1850-1864) Attacked Confucianism and scholar-gentry Influenced Self-strengthening movement

Westernization of Chinese infrastructure

Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 Sought to rid China of European influence

Attacked foreigners and their religions Put down by the British

Eventually collapsed in 1911 when a republic was established

V. Conclusion

China no longer was ruled by a dynasty

Ottoman empire continued decline until it occupied only modern day Turkey

Westernization of China and Muslim world