ĐẠi hỌc ĐÀ nẴng TrƯỜng ĐẠi hỌc

8/14/2019 i hc nng Trng i hc

1/60

I HC NNGTRNG I HC BCH KHOA

----------

NGUYN KHNH LINH

BI GING MY XY DNG

NNG, 2007


2/60


3/60

1. Sn v hc trnh : 4 (60 tit)

2. i tng ging dy :

Sinh vin hi hc cc ngnh xy dng : Dn dng v Cng nghip, Thu li - Thuin, Cu -

ng, Kinh t xy dng v Qun l d n.

3. Phn b thi gian :

Ln lp : 60 titThc tp, thc hnh, bi tp ln, n : Khng

4. Cc mn hc trc cn thit :

V k thut, k thut nhit, k thut in, sc bn vt liu.

5. M t vn tt ni dung mn hc :

Mn hc trnh by kin thc cbn v cng dng, c im cu to, nguyn l hot ng, qu trnh

lm vic, c tnh k thut, phm vi s dng, u nhc im v cc tnh ton cbn ca cc loi

my v thit b xy dng thng s dng trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cng trnh nh : my vn

chuyn, my nng chuyn, my lm t, my sn xut vt liu xy dng, my v thit b gia c nn

mng,...

6. Nhim v ca sinh vin :

D lp : c mt t nht 80% thi gian qui nh

c ti liu, lm bi tp theo hng dn ca gio vin

7. Ti liu hc tp :

a. Ti liu chnh :

Nguyn Vn Hng (2002), My xy dng, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.

b. Cc ti liu tham kho khc :

1. V Minh Khng (2004), My xy dng, Nxb Xy dng, H Ni.2. Nguyn nh Thun (2001), Sdng My xy dng v lm ng, Nxb Giao thng Vn ti,

H Ni.

3. Trng Quc Thnh (1999), My v thit b nng, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni.4. Phm Hu ng (2004), My lm t,Nxb Xy dng, H Ni5. Trn Quang Qu (2001), My sn xut vt liu xy dng, Nxb Giao thng Vn ti, H Ni.

8. Tiu chun nh gi sinh vin :

Cn c vo kt qu ca cc hot ng : d lp, kim tra gia k v thi cui k

9. Thang im : 10

10. Mc ch, yu cu ca mn hc :

Mn hc My xy dng cung cp nhng kin thc cbn v ckh v my xy dng cho sinh

vin chuyn ngnh xy dng, nhm nng cao nng lc qun l khai thc s dng my xy dng cho


4/60

sinh vin ngnh xy dng - nhng ngi cn b k thut trong tng lai. Ngoi ra, mn hc cn h

trsinh vin lnh hi kin thc ca cc mn hc tip theo trong chng trnh o to k s xy dng

nh : K thut thi cng, T chc thi cng, Xy dng cu, Xy dng ng, Thi cng thu li.

Sinh vin phi nm c cng dng, c im cu to, nguyn l hot ng, qu trnh lm

vic, c tnh k thut, phm vi s dng, u nhc im, cch tnh nng sut v mt s thng s c

bn ca cc loi my v thit b thng gp trong cng tc thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Qua nng cao nng lc khai thc my; s dng, la chn, iu phi, u t, thanh l my mt cch hp

l; nng cao c tnh hiu qu kinh t ca my, tng nng sut lao ng, tng cht lng cng

trnh.

Ni dung dkin

Mc lc S tit Trang

CHNG 1 : KHI NIM CHUNG

1 Phn loi, cu to chung, yu cu chung i vi MXD 1

2 Thit bng lc MXD 2

2.1 Cc loi ng cv t hp ng lc thng dng trong

MXD

2.2 ng cdiesel 4 th, bm thu lc v xi lanh thu lc

3 Cc chi tit, cc cm chi tit cbn 2

3.1 Trc v

3.2 Khp ni v ly hp

4 Truyn ng MXD 3

4.1 Khi nim, phn loi

4.2 Truyn ng ckh

4.3 Truyn ng thu lc

5 H thng di chuyn MXD 1

6 Cc ch tiu v nng sut MXD 1

CHNG 2 : MY VN CHUYN

1 My vn chuyn ngang 2

1.1 Phn loi

1.2 t v my ko

1.3 Rmooc v smi - rmooc

2 My vn chuyn lin tc 3


5/60

2.1 Phn loi

2.2 Bng ti cao su

2.3 Bng ti xch

2.4 Nng sut my vn chuyn lin tc

CHNG 3 : MY NNG CHUYN

1 Cng dng v phn loi 1

2 My nng n gin 3

2.1 Kch

2.2 Ti

2.3 Palng

3 My nng kiu cn 3

3.1 Phn loi

3.2 Cn trc thp3.3 Cn trc t hnh

4 My nng kiu cu 2

4.1 Cu trc

4.2 Cng trc

5 My nng kiu khung ct dn hng : Vn thng 1

6 n nh my nng kiu cn 1

CHNG 4 : MY LM T1 Nhng vn chung 2

2 My xc 3

2.1 Phn loi

2.2 My xc gu thun

2.3 My xc gu nghch

2.4 My xc gu ngom v my xc gu dy

2.5 Nng sut my xc mt gu

3 My o - chuyn t 4

3.1 My i

3.2 My san

3.3 My cp

3.4 Nng sut my o - chuyn t

4 My m t 3


6/60

4.1 Phn loi

4.2 My m bng lc tnh

Lu bnh thp, lu bnh lp

4.3 My m bng lc rung

m ln rung, m bn rung

4.4 Nng sut my m tKIM TRA 1

CHNG 5 : MY SN XUT VT LIU XY DNG

1 My lm cng tc b tng 5

1.1 My trn b tng

My trn t do, my trn cng bc

1.2 My m b tng

m di, m bn2 My lm 2

2.1 My nghin

2.2 My sng

CHNG 6 : MY V THIT B GIA C NN MNG

1 Nhng vn chung 1

2 My ng cc 3

3.1 Phn loi

3.2 Cu to chung ca gin ba

3.3 Ba diesel

3.4 Ba rung

3.5 Ba thu lc v ba hi

3 My p cc v my cm bc thm 2

4 Thit b khoan cc nhi 3

4.1 Khi qut v thi cng cc khoan nhi

4.2 Phn loi my khoan t

4.3 Cc loi my khoan thng dng

My khoan kiu xoay n

My khoan kiu va p dy cp

My khoan tun hon

CHNG 7 : MY V THIT B CHUYN DNG


7/60

1. Ngnh Xy dng Dn dng v Cng nghip :Thang my, my xoa nn, kch ko ct thp dng lc

2. Ngnh Xy dng Cu - ng :Trm trn b tng nha, my ri b tng nha, thit b

lp dm cu

3. Ngnh Xy dng Thu li - Thuin :My chuyn dng lm cng tc thu li, my xc nhiu

gu

1 Hng dn

sinh vin c

ti liu

CHNG 8 : KHAI THC SDNG MY XY DNG

1. Tip nhn v bn giao MXD2. Chy r MXD3. a MXD vo s dng4.

Bo dng k thut v sa cha MXD

5. Bo qun MXD6. Vn chuyn MXD7. An ton lao ng trong s dng MXD

1 Hng dn

sinh vin c

ti liu

N TP V GII BI TP 3


8/60

CHNG I. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY XY DNG

Bi 1. Phn loi, cu to chung, yu cu chung i vi my xy dngI. Phn loi:My xy dng c nhiu chng loi v a dng, tin cho vic nghin cu ng dng, c th phnloi my xy dng theo cng dng, ngun ng lc, phng php iu khin hoc h thng dichuyn.1. Da vo cng dng, my xy dng c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau:- My pht lc: cung cp ng lc cho my khc lm vic nh my pht in, my nn kh,...- My vn chuyn ngang: vn chuyn theo phng ngang nh cc phng tin vn chuyn bngng b, ng st, ng thu, ng khng.- My vn chuyn lin tc: vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho thnh dng lin tc: bng ti, vt ti,...

- My nng chuyn: vn chuyn theo phng thng ng: kch, ti, palng, cn trc, cu trc,...- My lm t: phc v cc khu thi cng t: my i, my xc, my m ,...- My lm : my nghin, my sng, my ra ct ,...- My phc v cng tc b tng: my trn, my m, my bm b tng,..- My gia cng st thp: my hn, my ct thp, my nn thng ct thp, my un cong ct thp,...- My gia c nn mng: my ng cc, my p cc, my khoan cc nhi, my cm bc thm.- My chuyn dng cho tng ngnh: my o knh mng, my ri btng nha, my phay mtng nha, my lao lp dm cu,...2. Da vo ngun ng lc:- My dn ng bng ng ct trong- My dn ng bng ng cin- My dn ng bng ng cthu lc3. Da vo h thng di chuyn:- My di chuyn bng bnh lp- My di chuyn bng bnh xch- My di chuyn bng bnh st ln trn ray- My di chuyn trn phao- My di chuyn bng ccu t bc4. Da vo phng php iu khin- My iu khin bng ckh- My iu khin bng thu lc- My iu khin bng in- My iu khin bng kh nnII. Cu to chung:My xy dng c nhiu chng loi, cu to tng loi my khc hau, nhng nhn chung chng c ccb phn hp thnh nh sau:- Thit b pht lc- Thit b cng tc: b phn tc ng n i tng thi cng- Cc ccu: ccu quay, ccu nng h cn, ccu nng h vt, ...- H thng truyn ng- H thng iu khin: li, phanh hm,...- H thng di chuyn- Khung v b my- Cc thit b ph: chiu sng, tn hiu n ci,...Tu theo yu cu v chc nng, mt my c th c y cc b phn hp thnh nu trn hoc cth ch gm mt s b phn.III. Cc yu cu chung i vi my xy dng:


9/60

p ng qu trnh cng ngh trong xy dng v tnh kinh t, my xy dng phi m bo cc yucu chung sau:- Cng sut ng chp l, tit kim nng lng, s dng ngun nng lng d tm- Kch thc nh gn, d vn chuyn, d thi cng- C bn v tui th cao, cng ngh tin tin- m bo c nng sut v cht lng thi cng, c kh nng phi hp lm vic cng vi cc loimy khc, bo dng sa cha d dng, c kh nng d tr nhin liu trong thi gian lm victung i di- S dng thun tin, an ton- Khng lm nh hng n mi trng xung quanh- Gi thnh n v thpBi 2. Thit bng lcThit bng lc ca my xy dng thng l ng ct trong v ng cin.I. ng ct trong:ng ct trong l loi ng cnhit hot ng theo nguyn l bin nhit nng thnh cnng,nhin liu chy trong xilanh to ra p sut y pttng dch chuyn, pttng ko y thanh truyn lm quay trc khuu.

Phn loi :Da vo s th, chia lm 2 loi: ng c4 th v ng c2 thng c4 th : chu trnh lm vic ca ng cc hon thnh sau 4 hnh trnh ca pttng tc 2vng quay ca trc khuu.- ng c2 th : chu trnh lm vic ca ng cc hon thnh sau 2 hnh trnh ca pttng tc 1vng quay ca trc khuu.Da vo nhin liu, chia lm 2 loi: ng cxng v ng cdiessel1. Nguyn l kt cu v vn chuyn ca ng cdiesel 4 th:Th ht : pt tng di chuyn tCT n CD, xu pp ht m, khng kh c np vo xi lanh saukhi c lc ti bu lc khng kh

Th nn : pt tng di chuyn tCD n CT, hai xu pp ng kn, khng kh c nn trong xilanh. Vo cui th nn, p sut khng kh trong bung t t n khong 30 kG/cm2, nhit tngln n 6000C

A. Xupp htC. Ca htE. Nc lm mtF. Thn myG. CcteH. Du bi trnP. Trc khuuO. Thanh truynN. PttngM. Bung xilanhL. Ca thot

K. Vi phunJ. Xupp thotI. Trc cam


10/60

Th n : pt tng nn khng kh gn n CT, du izen c phun vo bung t vi p sut caokhong 150 kG/cm2 tn thnh sng, gp khng kh nng t bc chy, p sut tng vt ln khong

70 kG/cm2

, to th ny pt tng n CD

Th x pt tng di chuyn tCD n CT, xu pp x m, kh chy c y ra ngoi.


11/60

Trong mt chu k, trc khuu quay hai vng, pt tng ln hai ln, xung hai ln, c mt ln n sinhcng.

ng cdiesel c cc u im nh hiu sut tng i cao, vn tc quay nh hn ng cxng,nhin liu diesel r hn xng, ng c tnh momen t dc hn, v vy uc s dng ph bintrong my xy dng.2. ng cxng 2 th :Khi trc khuu quay, pt tng i tCD ln CT, ca xc pt tng y kn. Ho kh c sntrong xi lanh b nn, p sut v nhit tng dn, n khi pt tng i gn ti CT th b bc chynhbu ri phng tia la in. . Khi pt tng i ln nn ho kh th pha di pt tng, trong ccte, p sut gim v ho kh t b ch ho kh qua ng np v c ht vo cc te qua ca np chun b cho vic thi ho kh vo xi lanh hnh trnh sau.ng cxng 2 th thng c dng trong cc loi my c cng sut nh nh my m btng(m di), my m t (m bn rung), my nai khi ng ng cdiesel c cng sut ln.

II. ng cin:ng cin c s dng ph bin trn cc my cnh hoc di chuyn vi c l nh.u im: Hiu sut cao, gn nh, chu vt ti tt, thay i chiu quay v khi ng nhanh, githnhh, lm vic tin cy, d tng ho, t gy nhim mi trng.Nhc im: Kh thay i tc , momen khi ng nh, phi c ngun cung cp in.

Bi 3. Cc chi tit my v cc cm chi tit my thng gp trong my xy dngI. Chi tit my:Chi tit my l mt n v hp thnh ca my, mi chi tit my l mt n v lin khi hon chnhv khng th tho ra thnh nhng n vn gin hn bng cc dng c tho lp thng dng. ccchi tit my thng gp nh trc, , then, bulng, ai c, bnh rng, a xch,...

1. Trc:Trc l chi tit my dng cc chi tit my c chuyn ng quay, truyn momen xon.Theo hnh dng ng tm trc, c cc loi: trc thng v trc khuuTheo c im chu ti, c cc loi: trc tm, trc truyn v trc truyn chungTheo cu to trc, c cc loi trc: trc trn, trc bc, trc c, trc rng, trc nh hnh, trc mm.Loi trc ph bin thng dng l trc c c bc, trc c kch thc ln thng l trc trn dch to, trc rng tit kim vt liu v gim khi lng qun tnh ca trc. Trc c tit dinkhng l hnh trn c gi l trc nh hnh nh trc cam, trc then hoa,...

Trc mm gm mt li v nhiu lp dy ng hoc day thp xon quanh li, vi cu to nh vyn c kh nng chu xon rt cao nhng chu un thp. Loi trc ny dng truyn momen xon


12/60

gia cc b phn my c v tr thay i khi lm vic, c s dng trong m di, my ct c, dycngtmt,...***2. : trc dng cc trc quay hoc chi tit my quay trn trc. Nhc m trc hoc chi titquay trn trc c v tr xc nh v quay quanh mt ng tm nh sn.Theo tnh ma st trong , c hai loi: trt v lnTheo c im chu ti, c cc loi: , chn, v chna. ln: cn gi l vng bi, c cu to gm vng trong (cabi trong), vng ngoi, cc con ln vvng cch (r bi)***Vng trong lp vi ngng trc, vng ngoi lp vi thn , thn my hoc chi tit quay trn trc.C th c mt hoc nhiu dy con ln, con ln c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau: hnh cu, hnh cn,hnh tr,... tu theo loi . Vng cch c tc dng lm cho cc con ln khng tip xc nhau, gimc ma st trong tng tui th ca . ln c qui c k hiu bi mt dy s, cc ch s biu th cc c im ca . Trong , hai scui ca dy s biu thng knh trong ca tc kch thc lp vi ngng trc, c qui uc nhsau:

S hiu xx00 xx01 xx02 xx03 xxab ( ab=0499)ng knh d(mm) 10 12 15 17 d = ab x 5

ln c cc u im: h s ma st nh, chm sc v bi trn n gin, t tn vt liu bi trn,c tiu chun ho v tnh lp ln rt cao. Tuy nhin n c mt s nhc im nh: tui th thp,kch thc ng knh ln, kh lp ghp, khng dng c cho trc c ng knh ngng qu lnhoc qu nh, ng knh ngng phi tiu chun.b. trt:***B phn lm vic ch yu ca trt l bc lt. Mt trong bc lt tip xc vi ngng trc l mt lmvic, mt ngoi lp vi thn hoc thn my. Bc lt c ch to t vt liu c h s ma st thpnhng thanh, hp kim nhm, ng thau,... gim h hng cho ngng trc.i vi cc c trc khuu khng th dng ln, ngi ta dng trt, khi cc bc c lmthnh hai na c th lp vo c trc khuu.II. Cc cm chi tit my: thun tin cho vic lp rp my, cc chi tit my uc lp sn thnh nhng cm c nhng chcnng khc nhau nh khp ni, ly hp, hp gim tc, pttng-xilanh...theo tiu chun nht nh.Ngi dng ch cn la chn ph hp vi mc ch ca mnh.1. Ni trc:Ni trc dng ni cc trc hoc chi tit my quay vi nhau, gim ti trng ng, ngn nga quti.a. Ni trc cng: cn gi l ni trc chtTrng hp trc c chiu di ln, nu ch to lin khi s gp kh khn trong ch to, vn chuyn,v lp rp, ngi ta ch to nhiu trc ngn ri ni li vi nhau bng ni trc cht kiu ng hockiu a. Ni trc cht dc tiu chun ho theo ng knh trc.***b. Ni trc mm: cn gi l ni trc bNi trc b dng ni cc trc kh iu chnh thng tm vi nhau, b nghing hoc b lch i vinhau do ch to, lp ghp thiu cnh xc hoc do trc b bin dng n hi.Ni trc b ph bin l ni trc xch, ni trc rng, ni trc n hi, ni trc ccng.***- Ni trc xch gm hai a xch c s rng nh nhau lp trn hai u trc, mt vng dy xch nkhp vi c hai a xch, ngoi cng l v che. Ni trc xch c tiu chun cho trc c dngknh 18125 mm.


13/60

- Ni trc rng c tiu chun ho theo ng knh trc c ng knh 40560 mm.- Ni trc ccng thng dng trong t, my ko, my xy dng. Chng cho php truyn momenxon gia hai trc ct nhau mt gc n 400.- Ni trc n hi c th gim va p, chn ng, phng cng hng do dao ng xon v c thlm vic nh ni trc b.2. Ly hpDng ni hoc tch truyn ng gia cc trc theo siu khin, ngn nga qu ti, o chiu

quay, thay i vn tc. Theo nguyn l lm vic c cc loi nh ly hp ma st, ly hp vu, ly hpthu lc.***Bi 4. Truyn ng my xy dngCm truyn ng truyn chuyn ng t thit b pht lc n thit b chp hnh, qu trnh truynchuyn ng lm thay i cc thng s nhu vn tc, momen, lc, i khi thay i c qui lutchuyn ng.Thit b pht lc thng c dng chuyn ng quay, vn tc ln v momen nh nhng cin,ng ct trong. Thit b cng tc ca my xy dng li cn vn tc nh, momen ln, v c thchuyn ng tnh tin. V vy cn thit phi c cm truyn ng truyn chuyn ng v lm thayi cc thng s, thay i qi lut chuen ng.I. Truyn ng ckh:Theo nguyn l lm vic, truyn ng ckh c chia lm hai loi: truyn ng nhma st vtruyn ng n khp.- Truyn ng nhma st gm truyn ng bnh ma st, truyn ng ai, truyn ng bnh ma st thanh ai.- Truyn ng n khp truyn chuyn ng nhsn khp gia cc rng hoc ren, gm cc loinh: truyn ng bnh rng, truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng, truyn ng xch, truyn ng trcvt - ai c, truyn ng trc vt bnh vt.Cc thng s ch yu c trng cho b truyn:

Cng sut trc dn ng (trc chng): N1, kWCng sut trc b dn ng (trc bng): N2, kWHiu sut: = N

2/N

1Vn tc quay ca trc chng: n1, v/fVn tc quay ca trc bng: n2, v/fT s truyn: l t s gia vn tc ca trc chng v vn tc ca trc bng:

i = n1/n2Momen xon trn trc:

M = 9,55.106. N/n (N.mm)1. Truyn ng bnh ma st:Truyn ng bnh ma st c cu to gm hai bnh ma st tip xc nhau.Truyn ng bnh ma st thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay nhlc ma st sinh ra ti ch tip xcgia hai bnh.

T s truyn: i = D2/D1***Loi truyn ng ny c u im: cu to n gin, lm vic m, c kh nng nga qu ti, iuchnh v cp tc nhng c nhc im l lc tc dng ln trc ln, d b trt nn t s truynkhng n nh.2. Truyn ng ai:Truyn ng ai c cu to gm: bnh ai chng, bnh ai bng v dy ai vt qua hai bnhai.Truyn ng ai thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay gia cc trc xa nhau nhs tip xc gia aiv bnh ai.


14/60

Truyn ng ai thng dng trong my nn kh, my nghin . Trong truyn ng gim tc nhiucp, truyn ng ai thng t cp u tin, ni c momen xon nh nht ngn nga qu ti.***ai gm cc loi: ai dt, ai trn, ai thang, ai rng. i vi b truyn ai chu ti ln c th gmnhiu dy ai vt qua hai bnh ai.

T s truyn: i = D2/D1C nhiu kiu truyn ng ai: truyn ng thng, truyn ng cho, truyn ng na cho, truynng gc.Truyn ng ai c cc u im: c kh nng truyn ng gia cc trc kh xa nhau, lm vic m,c th nga qu ti, cu to dn gin, d chm sc bo dng.Cc nhc im: kch thc ln, t s truyn khng n nh, lc tc dng ln trc ln, nhanh hhng.3. Truyn ng bnh rng:Truyn ng bnh rng thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay nhsn khp gia cc rng trn haibnh rng, dng truyn ng ny dng thay i vn tc, momen v chiu quay.

T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1Tu theo v tr tng i gia cc trc, c cc loi truyn ng bnh rng sau:- Trng hp hai trc song song, dng truyn ng bnh rng tr rng thng, rng nghing hocrng ch V.- Trng hp hai trc ct nhau, dng truyn ng bnh rng cn rng thng hoc rng cong- Trng hp hai trc cho nhau, dng truyn ng bnh rng tr choChn hnh truyn ng bnh rngTruyn ng bnh rng cn c cc dng c bit khc nh truyn ng bnh rng n khp trong,truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh.Truyn ng bnh rng c dng ph bin trong cc hp s, hp gim tc, ccu quay,...4. Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng:Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng c cu to gm bnh rng v thanh rng.Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng l dng c bit ca truyn ng bnh rng, dng bin chuynng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin hoc ngc li.***Trong my xy dng, loi truyn ng ny c ng dng trong kch thanh rng, ccu y tay guca my xc gu thun iu khin bng cp.5. Truyn ng xch:Truyn ng xch thc hin truyn chuyn ng quay gia hai trc song song cch xa nhau nhsn khp gin tip gia cc rng trn hai a xch thng qua dy xch.Cu to gm a xch chng, a xch bng, dy xch.

T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1***Xch c cc loi: xch ng, xch ng con ln, xch rngTrong my xy dng v cc thit b cng nghip cn dng xch ti. Xch ti lm vic vi vn tcnh, bc xch ln, cc mc xch nh xch ng con ln hoc c cu to c bit ph hp vi iukin lm vic nh : xch di chuyn ca my ko, bng ti xch, bng gu, ...

6. Truyn ng trc vt ai c:Truyn ng trc vt ai c c cu to gm trc vt v ai c, c sn khp gia ren trc ca trcvt v ren l ca ai c.***Loi truyn ng ny c th bin chuyn ng quay thnh chuyn ng tnh tin, c kh nng tolc ln v t hm, c ng dng trong kch vt, tng .Tng n: dng trong chn ta ca cn trc, chn chng ca thit b lao dm cu, ccu nghinggi ca thit bng cc.


15/60

Tngkp: dng iu chnh cc cp neo gi, thanh chng iu khin li i.7. Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt:

Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt c cu to gm trc vt v bnh vt, c sn khp gia ren ca trc

vt v rng ca bnh vt, dng d truyn chuyn ng quay gia hai trc cho nhau trong khnggian.T s truyn: i = Z2/Z1

***Loi truyn ng ny c t s truyn ln, c kh nng t hm, lm vic m, hiu sut thp, cn dngvt liu gim ma st rt t tin.Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt uc ng dng trong palng xch, kch vt, hp gim tc, tuc nngmy qut, ccu ln dy n, mi hin di ng,...Ngoi cc loi truyn ng thng dng trn, my xy dng cn c cc kiu truyn ng khc nhtruyn ng cp, truyn ng bnh rng cht, ccu tay quay thanh truyn.

II. Truyn ng thu lcTruyn ng thu lc truyn chuyn ng nhp sut hoc ng nng ca dng cht lng.Truyn ng thu lc c chia lm hai loi, truyn ng thung v truyn ng thu tnh.***i vi truyn ng thung, dng cht lng c p sut thp v vn tc cao. Dng truyn ngny c dng trng ly hp thu lc v bin tc thu lc.

i vi truyn ng thu tnh, dng cht lng c p sut cao, vn tc nh. Dng truyn ng nyc s dng rt ph bin trong my xy dng, nh h thng nng h thng xe ti t, nng hben i, li san,...1. Cc cm v b phn thu lc cbn:

Hnh. Truyn ng trc vt bnhvt: 1. Trc vt; 2. Bnh vt

Hnh. Truyn ng thung


16/60

a. Xilanh pttng thu lc: thung gi l xilanh thu lc, l b phn tip nhn p sut ca dngthu lc to ra chuyn ng tnh tin ca cn pt tng, hoc c dn ng tnh tin cn pttng to ra dng thu lc.***b. Bm thu lc: l b phn tip nhn chuyn ng quay tng ct trong, ng cin hoc ttrc trch cng sut no to ra dng thu lc.Da vo cu to, bm thu lc c cc loi: bm bnh rng, bm cnh gt, bm pt tng hng trcv bm pt tng hng knh.Bm bnh rng l loi bm n gin nht, c cu to gm: bnh rng chng, bnh rng bng,v bm.***c. ng cthu lc: l b phn tip nhn p sut, ng nng ca dng thu lc to ra chuynng quay, ng cthu lc c cu to nh bm thu lc.d. Van mt chiu: ch cho php dng thu lc chy theo mt chiu nht nh.Cu to gm: thn van, bi v l xoe. Van an ton: cn gi l van trn, dng gii hn p sut lm vicCu to gm: thn van, bi, l xo v vt iu chnh p ca l xoKhi p sut du tc dng vo bi ln hn lc p ca l xo th vn s mv cho php du i qua van.Trng hp cn iu chnh p sut lm vic th iu chnh p ca l xo.f. Van phn phi: l b phn iu khin cc trng thi lm vic ca h thng, b phn ny chia dui cc ng theo trang thi lm vic cn thit.C 2 loi van phn phi thng dng l van trt v van quayg. Lc du: gi li cc cn bn, cc mt vn do mi mn.V tr ca lc du trong h thng:B tr ng du v thng cha: khng lm gim p sut bm nhng nu c cn bn t cn bn iqua cc linh kin khc ri mi c gia li lc du.B tr ng du i: nu c cn bn th lc du gi li cn bn ngay nhng lc du lm gim psut bm.

2. S cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca h thng truyn ng thu tnh

3. u nhc im ca truyn ng thu lcu im:C th b tr cc linh kin thu lc hp l lm cho h thng nh gn v thm m

1. Bm thu lc2. Van an ton3. Van phn phi4. Xilanh thu lc5. Thng cha du thu lc


17/60

C kh nng to c lc ln, p sut du c thn 16Mpa(ng mm), 32Mpa(ng cng)An ton.Nhc im:i hi cc linh kin phi c ch to chnh xc cao, gi thnh cao. nhy thp, d nhim bn do r rdu

Bi 4. H thng di chuyn ca my xy dngH thng di chuyn c nhim v di chuyn my trong qu trnh lm vic, di chuyn my t cngtrnh ny sang cng trnh khc v ton b trng lng my ri truyn xung nn.i vi cc loi my lm t nh my m, my u, my cp, h thng di chuyn cn c tc dngnh h thng cng tc m nn t.Theo cu to, h thng di chuyn uc chia thnh cc loi sau: h thng di chuyn bng bnh lp, hthng di chuyn bng xch, h thng di chuyn trn ray, h thng di chuyn trn nc, h thng dichuyn bng ccu t bc.I. H thng di chuyn bng xch:

u im:p sut tc dng ln nn nh (0,04 0,1Mpa) v phn b tng i u nn my c th di chuyn

trn nhng a hnh phc tp nh nn t mm, nn khng bng phng. bm ln, kh nng vt dc cao.Nhc im:Cng knh, lc cn di chuyn ln, vn tc di chuyn thp (13km/h), tui th thp (2000 2500h).Khi chuyn my i xa phi dng phng tin vn chuyn.My cln nh cc my xc nhiu gu khai m l thin c n 8 di xch, 16 di xchXch c 2 loi: xch c gv xch phngXch c g: cc mc xch c vu lm tng bm trn nn, trnh trt nhng c nhc im l dichuyn kh khn, khi bng qua ng btng nha s lm h hng mt ng. khc phc c thlt tn cho my di chuyn hoc s dng guc g.Xch phng: di chuyn d dng nhng c vbm nh, my d b trt trn nn.

i vi cc loi my cn n nh cao nh cn trc, my ng cc, ngi ta thit k c th thayi c khong cch gia hai di xch.Khi my vo ng vng, mt di xch s trt trn nn sinh ra ma st ln lm cho xch nhanh hhng. V vy cn chn cc s lm vic sao cho my t quay vng nht c th.II. H thng di chuyn bng bnh lp:u im: bn v tui th cao (30000 40000km, 2500 3000h), vn tc di chuyn ln (50 60km/h),chuyn ng m, trng lng nh.Nhc im:p sut tc dng ln nn ln (0,15 0,5Mpa), my d b ln trn nn.

1. a xch chng

2. a xch bng3. Xch4. Con ln xch5. Ccu cng xch


18/60

bm nh, my d b trt trn nn, kh nng vt dc km.i vi nhng loi my cn n nh cao nh cn trc, my xc mt gu, my bnh lp cn c hthng chn ta tng n nh khi lm vic.

III. H thng di chuyn trn ray:

u im: lc cn di chuyn nh, cu to n gin, gi thnh thp, tin cy v tui th cao.Nhc im: tnh cng thp, ch di chuyn theo tuyn nht nh. Chi ph xy dng ng ray vlp t my ln, khi chuyn my n v tr lm vic khc phi tho dng ray.H thng di chuyn trn ray thng c trang b cho nhng my lm vic theo tuyn nht nh,khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian lm vic di. V d: cn trc thp, cu trc, cng trc, my ngcc, xe gong.IV. H thng di chuyn trn phao v h thng di chuyn bc:H thng di chuyn bc ch dng cho nhng my c trng lng qu ln, cu to qu cng knh, tdi chuyn nhu cc my dng trong khai thc m l thin.

Nhng loi my lm vic thng xuyn trn sng bin c lp trn s lan hoc phao ni, di chuynbng chn vt hoc dng ca n ko.

1. ng c2. Ni trc3. Hp gim tc4. Bnh st

Hnh. Cn trc di chuyn bng bnh lp c chn ta


19/60

CHNG II. MY VN CHUYNBi 1. My vn chuyn ngangCc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b, ng st, ng thu, ng khng c gi chungl my vn chuyn ngang. Cc loi my ny vn chuyn theo phng ngang v vn chuyn c tnhchu k.Vn chuyn bng ng b: khong 80% khi lng t , vt liu xy dng, kt cu xy dng,my mc, thit bc vn chuyn bng ng b bi cc phng tin nh t, my ko,rmooc,...Nhtnh cng, vn tc cao, cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng b rt ph bin.Vn chuyn bng ng st:Trng hp vn chuyn vi khi lng ln, c ly trn 200km, dng xe la l thch hp.Trong xy dng, khi cn vn chuyn cc cu kin, thit b siu trng siu trng nh cc dm cu,t hp thit b lao lp dm cu (xe lao dm), c th lp t ray vn chuyn.Vn chuyn bng ng thu:Cc phng tin vn chuyn bng ng thu nh can, slan rt hiu qu khi cng trnh c xydng trn sng, bin hay gn cc bn bc xp. no vt cc ca sng, bn cng ngi ta dng xung nh m chbn t ra bin.Vn chuyn bng ng khng:Vn chuyn bng ng khng ch thc hin khi cng trnh i hi thi cng gp rt (thi chin), haya hnh qu phc tp nh ni non him trhay hi o xa xi.Trc thng cn tham gia vn chuyn v lp rp cho cc cng trnh c cao cc ln, khng thdng cc thit b khc c nh vic lp ngtn ca cc thp truyn hnh c cao ln.I. Xe ti thng v xe ti t:1. Xe ti thng:

Xe ti thng gm cc b phn chnh sau : ng c, khung xe, thng xe.ng cl ngun sinh ra ng lc lm t di chuyn, c t u xe phn u ti trng chocc bnh xe v iu khin c d dng.Khung xe l cst cc b phn khc ca xe nh cabin iu khin, h thng truyn lc, ngc, thng xe, bnh xe,...Thng xe l ni cha vt liu, hng ho cn vn chuyn.2. Xe ti t:


20/60

Xe ti t thng c gi l xe ti t trt hay xe bnh.Xe ti t l loi xe ti c kh nng t lt nghing thng xe vt liu hng ho ra ngoi.Thng dng vn chuyn t, ct, gch, , than. Nhng loi vt liu khng s v.Xe ti t thng c thit k thng xe c kh nng lt v phia sau vt liu hng ho rakhi thng, tit kim c thi gian dti. C loi sang mt bn thun li hn cho vic dti.

***Thng xe lp khp vi khung xe, thng xe c nng ln nhxilanh thu lc.Gc nghing lt thng n 600, sc chn 45 T.II. My ko v u ko1. My ko:***My ko dng ko cc loi my v thit b kiu khng t hnh nh rmooc, lu chn cu, thit bcy xi t,...; ko vt nng c trng lng ln trt trn nn t. Ngoi ra, my ko cn c dng lm my cs ch to cc loi my xy dng khc nh: my ko bnh xch dng lm my cs ch to my i, my ng cc; my ko bnh lp dng lm my cs ch to my xc - i,my xc xc lt, my xc lt, lu rung,...

My ko c loi di chuyn bng xch v c loi di chuyn bng bnh lp.Loi bnh xch c tht ng cpha trc hoc pha sau, loi bnh lp c loi li bng xilanhthu lc, c loi li bng cch xoay bnh trc nh t, c loi dng ly hp li nh di chuyn xch.2. u ko:u ko dng ko smi rmooc, v cc thit b kiu na ko theo nh lu bnh lp, thit b cp,thit b san, xc.III. Rmooc v smi rmooc (semi remorque):(Mc ko v na mc ko)Rmooc: t ting Php vit l remorque ngha l mc ko.S dng rmooc v smi rmooc tit kim c ngun nhn lc, tng nng sut. Mt khc c ththit kc cc mc ko chuyn dng mt cch d dng, s dng thun tin, tit kim c thitb pht lc.Cc mc ko thng dng trong xy dng nh: mc ko chhng siu trng, siu trng, mc kochcngtenn, mc keo chbitum, panel.Bi 2. My vn chuyn lin tc:My vn chuyn lin tc vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho thnh dng lin tc, qu trnh cp liu, cphng ln my v qu trnh dliu, dhng khi my din ra trong khi my ang hot ng.My vn chuyn lin tc c thc s dng c lp vn chuyn hng ho, vt liu xy dng.My vn chuyn lin tc cn thc hin vn chuyn tng khu trong dy chuyn sn xut hoc nhngmy hot ng c tnh dy chuyn.Cc loi my v thit b c s dng my vn chuyn lin tc nh: my xc nhiu gu, my ribtng nha, trm trn btng, trm nghin sng .


21/60

Phn loi:- Bng ti, c cc loi: bng ti cao su, bng xch tm, bng gt, bng gu- Vt ti, c 3 loi trc vt: vt kn, vt h, vt khng lin tc- My vn chuyn nhnng lng ca dng khng kh.- My vn chuyn nhnng lng ca dng cht lng- My vn chuyn nhrung ng1. Bng ti cao suCu to nh b truyn dy ai, v vy cn gi l bng ti ai.Phn loi:Bng ti cao su c chia lm 2 loi: bng ti cnh v bng di ng.S cu to:***Bng:Bng l b phn lm vic, n vt liu v hng ho cn vn chuyn trn bng khi my hot ng.Bng c lm bng cao su hoc bng vi, tng bn v hn ch chng bng ngi ta chto bng c li l si vi hay si thp.Nng sut l thuyt:

Tc vn chuyn vt liu trn bng c tm theo cng thc:

v = ( )60

n.2D + (m/s)

Trong : D l ng knh tang ch ng (m) ; l dy bng (m) ; n l s vng quay ca tang(vng/pht)

n =c

i

n(vng/pht)

Qlt = 3600.F.v. (t/ h)n

F: din tch tit din ca dng vt liuV: Vn tc bng: Khi lng ring ca vt liuNng sut thc t:Q = Qlt. c. ktgC: h snh hng do dc ca bngKtg: h s s dng thi gianu nhc im v phm vi s dng :Bng ti cao su vn chuyn trn nn gi c th thi bay vt liu gy hao ht v lm nhim mitrng. Khng vn chuyn c vt liu c cnh sc, vt liu c nhit cao.Trong xy dng, bng ti cao su thng c dng vn chuyn ct, c cht n 4x6Ti cc cng trng sn xut , khai thc ct, thng dng cc bng ti di ng.2. Bng ti xch tm, bng gt, bng gu

a. Bng xch tm:Cu to gm hai b truyn xch cln nh nhau, trn tng cp mc xch ca 2 b truyn c lp cctm thp. Khi vn chuyn hng ho, vt liu, cc tm thp svt liu, hng ho trong qu trnhvn chuyn.Bng xch tm thng dng khi cn vn chuyn vt liu, hng ho c cnh sc, c nhit cao.Trong xy dng, bng xch tm c dng vn chuyn c ln, t di cc phu c p liutrong cc dy chuyn sn xut btng.Bng xch tm cn c dng vn chuyn ngi ln cao lin tc ti nhng ni c lu lngngi i li ln nh siu th, trung tm thng mi.b. Bng gt:


22/60

Bng gt gm 2 b truyn xch lp song song vi nhau, c cch nhau t 3 n 7 mc xch th c 1tm gt c lp trn 2 mc xch tng ng vi nhau trn 2 di xch. Bn di cc tm gt c lpmng cnh ti vt liu.Bng gt thng c t di cc phu vt liu gung vt liu khi phu cp cho thit b vnchuyn khc, gung b tng nha t bun ke n v tr ri trong my ri b tng nha.3. Bng guDng vn chuyn vt liu ln cao mt cch lin tc.Trong xy dng bng gu c dng trong my xc nhiu gu, vn chuyn vt liu nng nh ct sau khi sy, trm trn b tng.3. Vt ti:C 3 loi trc vt: vt kn, vt h, vt khng lin tcVt ti c dng vn chuyn vt liu do dnh nht st, va b tng; vt liu dng ht nhnh xi mng, ct, cht nh.C li vn chuyn t 30 n 40 m, nng sut t 20 n 40 m3/h, c th vn chuyn ln cao vi nghing ca vt n 200.u nhc im v phm vi s dng:Cu to n gin, nh gn, c th vn chuyn vt liu do dnh, vn chuyn trong ng nn khng bbn, khng b hao ht. C th dliu bt k v tr no trn ng bao.Trc vt v ng bao b mi mn rt nhanh, lm vn nt vt liu, yu cu cp liu phi u, nnglng tiu hao ln.Trc vt thng c s dng vn chuyn mt giai on vi c ly nh trong dy chuyn sn xut,trong cc loi my hot ng c tnh dy chuyn.Trong my ri btng nha, trc vt xon c ng dng ti vt liu t bunke n v tr ri, v 2trc vt khc ri vt liu theo phng ngang ca my.Trong cc h thng x l bi ti cc nh my ximng, trm btng, trc vt c dng ti bikhi cc bunke lng bi.Trc vt c ng dng trong my ra ct kiu trc vt.Trc vt cn c t di cc phu cha vt liu ca cc my vn chuyn lin tc c nng sut cao,ngoi chc nng ti vt liu khi phu, trc vt cn c tc dng chng to vm y phu.Nguyn l vn chuyn ca trc vt cn c ng dng trong my n sn xut gch, my n snxut phn. Vi cc loi my ny, to cht ca vt liu, trc vt c ch to c bc vt gimdn v pha khun.4. My vn chuyn nhnng lng ca dng khng kh:a. Nguyn l chungMy vn chuyn nhnng lng ca dng khng kh vn chuyn vt liu hng ho nhnng lngca dng khng kh c vn tc ln.

a. H thng ht; b. H thng y


23/60

b. Phn loi:C 2 loi: h thng ht v h thng yH thng ht:p sut lm vic ca dng kh thp nn ch vn chuyn c vi khong cch nh.H thng ht c th vn chuyn vt liu t nhiu ni v mt ni.H thng y:p sut lm vic cao nn c th vn chuyn i xa n 2 kmH thng y c th vn chuyn vt liu t mt ni i nhiu ni. H thng cp liu phc tp.c. u nhc im v phm vi s dng:Vn chuyn trong ng ng nn trnh c bi bn, khng tht thot, khng gy nhim mitrng.Tiu hao nhiu nng lng, nhanh h hng.My vn chuyn nhnng lng ca dng khng kh thng dng vn chuyn vt liu dng bt,dng ht nh, khng dnh nh xi mng, ct, thch cao.

CHNG III. MY NNG (MY TRC)Bi 1. Nhng vn chungI. Cng dng v phn loi:1. Cng dng:My nng dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin ln cao, lp rp cc cu kin trongxy dng; xp d, vn chuyn hng ho ti cc kho bi sn xut, trong cc nh xng, nh ga, bncng,....; xp dv lp rp my mc thit b. My nng cn c thit k chuyn dng vnchuyn ngi ln cao.2. Phn loi:Trong xy dng, trng lng vt cn nng c th t vi chc kilgam n vi trm tn, cao nngt vi centimet n hng trm mt. p ng vng thng s lm vic rng nh vy, my nng crt nhiu loi. Da vo kt cu chung ca my, c th chia my nng thnh 4 nhm nh sau:- My nng n gin- My nng kiu cn- My nng kiu cu- My nng kiu ctMy nng n gin ch gm mt ccu nng, kt cu my n gin, lm vic c lp, d di di nni lm vic mi, khi lm vic my thng ko hoc y vt theo mt phng. Nhm ny c ccloi nh: kch, palng xch, palng in, ti.My nng kiu cn cn gi l cn trc, t im chung ca nhm my ny l c b phn cn. V trca vt c xc nh theo h to tr (R,,z). xc nh v tr ca vt cn thay i 3 thng s:bn knh vi R, gc quay trong mt phng ngang v cao z. Nhm my ny c cc loi nh cntrc thp, cn trc t hnh, cn trc thiu nhi,...My nng kiu cu c kt cu dng mt nhp cu. V tr ca vt c xc nh theo h tocc(x,y,z) tc di chuyn vt theo 3 phng vung gc xc nh v tr. Nhm my ny c cc loi nhcu trc, cng trc, bn cng trc, thit b nng kiu dy treo.My nng kiu ct c kt cu my dng ct l gin thp hay khung thp t thng ng, vt cnng h ln xung dc theo ct. Nhm my ny c cc loi nh vn thng, thang my, xe nnghng.II. Thit b mang vt:1. Chn i vt: cn gi l m kch, l b phn tc dng lc trc tip vo vt cn nng ca cc loikch.2. Mc cu: cn gi l mc cu hay mc treo. C 2 loi, mc n v mc kp.


24/60

Mc n l thit b mang vt vn nng thng dng nht, dng treo vt c trng lng n 20T. trnh hin tung cc dy cp treo vt t trt ra khi mc cu, ming mc c b phn chncp.Mc kp: dng treo vt nng c tc dng lc i xng vo mc, treo nhiu vt cng lc.Vng treo: vng treo thng c dng nng vt c trng lng ln trn 25T. Vng treo gn nhhn so vi mc cu c cng ti trng nng, khi s dng khng c tin li do phi lun dy treoqua vng treo.3. Bn nng: l thit b mang vt ca vn thng v xe nng hng. Vt nng c t ln bn nngkhi nng chuyn vt.4. Nam chm in: dng lc t ht cc vt bng thp v gang.5. Thit b ht chn khng: dng ht vt nng dng tm c b mt phng nh knh, vn, tm thp,tm kim loi mu; ht cc thng hm c b mt phng.

6. Thit b cp vt: dng cp cc vt nng c trng lng, kch thc, hnh dng, tnh cht clnh nhau vi s lng ln.7. Thit b ngom: dng ngom rc, cln.

8. Gu ngom: gu ngom l thit b mang ti dng ngom vt liu, hng ho dng ri, ngom

t cp I, cp II. Gu ngom thng c dng ti cc cng trng khai thc ct, si, cc nh mysn xut vt liu xy dng, kho bi, bn cng.III. Cp thp v puli:1. Cp thp:Cp thp l chi tit rt quan trng, c s dng trong hu ht cc my nng nh ti, palng in,palng cp, dng treo vt, dng lm dy treo cho thit b nng kiu dy treo; ngoi ra, cp thpcn c dng neo gi ct in, nhp cu dy vng v cc thit b c cao ln nh vn thng,cn trc ct bum.


25/60

Cp thp c bn t nhng si thp c bn cao (1400 2000N/mm2), cc si thp c ngknh t 0,2 n 5mm v c thc trng km chng r. Gia cp c th c li hoc khng cli.Phn loi:Theo s ln bn, c 3 loi: cp bn n, cp bn i v cp bn ba.Theo cch bn, c cp bn xui v cp bn ngc (bn cho).Theo s li : cp li cng, cp li mm, cp nhiu li, cp khng c li.

Cp bn n: cn gi l dnh cp hay tao cp, cc si thp c bn xon li mt ln, loi cp nythng dng treo, buc.Cp bn i: gm cc dnh cp, cc dnh cp bn li thnh cp, l loi c s dng nhiu nhttrong my nng.Cp bn ba: c bn t cp bn i.Cp li mm: li mm uc lm t si thc vt nh si ay, si gai. Li mm c tc dng gi dum bi trn cp v lm cho cp c mm do d dng un cong qua cc puli, tang ti.Cp li cng v cp khng c li thng dng neo gi.Cp bn xui:Chiu bn ca cc si trong dnh cng chiu vi chiu bn ca dnh quanh li. Loi ny c tui thcao, mm do nhng d b bung ra v c xu hng t xon li khi chng. V vy, loi ny thngdng vo vic ko vt theo dn hng v cp lun c gi cng nh thang my, palng cp nngh cn ca cn trc.

Cp bn ngc:Chiu bn ca cc si trong dnh ngc chiu so vi chiu bn ca dnh quanh li. Loi ny c cng ln, tui th khng cao, kh b bung v khng t xon li nn thng dng trong trng hp

cp c trng thi chng hn nh nng gu ngom, ko gu my o ko dy.2. Puli (t ting Php l poulie):Trong ting Vit, t puli c th dng ch rng rc, bnh ai.Puli cp dng chuyn hng cp v thay i lc cng cp. Puli cp c dng a trn v c rnh vt dy cp.

IV. Ti v palng:Ti v palng l cc cm cbn ca my nng.


26/60

1. Ti:Ti l thit b ko vt c tang quay, trn tang c qun dy ko vt nng.a.Cng dng :Ti dng ko vt theo phng ngang, ko vt ln cao. Ti thung c dng kt hp vi ccpuli, palng hnh thnh ccu nng h vt hay ccu ko mt b phn no trong my xydng.b. Phn loi:Da vo ngun dn ng, ti c chia lm 2 loi: ti quay tay v ti myDa vo s tang, ti c chia lm 2 loi: ti 1 tang v ti nhiu tangc. Ti in o chiua. S dn ng:Ti in o chiu cn gi l li in thun nghch, l loi my ti ph bin nht, c s dn ngnh hnh v:

b. Cc thng s cbn:Vn tc quay ca tang ti, nt:

( )pvi

nn dct /=

ndc: vn tc quay ca trc ng ci: t s truyn ca hp gim tc

Vn tc ko cp, Vc:[ ]( )sm

ndmDV tctc /60

)12( +=

Dt: ng knh tang, mm: S lp dy qun ln tangdc: ng knh cp, mCng sut,N:

( )W.

d

c

cc kVS

N

=

Sc: Lc ko cp, Nc: Hiu sut chung ca b my tikd : H s lc ng

2. Palng:Palng l thit b dng ko vt, gm dy vt qua cc puli (poulie). Cc puli gm 2 cm, mt cmcnh v mt cm di ng c. Cm puli cnh thng c t trn cao, cm puli di ng lpvi thit b mang vt, nhnh dy ra khi palng kp trn b phn ko dy. B phn ko dy c th ltang ti, cn pttng, c trng hp dng sc ngi ko.***Bi sut palng, a:l t s gia s nhnh dy treo vt v s nhnh dy kp trn b phn ko dy.

ng cinNi trc v phanhHp gim tcTang tiDy ti


27/60

k

ma =

m: s nhnh dy treo vtk: s nhnh dy kp trn b phn ko dyPhn loi:Da vo loi dy, palng c cc loi sau: palng dy thng, palng cp, palng xchDa vo s nhnh dy c ko, c hai loi: palng n v palng kp

Da vo kh nng tng lc ko, c 2 loi: palng lc v palng vn tcDa vo v tr nhnh dy ra khi palng, c 2 loi: palng loi 1 v palng loi 2Da vo ngun pht lc, c cc loi: palng ko tay v palng inPalng dy thng: gm dy thng vt qua cc puli, dng sc ngi ko.Dy ca palng dy thng c bn t si thc vt nh dy da, dy ay, dy gai, dng sc ngi ko dy. Palng dy thng thng uc dng nng vt c trng lng nh nh vn chuyn vtliu ln cao phc v thi cng nh dn dng cao n 3 tng, vn chuyn t khi o ging.Palng kp l palng c 2 nhnh dy c kp trn b phn ko dy.Palng lc hay cn gi l palng thun, khi s dng s li v lcPalng vn tc hay cn gi l palng nghch, lc ko ca palng nh hn lc ko dy nhng li vvn tc

Palng loi 1 l palng c nhnh dy ra khi palng t cm puli cnhPalng loi 2 l palng c nhnh dy ra khi palng t cm puli di ngPalng cp:Palng cp l thit b ko vt c s dng trong hu ht cc my nng, c sin hnh nh hnhv:***Lc ko cp,Sc:

( )Nr

p

c

qQS

+=

Q: Trng lng vt nng, NQ: Trng lng ca thit b mang vt, Np: Hiu sut palng: Hiu sut ca mt pulir: S puli ngoi palngi vi palng n loi 1,pc tnh theo cng thc sau:

)1((

)1(

=

a

n

p

n: S puli c trong palngV. Cc thng s cbn v cc ng c tnh1. Cc thng s cbn:a. Ti trng nang danh ngha, Qdn(Tn):

L trng lng ln nht m my c th nng c (k c thit b mang vt)Qdn= Qmax+qb. cao nng ti a, Hmax(m):L khong cch tnh t b mt bi lm vic n trng tm ca thit b mang vt v tr cao nht cth.c. Tm vi, R(m):Thng s tm vi ch c my nng kiu cn.Tm vi l khon cch theo phng ngang tnh t tm quay ca cn trc n tm ca thit b mangvt.d. Khu , K(m):


28/60

Thng s khu ch c my nng kiu cu.Khu l khong cch gia tim ca hai ng ray di chuyn ca my.2. Cc ng c tnh:c tnh ti trng:c tnh ti trng l th hoc biu biu din s ph thuc ca ti trng nng v tm vi (haykhu )c tnh cao nng:c tnh cao nng l th hoc biu biu din s ph thuc ca cao nng ln nht v tmvi (hay khu )VI. Cc ccu chnh:1. Ccu nng h vt:Ccu nng h vt xc nh v tr ca vt cn nng theo phng thng ng.Hu ht cc my nng c ccu nng h vt gm ti v palng cp hoc palng in.***2. Cc ccu thay i tm vi:i vi my nng kiu cn, cc ccu thay i tm vi c tc dng a vt cn nng vo gn hocra xa tm quay ca my. C nhiu cch thay i tm vi: thay i gc nghing cn (tc nng hcn), thay i chiu di cn, di chuyn xe con trn cn, iu khin cn ph.Cn: cn c dng ng thp, hp thp hoc gin thp khng gian tu theo loi cn trc. Mt u cnc lp khp cnh, u kia ca cn c thiu khin nng hc. i vi cn trc dng trongcng tc lp ghp, u cn cn c lp thm cn ph (cn gi l m vt) tng tm vi v vng lmvic ca my. Palng nng h vt c t u cn hoc lp trn xe con chy trn cn nm ngang.a. Ccu nng h cn:Ccu nng h cn dng ti v palng cp***Ccu nng h cn dng xilanh thu lc***b. Ccu di chuyn xe con trn cn: di chuyn xe con trn cn ngi ta thng dng ti ko xe con, phng php ny c th gimc ti trng tc dng ln cn, mt khc h thng cp in cho ng cca ccu n gin hn.

3. Ccu quay:Ccu quay to ra chuyn ng quay vt nng trong mt phng ngang quanh tm quay ca my.Ccu quay dng truyn ng bnh rng n khp trong c u im l quay c ton vng c sdng ph bin nht.***Ccu quay dng xi lanh thu lc c nhc im l khng quay c ton vng, thng dng chonhng cn trc cng sut nh.***


29/60

Ccu quay dng cp ko: thng dng cho nhng cn trc lp t cnh nh ct trc, cn trcct bum.***Bi 2. My nng n ginI. Kch:Kch l loi my nng c trng lng nh, d mang vc v d s dng, khi lm vic kch thngc t di vt cn nng v y vt i ln v vy ngi ta cn gi l con i.Cc loi kch dng nng vt c trng lng ln ln cao nh.Kch thu lc cln c th nng c vt c trng lng n 700TKch c dng ch yu h trsa cha, iu chnh kt cu vo ng v tr, x dch v tr camy v thit b.C 3 loi kch: kch thanh rng, kch vt v kch thu lc.1. Kch thanh rng:

Thanh rng 2 n khp vi bnh rng nng 7 v c lp trt trong thn kch 1; trn thanh rng cchn i 3 nh v vu mc vt 4 phn chn thanh rng. Cm dn ng gm tay quay 5, btruyn bnh rng 6 v bnh rng nng 7. Trc ca tay quay 5 c b tr phanh cc 8.Khi quay tay quay theo chiu nng (theo hnh v l cng chiu kim ng h), qua b truyn bnhrng 6 s dn ng bnh rng nng 7 quay theo chiu ngc li. Bnh rng 7 sy thanh rng 2trt ln nng vt. Trng hp vt cn nng nm st mt t th dng vu 4 mc vt thay vdng chn i 3.Phanh cc 8 c tc dng phanh gi vt cao no theo yu cu v bo m an ton, khng chophp tay quay quay ngc li di tc dng ca trng lng vt nng.Khi mun h vt th gcc hm khi bnh cc, vt nng t h xung do trng lng bn thn, khi tay quay s quay theo chiu ngc li.Kch thanh rng c ti trng nng ln c thc thit k vi 2 cp truyn ng bnh, khi s dngc th hai ngi cng quay tng lc kch.Kch thanh rng thng dng c th nng vt nng t 2 n 6T, cao nng n 0,7m; dng nngvt, y vt; dch chuyn my ng cc, my khoan n v tr lm vic k tip.Nhc vu mc vt, kch thanh rng cn c dng nng cc thanh ray trong cng tc chn bo dng ng st.

Hnh. Kch thanh rng: 1.Thn kch; 2. Thanh rng;

3. Chn i; 4. Vu mcvt; 5. Tay quay; 6. Truynng bnh rng 7. Bnhrn nn 8. Phanh cc

7

8


30/60

2. Kch vt:

Kch vt c chiu cao nng nh 0,2 n 0,4 m, ti trng nng n 30 T.Kch vt ng dng b truyn trc vt ai c, ai c c lp cnh vi thn kch, khi quay trc vttheo chiu nng, trc vt s va quay va tnh tin ln nng vt.Khi h vt th quay trc vt theo chiu ngc li. thun li khi s dng, ngi ta thit k tay quay tng nh hnh b.3. Kch thu lc:

Kch thu lc thng dng c ti trng nng nng n 50 T c cu to nh hnh v.Kch thu lc c ti trng nng vi trm tn (c loi n 700 T) c dng sa cha cc nhpcu, tho lp cc cht xch di chuyn ca my bnh xch, ...Kch c ti trng nng ln dng my bm thu lc thay cho bm tay.II. Palng in v palng xch:1. Palng in:***Palng in l mt ti in c kt cu gn, cc b phn ng cin, hp gim tc v tang ti cb tr thng hng vi tang ti gia. Loi my ny thng c treo trn cao nng vt, v c thc ccu di chuyn trn mt ray hoc trn cnh di ca dm thp I t trn cao.Palng in c c th s dng c lp ko vt hoc dng lm ccu nng ca cn trc thiunhi, cu trc.


31/60

Trng hp treo palng trn cao v dng 1 dy cp ko vt th vt nng c th xoay hoc daong qua li do cp ri trn b mt tang. trnh cc hin tng ny, palng in c hai dy qunln tang v hai pha i xng nhau qua mt phng gia tang.2. Palng xch:Pa lng xch l thit b nng c lp dng sc ngi lm ngun ng lc, dng ko vt ln caohoc theo phng ngang, sau khi ko cng c th neo gi vt tm thi.Palng xch c kt cu nh gn, trng lng nh, vn tc nng nh, ti trng nng t 0,5 n 5T, cao nng n 3m.Trong xy dng, palng xch thng c dng nng v lp rp cu kin khi khi lng cngvic nh, khng thng xuyn; dng trong cng tc kch ko nh x dch my ng cc, my khoancc nhi n v tr lm vic mi. Palng xch cn uc dng h trsa cha my mc thit b.C 2 loi palng xch: palng xch dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt v palng xch dng truynng bnh rng hnh tinh.Palng xch dng truyn ng trc vt bnh vt:Cu to:

Palng xch kiu dng truyn ngtrc vt bnh vt: 1. Xch ti; 2.Phanh tng c b mt ma stkhng tch ri; 3. a xch ko; 4.

Bnh vt; 5. Mc treo palng; 6. axch dn ng; 7. Trc vt; 8. Xch


32/60

c im cu to:Xch dn 8 l mt vng dy xch nn gi l xch v tn.a xch 3 c cng trc vi bnh vt 4.Khi nng hoc ko vt, palng c treo cnh nhmc 5, mc 9 mc vo vt.Nguyn l hot ng:Khi ko xch v tn 8, xch ny s dn ng quay a xch 6 v lm quay trc vt 7, qua b truyntrc vt bnh vt (7,4) a xch 3 c dn ng quay theo. Trng hp a xch 3 c dn ngquay ngc chiu kim ng h, vt sc ko ln; nu dn ng a xch 3 quay theo chiu ngcli, vt sc h xung.Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt trong pa lng c kh nng t hm gi vt cao no , tngtnh an ton ngi ta thit k c phanh tng c b mt ma st khng tch ri 2.Loi palng xch ph bin hin nay l kiu dng truyn ng bnh rng hnh tinh, s dng phanh tng c b mt ma st tch ri.Bi 3. My nng kiu cn (Cn trc)I. Cn trc thiu nhi:1. Cng dng:Cn trc thiu nhi l loi cn trc c ti trng nng nh, c th di chuyn c nhsc ngi. Loicn trc ny thng dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin ln cao, phc v thi cngcc to nh cao n 5 tng, dng trong cng tc tho lp my, nng chuyn cc thng t ln bkhio h mng bng sc ngi.2. Cu to chung:

Hnh. Cn trc thiu nhi: 1. Khung di chuyn bngbnh st; 2. ng v trc quay; 3. i trng; 4. Ti5. B quay; 6,7. Thanh ging; 8. Cn; 9. Cng tc hnhtrnh; 10. Palng nng h vt


33/60

B phn cn ca cn trc thiu nhi c dng ng thp, di t 1 n 4m, c lp khp bn l trn b5; b c trc quay c t trong ng 2; palng nng h vt 10 b tr u cn; b my ti 4(hoc palng in) t trn b ko cp dn ng palng nng h vt.Nh vy, cn trc ch c ccu nng h vt, khng thay i tm vi c trong qu trnh lm vic,cc hot ng khc nh quay, di chuyn th dng sc ngi.Cn trc thng c thit k vi bi sut bng 1 hoc 2, ti trng nng t 500 n 1000kG, tmvi t 1 n 4m, cao nng n 20m.Vi bi sut nh nn vn tc nng vt ln, bo m an ton ngi ta dng cng tc hn ch hnhtrnh 9, khi cm puli di ng chm vo n 9 th ccu nng vt c iu khin phanh li.Khi thay i v tr lm vic c th tho ri cn trc lm nhiu phn, chuyn tng b phn n v trlm vic mi ri lp li.II. Cn trc thp:Cn trc thp thng uc gi l cu thp, l loi my nng c b phn thn thp c chiu cao ln.1. Cng dng:Cn trc thp dng vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v cc cu kin xy dng ln cao, lp rp cccu kin trong cc cng trnh xy dng c cao ln, khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian thi cngdi. Cn trc thp thng c s dng thi cng nh cao tng, tr cu ln, cng trnh thuin.2. Phn loi:Da vo c im lm vic ca thn thp, cn trc thp c chia lm 2 loi: cn trc thp c thnthp quay v cn trc thp c thn thp khng quay (u thp quay)Da vo dng cn, chia 2 loi: cn trc thp c cn nng h v cn trc thp c cn t nm ngangDa vo kh nng di chuyn : cn trc thp t cnh v cn trc thp di chuyn trn ray.Da vo kh nng thay i cao, c cc loi sau:

- Cn trc thp t nng, tng dn cao bng cch ni di thm thn thp.- Cn trc thp t leo, cn trc leo dn ln cao theo s pht trin cao ca cng trnh.- Cn trc thp khng thay i c cao.

3. Cu to chung:***Hnh v m t cn trc thp lp t cnh c u thp quay, dng xe con di chuyn trn cn nmngang thay i tm vi.Thn thp dng gin thp khng gian, gm nhiu on lp ghp li vi nhau bng mi ghp bu lng.u thp c th chuyn ng quay c trn on thp trn cng.Cn v cn t i trng c lp khp vi u thp v c neo gi nm ngang, c th h xunghoc nng ln c khi cn thit.Xe con mang vt di chuyn c trn ray nhcp ko thay i tm vi.Pa lng nng vt c cc pu li cnh lp trn xe con.Ct rp ni dng thay i chiu cao ca thn thp.Cc ccu :Cn trc thp loi ny c cc ccu nh : ccu nng h vt, ccu di chuyn xe con thay itm vi, ccu quay. Vi cc ccu ny, cn trc thp c th vn chuyn hng trong vng lm vicca n l hnh tr xuyn.Tu theo loi, cn trc thp cn c th c cc ccu khc nh di chuyn, nng h cn, di chuyn itrng, thay i chiu cao thn thp, v.v...4. Cch thay i cao :Khi thi cng cn ni di thm thn thp theo s pht trin cao ca cng trnh, khi tho dphitho dn cc on thn thp.C nhiu cch thay i cao, c th ni di thn thp tnh thp, chn thp hoc gia thp. Cntrc thp thi cng cc to nh cao hng trm tng, ngi ta dng cch leo sn.Ccu trt nng thp : trt thp ln cao ngi ta dng xi lanh thu lc, h ti pa lng cp hoc truyn ng bnh rngthanh rng.


34/60

Ni di thp tnh thp:***Bin php ny thc hin trn cao nn khng an ton, rt nguy him cho cng nhn, nh hng ntin v phi dng li thc hin tng cao. u im l c th neo phn thn thp chc chnvo cng trnh. Bin php ny thng cdng cn trc thp c u thp quay.Ni di thp t chn thp:***Bin php ny thc hin trn mt nn nn an ton, khu chun b din ra trn mt t nn cn trcvn hot ng nang chuyn vt bnh thng, khng nh hng ln n tin thi cng. Neo gi vocng trnh kh khn v thn thp khng cnh, c chuyn ng trt ln cao. Thng dng chocn trc thp c thn thp quay.Ni di thp t gia thp:***y l bin php dng kh ph bin, v tr lp thm on thp c th l bt k ch ghp no trnthn thp.5. Mt s ch trong s dng cn trc thp:Cn trc thp c cao ln, cng knh v vy cn thit phi tnh ton n nh v x l nn mngtrc khi lp t, phi tnh n phng n tho dkhi hon thnh cng trnh trnh vng vo cccng trnh bn cnh.Khi gp gi bo phi h cn v cngxon, h thp cao, neo gi chc chn vo cng trnh.S dng cn trc thp c chi ph ban u ln, mt nhiu thi gian cho khu lp dng v tho dvvy ch nn dng cho cng trnh c cao ln, khi lng cng vic ln, thi gian thi cng t 6thng trln.III. Cn trc thnh:Cn trc t hnh l loi cn trc c thit b pht lc l ng ct trong, h thng di chuyn bngbnh xch hoc bnh lp, n c tnh cng rt cao, c kh nng di chuyn trong phm vi kh rngln.1. Cng dng:Cn trc t hnh c s dng rng ri xp dhng ho cho cc phng tin vn chuyn, nngchuyn hng ho ti cc kho bi sn xut, nh ga, bn cng,...Trong xy dng, cn trc t hnh c dng lp rp cc cu kin, h trcc my khc thi cngnh nng h cc v thit b cho my ng, p cc, my khoan cc nhi.2. Phn loi :Da vo h thng di chuyn, c cc loi: cn trc bnh xch, cn trc bnh lp, cn trc lu ng tDa vo h dn ng, c cc loi: cn trc thu lc, cn trc dn ng ckh, cn trc dn ngin3. Cn trc lu ng t dn ng thu lc:


35/60

Loi cn trc ny c cc ccu nh: di chuyn, nng h vt, nng h cn, quay, thay i chiu dicn. Ngoi ra cn c ccu iu khin 4 chn ta tng n nh khi nng chuyn vt.***4. Cn trc bnh xch:***Ti trng nng t 25 n 50 T (c loi n 250 T)Chiu cao nng : n 55mChiu di cn: n 40 mVn tc di chuyn : 1,5 n 3,6 km/hCn trc bnh xch c n nh ln, c th thay i khong cch gia 2 di xch, khng cn phis dng cc chn chng khi nng chuyn vt.Ti cc cng sng bin cn s dng cc loi my nng kiu cn khc nh: cn trc ct bum, cntrc chn , cn trc gin. nng chuyn hng trn sng bin, trc vt tu m,...ngi ta cndng cn trc ni.Bi 5. My nng kiu cuMy nng kiu cu c n nh cao, khng phi dng i trng chng lt nh my nng kiucn. Nhm my ny c cc nhc im nh ch nng chuyn c vt trong vng lm vic c dnghnh hp ch nht, khi nng chuynvt c trng lng nh theo hng dc ray di chuyn phi khing v di chuyn c thit b theo hng dc ray di chuyn.I. Cu trc:Cu trc l loi my nng c dng mt nhp cu bt qua hai ng ray t trn cao.1. Cng dng:Cu trc dng nng chuyn hng ho v lp rp my trong cc nh cng nghip nh nh kho, nhxng, phn xng sn xut. Cc cu trc c ti trng nng ln vi trm tn c dng lp rp,sa cha thit b trong cc cng trnh thuin, nhit in. thun li cho vic lp t cu trc, cu trc c tnh ton thit k v lp t ngay trong giaion xy dng cng trnh. Khi kt thc qu trnh xy dng, cu trc tip tc c s dng phcv nng chuyn trong cng trnh .2. Phn loi:Da vo s dm, cu trc c chia lm 2 loi: cu trc 1 dm v cu trc 2 dmDa vo cch b tr ccu di chuyn, chia 2 loi: cu trc dn ng chung v cu trc dn ngring

Da vo cch ta ca cu trc trn ray, chia 2 loi: cu trc trn ray v cu trc treo trn ray3. Cu to chung ca cu trc 2 dm:


36/60

4. Cc ccu v qu trnhnng chuyn vt:Cu trc c 3 ccu:- Ccu di chuyn cu trc- Ccu di chuyn xe con trn dm- Ccu nng h vtNh vy, nng chuyn vt trong khng gian lm vic ca cu trc cn kt hp hot ng ca 3 ccu nu trn: ccu nng h vt s nng vt ln h vt xung theo phng thng ng, ccu dichuyn xe con lm thay i v tr vt theo phng ngang, ccu di chuyn cu trc lm thay i vtr vt theo phng dc ray di chuyn.

II. Cng trc v bn cng trcCng trc l loi my nng c dng cng, c th di chuyn c trn hai ng ray t trn mt thoc lp t cnh.Cng trc thng c dng cgii ho cng tc xp dti cc kho bi vt liu xy dng v ccbi c cc cu kin btng; dng lp rp cu kin v thit b trong cc cng trnh thuin,nhit in. Cng trc cnh c dng nng hng mcc ca van trong cc cng trnh thuli, thuin.Trng hp nh xng c sn, vic lp t ray v cu trc trong nh xng s gp nhiu khkhn, ngi ta c th dng cng trc thay cho cu trc.Bn cng trc c cu to nh cng trc nhng ch c mt u gin thp lp chn cng, u kia ttrn cao nh cu trc.

Bi 5. Vn thng***Vn thng thng c lp ta vo to nh ang thi cng, dng vn chuyn vt liu v cc cukin ln cao. Khi thi cng cc to nh c cao ln, ngi ta cn dng vn thng vn chuynngi, ci thin iu kin i li ca cng nhn.Ti trng nng : 0,3 n 0,5 TChiu cao nng : 50 mVn tc nng vt : 0,3 n 0,5 m/s


37/60

My nng ngi :Trong xy dng, ngi ta cn dng my nng ngi thc hin cc cng vic nhqut vi, lauca knh nh cao tng, lp t thit b ln trn nh trong cng tc hon thin, lp t sa cha hthngin chiu sng trn ng ph,v.v...

CHNG IV. MY LM TCha xong

Bi. My xc v my oMy xc mt gu

Qu trnh lm vic:My xc mt gu lm vic theo chu kMy xc gu thun:My xc gu thun cn gi l my o gu nga.My xc gu thun c loi iu khin bng cp v c loi iu khin bng thu lc.My xc gu thun iu khin thu lc c loi xt qua y gu v c loi xt bng cch xoaygu p ming gu hng xung.

B phn cng tc :Cu to gu xc ca my xc gu thun c y gu iu khin mbng cch git dy

Hnh. Cu to gu xc ca my xc gu thun c y gu iu khinmbng cch git dy: 1. Mu gi cht; 2. Cht; 3,4. Cc thanh tol dn hng cht; 5. n ko cht; 6. Xch ko mcht; 7. ygu; 8. Thnh sau; 9. Tai gu lin kt khp vi tay gu; 10. ai


38/60

Cu to chung ca my xc gu thun iu khin bng cp :

Qu trnh lm vic:My xc gu nga lm vic theo chu k trn tng v tr ng ca my, mi chu k gm 4 giai onsau:- Xc v tch t vo gu- Quay gu n ni dti- Dti (t ra khi gu)- Quay gu khng ti trli v tr o bt u chu k k tipTrong mt chu k lm vic my khng di chuyn m chng ti mt ch, v vy phi chn v trng ca my sao cho vng lm vic ca my bao ph c vng ly t v vng dti, tc kh nngvi gu ca my phi vi ti c v tr xc t v v tr dti.

tch c t trong gu, trc ht phi ng y gu. Vic iu khin ng y gu nh sau:nng cn kt hp vi h tay gu, khi tay gu nghing 100 hoc nh hn 100 so vi phng thngng th y gu s tng ng li do trng lng bn thn, khi cht 2 sc gi trong mu 1v y gu cng c gitrng thi ng.H cn kt hp vi nng gu t di ln xc t vo gu, chiu dy phoi ct v lc tc dng vogu tng dn t di ln nn gi l ct thun, v vy my xc gu nga cn gi l my xc guthun.Sau khi tch t vo gu th nng gu ri quay n v tr dti. dti xt khi gu th iu khin my gu bng cch git dy 6, n 5 s ko cht 2 trtkhi mu 1 v y gu sc mra.


39/60

Vic my gu xt qu t ngt s tc dng lc ng ln ln phng tin vn chuyn, gimlc ng ny, ngi ta ch to gu xc c y gu mhai cp.Sau khi xt xong th quay gu khng ti v v tr o t, li ng y gu v bt u chu k ktip.

My xc gu nghchMy xc gu nghch c th lm vic c vi t cp IV, thng c dng t v vt liu ct mc thp hn cao trnh my ng; o rnh lp t ng ng, cp in; o knh mng, hmng.Gu c thc thay bng thit b ngom ngom rc hoc thay bng gu ngom ngom t.My xc gu nghch thng uc dng lm my cs ch to thnh my cm bc thm khngchuyn dng.

My xc gu nghch iu khin thu lc c khu tnh tin : c tho su

My o gu ngom:My o gu ngom iu khin bng cp thc cht l cn trc c thit b mang vt l gu ngomiu khin bng cp.My o gu ngom iu khin thu lc l my o gu sp c thit b cng tc l gu ngom thulc.Phn loi: Gu ngom c 3 loi: gu ngom 1 dy, gu ngom 2 dy v gu ngom thu lc.Gu ngom 2 dy:B cng tc gu ngom gm cp nng gu (1), thanh ging (2), u nng di (3), gu (4), u nngtrn (5), cp ng mgu (6).


40/60

Qu trnh lm vic :


41/60

Nng sut cao, kh thay th b cng tc, iu khin nhiu thao tc trong mt chu kMy xc gu ngom iu khin mt dy : D ti phi h gu chm vo nn hoc mt v tr trncaoNng sut thp, thng dng ti cc bn cng, dng mc cu ca cn trc mc vo gu l c thxc cMy xc gu ngom iu khin thu lc : chiu su o khng ln

My xc gu dy:


42/60

Vi cu to v qu trnh lm vic nh vy, loi my ny c cc tn gi khc nhau nh My o gudy cn gi l my xc ko dy, my o gu qungu nhc im v phm vi s dng :

Kh hot ng vi t cng, dti kh chnh xc v trC tho rt su v rt xaNo vt knh mng, o c cc mi dc, cp liu cho cc trm trn b tng xi mng, b tngnha, o cc h mng rngMy xc gu dy c giai on pht trin rt mnh cng vi cc cng trnh tm cth gii nh hthng cng rnh Chicago, knh o Panama, knh o XuyNgy nay t c s dng

Nng sut :trong : q - dung tch gu, m3 ;

Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ;

k - h sy gu ;kt - h s ti xp ca vt liu ;

ktg - h s s dng thi gian.My o nhiu gu:Phn loi:Da vo hng ca thit bo t so vi hng di chuyn ca my, c cc loi: my o ngang vmy o dc v my o hng knh.Da vo c im cu to ca thit b cng tc, c hai loi: my o nhiu gu h rt v my onhiu gu h xch.

1. Ccu di chuyn; 2. Ccu quay; 3. B quay; 4. Pulichuyn hng cp; 5. cp ko gu; 6. Dy cn bng; 7. Xchko gu; 8. Gu; 9. Xch nng gu; 10. cp nng gu; 11. Cmpuli u cn; 12. cp nng h cn; 13. cn; 14. Ti ko gu;15. Ti nng h gu; 16. Ti nng h cn; 17. ng cv ccb truyn ng; 18. i trng


43/60

Cu toHnh * m t my xc nhin gu h rotou nhc im v phm vi s dng :Nng sut rt cao.Gia thnh my cao, khng a nng, khi lng cng vic bo dng sa cha ln.Ch nn dng cho cng vic c khi lng ln v tp trung nh thuin, khai m.u nhc im:My xc nhiu gu l loi my lm t hot ng lin tc, thng dng o rnh t ng ngNhc im:

u nhc imMy xc lt:Cng dng :My xc lt thng c dng xc t cp I, cp II, xc cc loi vt liu ri nh, ct, than, ri vo cc phng tin vn chuyn hoc dn thnh ng trong phm vi cng trng; xp d, vnchuyn hng ho v cc vt nng cc nh kho, nh ga, bn bi.My xc lt lm vic hiu qu khi i tng cn xc cao hn cao trnh my ng.Phn loi :Da vo h thng di chuyn, my xc lt c chia lm 2 loi: my xc lt di chuyn bng xch vmy xc lt bnh lpDa vo hng xc v dti, c cc loi: my xc lt xc v v pha trc, my xc lt xc phatrc mt bn, my xc lt xc pha trc pha sau.Cu to chung :Hnh * m t my xc lt di chuyn bng bnh lp, xc v t v pha trc

Qu trnh lm vic:My xc lt lm vic theo chu k, mi chu k gm 6 giai on:- Tin v ni xc t- Xc t vo gu- Li khi ni xc t- Tin n ni dti

Hnh. My xc lt: 1. 2. 3. Xilanh nng h tay gu; 4. tay gu; 5.Gu; 6. 8. Xilanh iu khin xoay gu


44/60

- Dti khi gu- Li li bt u chu k miGiai on xc t vo gu:iu khin cc xi lanh thc hin h gu, ming gu hng v pha trc; cho my tin ti xc tvo gu bng sc y ca my ng thi iu khin lt nga dn gu ln cha t trong gu.Giai on li khi ni xc v tin n ni dti:Giai on ny my phi thay i hng di chuyn, v vy phi h gu xung thp , trnh lt my dolc ly tm ca gu cha t gy ra.Xt : nng gu ln cao ng thi lt ming gu xung t ra.

Nng sut :trong : q - dung tch gu, m3 ;

Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ;k - h sy gu ;kt - h s ti xp ca vt liu ;ktg - h s s dng thi gian.

Qu trnh lm vic:

Bi. My gt t

I. My i:1. Cng dng:o v vn chuyn t vi c li di 100 m, o knh mng, h mng cn v rng.p nn ng, nn cng trnh.San bng nn cng trnh, san lp h.Dn ng vt liuKo lu chn cu, cp in, vt c khi lng ln, cc my khc.y my cp, my khcXi t.2. Phn loi:Da vo h thng di chuyn, my uc chia thnh 2 loi: my i di chuyn bng xch v my idi chuyn bnh lpDa vo h thng iu khin, chia 2 loi: my i iu khin thu lc v my i iu khin bng cpDa vo tnh linh hot ca li i, chia 2 loi: my i thng v my i vn nngDa vo cng sut, c cc loi: my i cnh, my i ctrung bnh v my i clnCu to chung v qu trnh lm vicCu to chung :Cu to chung my i bnh xch iu khin thu lc c m t trn v *1. My ko; 2. Khung i; 3. Khp lin kt khung i vi my ko; 4.Li i; 5. Thanh chng; 6.Xilanh nng h li i; 7. Mc ko.B phn cng tc :B phn cng tc l li i, cn gi l ben.Cc thng s hnh hc ca li i :Cch thay i gc o :H thng thu lc iu khin li i :Qu trnh lm vic :My i lm vic theo chu k, mi chu k gm cc giai on sau:- Ct t v tch lut trc li i.- y khi t trc li i v pha trc n ni dti.


45/60

- Dti.- Chy khng ti v ni ly t tip tc chu k lm vic mi.Giai on ct t v tch lut trc li i c th tin hnh theo 3 s (hnh)

- S (a): ct t vi chiu dy lp ct khng i, s ct ny d thc hin nhng cng v cuigiai on ct t lc cn cng tng, nh vy khng s dng hp l c ch lc ko ca my;chiu di qung ng ct t ln, dn n thi gian chu k lm vic di hn nn nng sut thp.- S (b): ct t theo bc thang, ch dng khi gp t rn c lc cn ct ln, i hi tay ngh thli my cao.- S (c): ct t theo hnh thang lch, s ny hiu qu nht, cho php s dng hp l chlc ko ca my, rt ngn chiu di ct t, gim thi gian chu k lm vic nn nng sut cao.

Giai on y khi t trc li i n ni dti:Giai on ny c th ct thm t vi chiu dy hmin b li khong ri ri dc ng vn chuyn.Giai on dti:Tu theo yu cu ni dti, giai on ny c th ri t thnh lp v m sb hoc nng dnli i vun t p nn, vun thnh ng to iu kin thun li cho my xc lm vic tip theo.Giai on chy khng ti trv ni ly t:Giai on ny my c th chy li hoc quay u my ri chy tin. Thng thng, vi my i bnhxch nn chn cch chy li khng ti, hn ch quay u my gim h hng xch di chuyn.Trng hp chiu di qung ng lm vic qu ln, ln hn chiu di gii hn th nn chn cchquay u my, chy tin vi vn tc nhanh nht trv ni ly t, ri li quay u my tip tcchu k lm vic mi.

My i bnh lp:My i iu khin bng cp:My i vn nng :Nng sut :Siu my i Komatsu D575A-2 l my i ln nht th gii, t cnh n l my i tiu chun

My sanCng dng:

Hnh. Cc s ct t ca my i: a. Ct t vi chiu dy lpct khng i b. Ct theo bc thang; c. Ct theo hnh thang lch


46/60

My san c s dng rng ri san bng v to hnh dng b mt nn cng trnh, to iu kinthun li cho cng on m tip theo c d dng v hiu qu; san ri vt liu xy dng nn cngtrnh.Li my san kh linh hot nn c th dng my san o rnh thot nc, o p nn ng,bt phng cc mi taluy cho nn t p hoc cc ho, bt taluy ng, knh mng.My san cn c dng san lp cc rnh lp t ng ng, san lp h, thu dn hin trng khihon thnh cng trnh.Khi lp thm thit b ph nh rng xi, li i, my san c th cy xi t, i t vi c ly n 30m.My san lm vic c hiu qu cao vi t cp I, cp II. Vi cp t cao hn hay c ln si , nncy xi t trc khi cho my san lm vic.Phn loi:Da vo s cu trc, my san c chia lm 2 loi: my san 2 cu trc v my san 3 cu trc.Da vo kh nng di chuyn, chia 2 loi: my san t hnh v my san khng t hnh.Da vo phng php iu khin, c cc loi: my san iu khin thu lc, my san iu khin ckh, my san iu khin bng cp.Da vo cng sut v trng lng my, c cc loi:

- loi nh: cng sut n 63 m lc, trng lng n 9T- loi trung bnh: 63 n 100 m lc, 9 n 19T- loi nng v rt nng: trn 100 m lc, trn 19T

Cc loi my san 2 cu trc, my san khng t hnh v my san iu khin bng cp c nhiu nhcim nn hu nh khng cn c s dng. Loi thng dng hin nay l my san t hnh, c 3 cutrc, iu khin bng thu lc hoc ckh.

B phn cng tc :B phn cng tc ca my san l li san, tng t li i,Cc thng s ca li san ;Cu to chung :Hp cn bng :Kh nng nghing hai bnh dn hng :Cc kh nng iu khin li san :Thay i gc oy trt li san trn gi H mt u li san xung nn (Quay trong mt phng thng ng)Quay li san trong mt phng ngang, c loi hin i c th quay li san v pha sau, hnh trnhi li cng san t.a b cng tc qua mt bn myPhn loi :Nng sut : Tnh nh cng thc my i san t Tr286iu khin my san phc tp, i hi thc tay ngh caoLp thit b ph :My i hnh thnh my san

My cp (my xc chuyn):Cng dng:My cp cn gi l my xc chuyn, l loi my va xc t va vn chuyn t n ni cn thit.My cp tch t vo thng cha ri di chuyn n ni dti nn c ly vn chuyn kh xa, vi mycp t hnh bnh lp, c ly vn chuyn n 5000m, vn tc n 50km/h; vi my cp di chuyn nhmy khc ko, c ly vn chuyn n 500m, vn tc n 13km/h.


47/60

Khi dti, my c th ri v san sb; khi mang ti trong thng v di chuyn, my cn c tc dngm nn t ni my i qua.My cp lm vic c vi t cp I, cp II, trng hp cp t cao hn cn phi cy xi t trckhi cho my cp lm vic.Phn loi :Da vo dung tch thng : nh, trung bnh, lnDa vo phng php ct t : ct t t do, ct t cng bc;Da vo phng php xt : xt t do, xt cng bc;Da vo kh nng di chuyn :Da vo h thng iu khin :Cu to chung :Qu trnh lm vic ca my cp t hnh, ct t t do, xt cng bc :o v tch t vo thng :Mca y v h thng cp cho li ct cm vo nn t ri cho my tin. t c ct v la vothng. Khi y thng th ng ca y v nng thng cp.Qu trnh tch t hp l :Thc t cho thy khi mca y qu hp th t s kh vo thng, ngc li khi ca y mqurng s xy ra hin tng t dn ng trc ming thng lm cn trqu trnh tch t. Hp l lca y mt 40 n 50 cm, khi t c tch vo thng qua 3 giai on nh sau : giai on I :t tch vo thnh sau; giai on II, t tch vo thnh trc; giai on III : t dn ln vng gia.Ca dy mhp l t sc tch nhanh y thng, t tiu hao cng sut my.Di chuyn my n ni xt.Xt khi thng :H thng cp, mca y, iu khin tm y tin dn v pha trc la t ra. Nng thng cp,ng ca y.Di chuyn my trli v tr ly t.

u nhc im v phm vi s dng:My cp c kh nng hot ng c lp, tnh cng cao, vn chuyn t trong thng nn khng bhao ht, nng sut cao.My cp kh cng knh, l loi my khng a chc nng nh cc loi my lm t khc, n i hini ly t phi tng i bng phng, c c ly di chuyn tch t vo thng, t phi khng cln hay r gc cy v phi c ng vn chuyn.khng thch hp vi t do dnh, t cngV vy, ,my cp t c s dng nhng cng trnh va v nh. My cp ch hiu qu vi nhngcng trnh c khi lng cng tc t ln nh cng trnh thuin, khai thc m, o p nnnhng tuyn ng di vi phng php ly t t thng u hai bn tuyn ng.Nng sut :

trong : q - dung tch thng cp, m3 ;Tck - thi gian mt chu k lm vic, s ;k - h sy thng ;kt - h s ti xp ca t ;

ktg - h s s dng thi gian.

Bi. My m tMy m bng lc tnh:t c m cht nhtrng lng bn thn ca my truyn qua b phn cng tc, b phn cngtc c th l bnh thp trn, bnh thp c vu hay bnh lp. Trong qu trnh m t, lc m khngthay i.


48/60

1. Lu bnh thp:Lu bnh thp cn gi l m ln mt nhn, lu bnh cng trn.C hai loi lu bnh thp: kiu ko theo v kiu t hnhB phn cng tcu nhc im:Nhc im:Nng sut thp, cc lp t m t c dnh kt vi nhau, bm ca my trn nn thpu im:Cu to n gin, gi thnh my thp, c thm c mt ng si, mt ng nha.Vn bnh chng vo nn trc2. Lu chn cu:Lu chn cu cn gi l m ln c vu hay m chn d. Loi lu ny thng c thit k kiu kotheo, khi m phi dng my ko.B phn cng tc ca lu chn cu l qu ln c th gia ti c nh lu bnh thp, nhng trn b mtbnh c cc vu sp xp theo hnh bn chay hnh mt co ( ch nht hoc tam gic).Vu c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, kiu vu hnh chp ct v hnh nn ct d ch to nn cdng rt ph bin.Trng hp my ko ch tin, khng i li th kiu vu c dng khng i xng m t rt hiuqu, kiu vu ny xut hin rt sm, hnh dng vu hao hao ging chn cu nn ngi ta gi loim ny l m chn cu.

u nhc im:u im:Cc vu m lm gim din tch tip xc gia bnh lu v nn nn ng sut tc dng ln nn ln,tng c chiu su m.Cc lp t m d dng c s dnh kt vi nhau, cht lng m cao.Nhc im:Do b mt bnh lu c vu nn vic di chuyn my kh khn, khi chuyn sang cng trnh khc phidng xe ti, rmooc vn chuyn. Cc vu cm vo nn lm tng lc cn di chuyn nn sc komy phi ln.Lp t trn cng ht nc mnh khi gp ri ma, lm chm qu trnh m t, lm cho cc phngtin khc di chuyn kh khn hn. Khi cn b mt phng v nhn phi s dng loi my m khcm li lp t trn cng.

3. Lu bnh lp:

Lu bnh lp cn gi l m ln bnh hi, c th t hnh hoc ko theo.

Hnh. Lu bnh lp: 1. u ko bnh lp; 2. Ccu yn nga; 3. Cng; 4. Xilanh li my; 5.Thng gia ti; 6. Gt t dnh; 7. Bnh lu


49/60

B phn cng tc l cc bnh lp c xp thnh 1 hoc 2 hng ngang, chng c ko bi my kohoc u ko.

Phn loi:Kiu phn bu v kiu phn b khng uNng sut my m tnh :Chiu di qung ng cn m, m;Chiu rng vt m, m;Chiu rng phn trng nhau gia hai vt m lin k, m;Vn tc di chuyn my m, m/h;Chiu dy lp t m, m;H s s dng thi gian;Thi gian quay vng, s;S ln m trn mt ch.My m bng lc rung v rung tnh kt hpMy m truyn lc rung vo nn t lm cho cc ht t dao ng, do cc ht t c kch thc,khi lng khc nhau nn bin dao ng ca chng cng khc nhau, v vy c s dch chuyntng di gia cc ht t, s dch chuyn ny mi vcc cnh sc trn cc ht to thnh nhng htmi nh hn. Trong qu trnh dao ng, ht t no cng c xu hng dch chuyn dn n v tr nnh hn, chim dn nhng ch c kh v nc, y kh v nc ra ngoi. Khi my m i qua, ccht t s gim dn bin dao ng ri dng li v tr n nh nht.Thch hp vi t ri, kch thc ht t khc nhau, lc lin kt gia chng nh nht pha ct, si, dm nh, t st.Khng thch hp vi t do dnh nht st, t kh.

m rung c loi m bn rung v m ln rung.Qu ln c th b tr chn cu tng hiu qum.1. m bn rung

2. Lu rungMy m bng lc ngt c m cht nhng nng ca phin m khi ri, lc tc dng ln t thay i c tnh chuk.m nnDng cn trc hoc my xc nng phin m ri th ri t do m t.Phin m bng gang hoc b tng ct thp c, b mt hnh trn hoc vung, c khi lng t 0,8n 2 T, din tch mt tip xc vi nn khong 1m2, th ri t cao 1,5 n 3m, m t 3 n 6nht mt ch, chiu su m t 1 n 1,5 m.Cch m ny c u im l c thm c t dnh, t ri. Nhc im l nng sut rt thp.Ch nn dng khi khi lng cng vic nh, mt bng cht hp, ni m cc my m khc khngdng c.

CHNG V. MY V THIT B GIA C NN MNGBi. My ng ccPhn loi:Da vo cch di chuyn, c cc loi: my ng cc di chuyn bng xch, my ng cc di chuyntrn ray v my ng cc lp trn slan di chuyn bng cch dng can ko.Da vo lc tc dng ln cc, c cc loi: my ng cc bng lc ng v my ng cc bng lcrung.


50/60

Da vo tnh chuyn dng, c cc loi: my ng cc chuyn dng v my ng cc khng chuyndng.Thng dng l cc my ng cc di chuyn bng xch v di chuyn trn ray.My ng cc lm vic trn sng bin thng xuyn c lp trn slan c sc chn 500T m bo my c n nh khi ng cc. Trng hp ng cc vng sng bin khng thngxuyn, c th dng cc my ng cc thng dng ri lp trn h thng phao ni thi cng.My ng cc chuyn dng thng c gi thnh my cao, gim chi ph u t my ngi ta cnch my ng cc khng chuyn dng t nhng loi my khc nh cn trc t hnh bnh xch, myxc mt gu bnh xch hoc my ko bnh xch. My ng cc di chuyn bng xch c u im lthi gian chun bng cc rt nhanh.Cu to chung:My ng cc thng gm cc phn chnh sau:My ba v kp ccH thng dn hng my baCc ccuKhung b myMy ba l b phn to ra lc ng cc.

I/ Cu tao chung:Thit b ong coc thng gm cac phn chnh sau:1) u bua: la b phn trc tip gy ra lc tac dung ln u coc. Co cac loai u bua sau:

Dung lc ng co: bua diesel, bua thuy lc, bua hi, bua treo.Dung lc rung co: bua rung ni mm, bua rung ni cng, bua rung - va p.

2) H thng gia bua gm:Gia dn hng u bua: c lam bng cac oan ng thep hoc gian thep ni vi nhau bng

mi ghep bu lng. Trn gia dn hng co lp ray trt cac xe con vn chuyn cng nhn ln cao

khi cn thit va ray trt u bua. oan gia trn cung lp vi xa ngang, trn xa ngang lp t cacpuli dn hng cap. oan gia di cung lp khp vi b may.

Cac thanh ging xin hoc ngang gi gia dn hng c n nh. Cac thanh ging clp vi tng hoc xilanh thuy lc iu chnh nghing cua gia dn hng khi cn ong cocxin.

3) H thng b may:H thng b may co nhim vu xac nh v tr ong coc va toan b trong lng thit b

ri truyn xung nn. Trn o co lp t cabin, i trong, h thng gia bua, u bua va cac b mayti: ti bua, ti coc, ti keo xe con, ti lp dng va cac b phn khac. Co cac kiu sau:

Dung h thng hai b: b di di chuyn trn ray, b trn tnh tin hoc quay trn b di.Dung b lp trn phao ni.Dung cac may banh xch nh may keo, cn truc, hoc may xuc mt gau. Kiu nay co tnh

c ng rt cao, thi gian chun b ong coc nhanh.

Chng 6: May va thit b gia c nn mong


51/60

Nn t t nhin hoc sau khi ao p thng khng ng nht va ch chu c ap lc nho, vvy am bao bn vng cua cng trnh cn thit phai x ly nn mong.

Cac bin phap x ly nn mong ph bin hin nay:- ong, ep coc.- Khoan coc nhi.- Cm bc thm.

Bai 1. Thit b ong cocII/ Lp dng va thao d:

Lp dng:- X ly nn mong,...- Lp cac oan gia dn hng vi nhau, oan gia di cung lp khp vi b,...- Dung ti lp dng keo gia ln (mt cap qua cac puli trn gia ch A hoc ct lp lp

dng,...Thao d:

- Thao u bua,...

- Neo gi cac thanh ging vi gia,...- Neo cac palng cua ti coc va ti bua vao cac h th,...- Phi hp ti bua, ti coc (qun cap) va ti lp dng (nha cap) ha dn gia xung,...

III/ u bua diesel:1) u bua diesel kiu ng dn:

Cu tao:Nguyn ly hoat ng:- iu kin du diesel t bc chay trong khng kh: khng kh co nhit cao va ap sut

cao (6000C, 30kG/cm2), du diesel trang thai nhng hat nho dang sng mu.- Dung moc keo pttng ln v tr cao nht tao c th nng ln nht (m.g.h): khi ptng

vt qua l thoat nap kh th khng kh tran vao xilanh vi vn tc ln do co chnh ap sut mapttng tao ra, sau o hut khng kh vao xilanh. Pttng tip tuc i ln, ranh trn pttng se iukhin bm bm du vao lom trn pttng di vi ap sut t 1,5 n 2kG/cm3. iu khin moc chopt tng ri t do: khi pttng ong kn l thoat th nen khng kh trong xilanh at nhit va ap sutcao (6000C, 30kG/cm2). Khi phn li trn pt tng va p vi phn lom trn pt tng di th tao ralc ong coc, ng thi lam du vng tung toe di dang sng mu. Du trang thai sng mu gpkhng kh nhit va ap sut cao se t bc chay sinh ra ap lc ln y tung pttng ln cao, phanlc lam coc tip tuc chm xung. Khi pttng vng ln vt qua l thoat nap kh th kh chay thoat rangoai vi vn tc ln, theo quan tnh, khng kh tip tuc thoat ra ngoai lam ap sut trong xi lanh thp

hn ap sut kh tri. Sau o khng kh lai tran vao xilanh va c hut vao do pttng tip tuc vngln theo quan tnh, ranh trn pttng lai iu khin bm du. Khi ht a, pt tng lai ri xung thchin mt chu ky khac.

Ba diesel:Ba diesel lm vic da trn nguyn l hot ng ca ng cdiesel 2 th, hai hnh trnh ca pistonhoc xilanh th c mt ln hn hp nhin liu chy n gin nsinh cng.


52/60

Ba diesel c 3 loi : kiu ng dn, kiu hai cc dn v kiu xilanh dn, kiu ng dn c nhiu uim nn c dng ph bin hn.Ba diesel kiu ng dn : piston l vt nng ri trong ng dn hng (xilanh) to ra lc ng cc.Nguyn l hot ng :Giai on 1: khi ng baDng mc ko piston ln cao, khng kh np vo xi lanh qua l, rnh siu khin bm bm duvo lm vi p sut khong 1,5 n 2 kG/cm2. Khi mc va chm vo c th mc trt khi piston,piston ri t do.Giai on 2 : piston ri v nn khng khPiston ri xung ng kn l thot np kh th khng kh trong xilanh bt u c nn, p sut vnhit tng, vo cui hnh trnh, p sut khong 30 kG/cm2, nhit khong 6000C. Khi phn litrn piston va p vo phn lm trn ba th truyn lc ng cc, ng thi lm cho du vngtung to thnh nhng ht nh.Giai on 3 : hn hp nhin liu chy v gin nsinh cngDu diesel trng thi nhng ht nh ho trn vi khng kh nhit v p sut cao s t bcchy, p sut v nhit trong xilanh tng nhanh. Mt phn p lc kh chy sy piston ln cao,phn cn li tc dng ln ba v truyn xung cc.Giai on 4 : thi kh chy, np kh mi, iu khin bm duKhi piston vng ln i qua l thot np kh th kh chy thot nhanh ra ngoi, piston tip tc i lntheo qun tnh li ht khng kh vo xilanh, rnh trn piston li iu khin bm bm du vo lm.Vn tc piston gim dn n khng ri ri xung tip tc mt chu k khc.Mun cho ba dng th git dy iu khin cho bm du ngng hot ng.

Vi nguyn l hot ng nh trn, trong mt chu k c hai thnh phn lc tc dng ln cc : lcng do piston va p vo ba v lc do hn hp kh chy gin nsinh cng.Ba diesel kiu hai cc dn : nhc im nhiu, c thit b khc thay th nh my p cc, ba rung,cc khoan nhi nn t dng.u nhc im v phm vi s dng :Ch trong s dng : Xc mng, git dy iu khin bmQu trnh h cc bng ba diesel :Tnh chn ba diesel :u nhc im v phm vi s dngu im:Nhc im:Phm vi s dng:Ba hi n ng:Ba hi n ng gm xilanh v pttng, pttng lp vi b v kp vo cc, xilanh l phn chy. Khibm kh nn vo xilanh th xilanh trt ln, sau mvan x kh nn ra ngoi, do trtng lng bnthn, xi lanh ri xung va p vo b to ra lc ng cc.C th dng nh ccBa hi song ng:Tn sng cc ln, c th khc phc dc chi giC thng c cc vi nghing lnBa rungNguyn l chm cc khi ng bng ba rungBa rung t trn nh cc v truyn lc rung ng cho cc, cc dao ng s lm gim lc ma stgia cc v nn. Khi lc qun tnhPhn loi:C 3 loi ba rung: ba rung ni cng, ba rung ni mm v ba rung va p (ba va rung).Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:Ba rung ni cng:


53/60

Ba va rung:Ba va rung cn gi l ba rung va p hay ba rung p, loi ba ny va truyn lc rung ngcho cc va tc dng lc ng ln cc.u nhc im v phm vi s dng :u im:Ba rung c kch thc u ba nh gn, tnh cng cao, diu khin, lm vic tin cy.ng cc bng ba rung t gp hin tng chi gi, cc khng b vnh khi dng ba va p.C th dng ba rung nh cc.Khi ng cc c th khng dng gi dn hng u ba.Nhc im:Lc rung ng lm gim tui th ca ng cv gy nh hng xu n cc cng trnh ln cn. gim lc rung ng truyn ra cc cng trnh ln cn, c tho ng ho ngn cch.Thay v dng gi dn hng th ba rung phi dng cn trc t hnh nng h ba khi ng cc;phi s dng cc thit b pht lc nh my pht in, my bm thu lc. My pht in cung cpnng lng in cho u ba hot ng, my bm thu lc cung cp du thu lc c p sut cao chob phn xilanh kp cc di u ba.Phm vi s dng:Ba rung thng dng ng cc c tit din nh vo nn t t c do dnh.Cc loi cc thng c ng bng ba rung nh: cc vn thp, cc ng thp, cc thp hnh, ccbtng ct thp tit din nh (100x100 n 300x300).Ba rung nh cc rt hiu qu nn c dng ng v nhng vch khi thi cng cc khoan nhi;ng v nh di dn bc thm hay ng dn ct x l nn t yu.Tnh chn ba rung :Lc rung ng :Cng sut ng cin :u nhc im v phm vi s dngu im:Nhc im:Phm vi s dng:Bi. My p ccu nhc im v phm vi s dng:u im:My p cc dng lc tnh nn cc vo nn nn khng gy chn ng, khng gy n o, hn chnhng nh hng xu n cc cng trnh ln cn c xy dng trc.Nhc im:Thi gian thi cng di, chiu su p nh, phi s dng cc my khc phc v my p nh cntrc t hnh, my bm thu lc.Phm vi s dng:

Cu to v qu trnh p cc:Qu trnh p cc:Qu trnh p cc uc tin hnh theo cc bc nh sau:- Xc nh v tr p- iu khin xilanh y cn pttng i xung h lng p xung v tr thp nht, to iu kinthun li cho vic t cc vo gia lng p- Dng cn trc t hnh nng cc t vo gia lng p- iu khin xilanh ko lng p ln cao- Dng tm nn chn nh cc sao cho v tr tm nn nm trn nh cc v nm di 2 thanh gingngang no ca lng p- iu chnh chnh xc v tr p v thng ng ca cc


54/60

- iu khin xilanh y lng p i xung, 2 thanh ging ngang ca lng p tc dng lc vo tmnn, tm nn tc dng lc ln nh cc lm cho cc chm xung theo.- Khi xy ra trng hp lc cn ln hn lc ln cc th cc s khng chm xung na, nu lcy ca pttng cn ln th khung dn hng v b c xu hng b nng ln. tip tc p phit thm cc i trng ln b tng lc ln cc, lm cho lc p ln hn lc cn.- Khi p ht hnh trnh ca pttng th ko lng p ln cao ri thay i v tr chn ca tm nn phnh trnh mi- Khi p ht chiu di on cc m vn cha t chi hay su thit k th tin hnh hn ni ccri tip tc p.Phn loi my p cc:Da vo s xilanh, my p cc c chia thnh: my p cc 1 xilanh, my p cc 2 xilanh v myp cc 4 xilanhDa vo v tr t lc p vo cc, ny p cc c chia thnh: my p nh v my p mMy p nh 2 xilanh l loi c s dng ph bin nht, lc p tc dng vo nh cc nn khnglm vcc nhng loi ny ch thch hp vi chiu di cc nh, c t mi ni cc.Trng hp chiu di cc ln, ngi ta s dng my p m, loi ny c nhc im d lm vcc.My khoan kiu xoay n:B phn cng tc mi khoan:Mi khoan l y ca guVic tho lp gu c y l mi khoan vo cn khoan kh n gin v nhanh chngB phn mi khoan c th thay i linh hot tu tnh hnh a cht. C th dng mi kiu xonMy khoan tun hon:Nguyn l khoan tun hon c thng dng khoan l c ng knh nh (n 60 n 100mm)nh khoan ging dn dng, khoan ly mu kho st a cht, ly mu btng trong cc nhi kimnh cht lng sau khi hon thnh cc. Nguyn l ny cng c ng dng khoan l thi cngcc nhi c ng knh ln, kiu GPS22 ca Trung Quc c th khoan l c ng knh n 2,2m.

My khoan xon rut g:Mi khoan c dng trc vt, trn trc c cnh xon c lin tc. Mi khoan c lp vo gia b dn dn hng mi khoan, lm cho l khoan lun thng ng hoc nghing theo yu cu.

CHNG VI. MY LM CNG TC BTNGI. My trn btng:1. Cng dng v phn loi:Cng dng:My trn btng dng trn u cc thnh phn vt liu: ct, , ximng, cht ph gia v nc to nn hn hp btng. Trn b tng bng my m bo c cht lng b tng, cho nng sutcao v tit kim xi mng.Phn loi:Da vo phng php trn, my trn btng c chia lm 2 loi: my trn t do v my trncng bc.Da vo phng php dliu ( btng ra khi thng trn), my trn btng c cc loi:- My trn dliu bng cch lt p thng.- My trn dliu bng mng.- My trn dliu bng cch nghing thng.- My trn dliu bng cch quay ngc thng so vi chiu quay khi trn.- My trn dliu bng cch my thng. Phng php ny chc tit k cho my trn cngbc.Da vo tnh lin tc, chia 2 loi: my trn chu k v my trn lin tc.


55/60

Da vo tnh cng, chia 2 loi: my trn cnh v my trn c lp. My trn cnh c lptrong cc dy chuyn sn xut btng v ti cc xng c cc cu kin btng. My trn c lpthng c s dng ti cc cng trng xy dng.

Cu to chung :My trn btng c nhiu loi, cu to v tnh nng s dng ca tng loi khc nhau nhng nhnchung chng c cc b phn v cc ccu sau :Thng trn, cnh trn, ccu quay thng v quay cnh trn, ccu cp vt liu vo thng, ccudvt liu khi thng v thng ong nc.Hnh v m t cu to chung ca my trn btng kiu trn t do, dliu bng mngHnh v m t cu to chung ca my trn btng kiu trn cng bc, c hai trc quay nm ngang

Thng trn c lm bng thp c kh nng chu mi mn cao, l b phn cha cc thnh phn vtliu trong qu trnh trn. Thng trn c dung tch hnh hc l Vhh, dung tch sn xut l Vsx. Mytrn btng thng c gi tn theo dung tch sn xut Vsx, = (1,25 3)Phn loi :

Hnh dng thng trnNng sut :2B phn cng tac chnh la thung trn va cac canh trn, chung c lam bng thep co tnh chu maimon cao.

Dung tch hnh hoc Vhh la th tch hnh hoc cua thung trn.Dung tch san xut Vsxla th tch b tng cua mt me trn.Cac may trn thng c thit k vi Vhhbng 1,5 n 3 ln Vsx . Vhh=(1,5 -->3)Vsx.Ngi ta thng goi tn may trn theo dung tch san xut: 100,250,...,4500lt.Vn tc quay cua thung trn t 3 --> 40 v/f, may co dung tch thung cang ln vn tc quay cua

thung cang nho va ngc lai. May trn dn ng thuy lc, may trn co dung tch thung ln cthit k vi nhiu vn tc quay phu hp vi iu kin lam vic.

:- May trn t do (h.7.1a): trong thung trn co gn nhng canh trn, khi thung quay, cac canh trn

se mang phi liu ln cao ri cho ri t do chung t trn u vi nhau.- May trn cng bc (h.7.1.b,c,d): cac canh trn (con goi la ban tay trn) c gn cht vi truc,

khi truc quay, cac canh trn se nhao trn phi liu mt cach cng bc. Thung trn ng yn hocquay ngc chiu so vi truc mang canh trn.

- May trn kiu lt (h7.2.a): luc trn th ming thung xoay ln cao, truc thung trn nghing 450so vi phng thng ng, trn xong th lt up ming thung xung b tng ra. Loai nay btng ra rt nhanh va sach thung, dung tch san xut n 250 lt, dung cho cng trnh co khi lng b

tng nho.- May trn bng mang (h7.2.b): luc trn th mang t ngoai thung, trn xong th xoay mang

vao trong thung, b tng ri trn mang ri chay ra ngoai. Loai nay co cu tao n gian, b tng rachm va khng sach thung, dung tch thung n 1000 lt, dung cho cng trnh c va va nho.

- May trn kiu nghing (h7.2.c): trn xong th nghing thung b tng ra. Dung tchthung n 4500 lit, dung cho cng trnh co khi lng b tng ln, tram san xut cu kin b tng.

- May trn kiu quay ngc : khi thung trn quay ngc lai th cac canh trn gung b tng ln


56/60

cao n ming thung ri chay ra ngoai. Loai nay cu tao n gian, b tng ra chm. . Cac maytrn co dung tch thung ln gn y thng c ch tao theo kiu nay.

c) Da vao tnh di ng: co may trn c nh va may trn di ng c.d) Da vao tnh lin tuc: co may trn theo chu ky va may trn lin tuc. Trn cac cng trng xy

dng thng dung may trn theo chu ky. May trn lin tuc ch dung nhng ni cn khi lng btng ln.

II/ Cac b phn chnh cua may trn b tng gm: ng c, h thng truyn ng, thung trn, canhtrn, h thng tip liu, h thng d liu, thung ong nc. Ngoai ra con co cac thit b phu va thitb an toan khac.

Cac may trn co dung tch san xut ln c trang b h thng tip liu va thung ong nc.- H thng tip liu: dung a phi liu vao thung trn, giam thi gian cua mt chu ky, tit

kim nhn cng, tng nng sut.Khi may ang trn th tip liu vao gau, mun tip liu vao thung trn th dung xi lanh thuy lc

y gau tip liu hoc dung h ti - cap keo gau ln phi liu vao thung trn.- Thung ong nc: dung nh lng chnh xac lng nc cho vao thung trn.

Thung ong nc rt d h hong do c im cu tao va v tr t no trn may trn.May bm nc hoat ng lin tuc, thung ong nc dung nc theo chu ky v vy i khi phailang ph cng sut cua may bm.III/ Cac loai may trn b tng thng dung:

1) May trn t do kiu lt (h.7.3):Cac hoat ng cua may:a) Trn b tng : ng c 6 dn ng hp giam tc 13 lam quay banh rng non 14 va truynng xch 10. Banh rng 14 truyn momen quay cho vanh rng non 12 gn cht trn thungtrn 2, thung trn 2 quay quanh truc y-y (nghing 450 ) trn phi liu.b) b tng ra: quay v lng B, nh truyn ng banh rng 17 gia lt 9 mang thung trn 2

quay quanh truc x-x chuc ming thung xung b tng ra. vic iu khin thun tin,truyn ng banh rng 17 thng la truyn ng banh rng n khp trong, hoc truyn ngxch va co cht ham v lng thung trn quay cung chiu vi v lng va co th ham gia lt.c) Keo

II. My m btng:1. Cng dng v phn loiCng dng:Dng m cht btng sau khi , lm cho btng nhanh ng kt, m bo c cht lng b

mt btng v tit kim ximng

Phn loi:Da vo v tr truyn lc rung ng vo khi btng, my m c chia thnh cc nhm sau:m trong:m trong c cc loi: m di trc mm, m di cn cng, m xc v m chy cc mnhCc loi my m trong truyn lc rung ng t gia khi btng ra xung quanh, thng c dngkhi chiu dy lp btng ln.m mt:m mt c cc loi: m bn, m thuc v m mt in t


57/60

Cc loi my m mt truyn lc rung ng t trn mt khi btng xung, thng c s dngkhi chiu dy lp btng nh, din tch b mt btng ln.m di:m di truyn lc rung ng t di ln.Loi my m di thng dng ti cc xng c cu kin btng l bn rung, dng m cukin c bng khun.m cnh:m cnh truyn lc rung ng qua vn khun ri truyn vo btng. m cnh thng dng m cu kin c vn khun vy quanh nh tng, ct.

m di trc mmCu to gm ng ct trn st, dy trc mm v qum.m di in c dng ph bin hn nhng khi gp tnh hung mt in th khng chng c,c thnh hng n cht lng b tng. Dy trc mm v qum c ch to thnh b (thnggi l b dy - c di), c th lp vi ng cin hoc ng ct trong . m di trc mm dngthit bng lc l ng cin hoc ng cxng 2 th.u nhc im:Tn hao cng sut ng cln, do ma st sinh sa gia trc mm v v, gia trc lc v ngng ta.Lc rung ng ca qum truyn qua dy di v truyn ln tay cm ca ngi iu khin an ton in thp.

m di cm tay:m di cn cng:Cu to:ng cin v a lch tm c t bn trong qum, qum ni vi cn qua mt ng n hibng cao su, dy dn in ni vi cng tc trn cn, lun qua cn v ni vi ng cin. B phnng n hi c tc dng gim lc rung ng t qum truyn qua cn bo v ngi iu khinkhi bnh hng bi lc rung ng.Nguyn l hot ng:Khi ng in chot ng, a lch tm s quay to ra lc rung ng, lc rung ng truyn qua vqum ri truyn vo btng.u nhc im v phm vi s dng:m di cn cng c hiu sut truyn lc cao, khng b tn tht do ma st nhm di trc mm.Cng tc in c b tr ngay trn cn nn rt thun tin khi s dng, c th dch chuyn my mtrong phm vi rng hn so vi m di trc mm.Loi my m ny c ng ct bn trong qum nn ng crt nhanh h hng, kch thcng knh qum tng i ln (c thn 180mm) nn chm c cc cu kin btng c btr ct thp tha hoc khng b tr ct thp.m xc:Cu to:B phn rung ng l mt thanh thp c chiu dy nh c th lun qua khe hgia cc ct thptrong cu kin. Thanh thp ny gi l thanh xc, c lp vi phn dao ng ca cm rung ngin t. My c 2 tay cm iu khin my khi thi cng.Loi m ny c bin rung t 2 n 3mm.Phm vi s dng:m xc c dng m cc cu kin btng c b tr ct thp qu dy hoc cu kin c chiudy nh.m chy cc mnh:Khi lng 250 n 400kgNng sut cao, khi thi cng phi s dng cn trc hoc cng dy


58/60

Dng m cc khi btng ln cc p ncm bn:m bn c 2 loi: loi dng ng crung v loi dng b gy rung c hng.m thuc:Cu to chung:Bn m l dm thp hoc g bt thp c chiu di t 2 n 4m, trn dm c lp mt hoc nhiung cv cm gy rung ng.

III. t vn chuyn btng:Cng dng v phn loi: t vn chuyn btng dng vn chuyn btng t trm trn n chn cng trnh vi c ly nvi chc km. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn, thng cha btng quay vi vn tc t 3 4 vng/pht btng khng b phn tng, bo ton c cht lng btng.Dung tch thng cha btng t 2 8m3, c 2 kiu dn ng quay thng: dng truyn ng thu lcv dng truyn ng ckh.Cu to chung:Cch dti ( btng ra khi thng):IV. My bm btng:

Cng dngMy bm btng dng vn chuyn btng hoc va theo ng ng n v tr thi cng, thng lvn chuyn t t vn chuyn btng n cu kin. Cc my bm thng dng c th bm xa 500m,cao 70m. Mun bm i xa hn, cao hn, ngi ta dng cch bm chuyn tip.Phn loiDa vo cu to, c cc loi bm: bm rto, bm pttng, bm trc vtDa vo cng dng: bm va v bm hn hp btng ximngDa vo tnh cng: bm lp t tnh ti v bm di ngu im:Nng sut caoMy bm c tht xa ni ang thi cng, ng ng c th lp t hp l theo a hnh ni thi cng(vi nguyn tc cng t gp ng cng t gim cng sut my bm).Nhc im:i hi trnh thcaoThnh phn ct liu b hn ch kch thc trong phm vi nht nhPhi tn chi ph lp t v tho dn ng, lm v sinh ng ng trc v sau khi bm an ton tin cy ca my bm thp, cn thit phi c my bm d phng

V. Trm trn b tng nhaQui trnh sn xut b tng nha :

nh lng s bCp liu vao tang sy

Sy n nhit yu cu (160 - 2200C)Phn loai cp phi a syNung nha n nhit yu cu (140 - 1800C)nh lng ln cui cac thanh phn cp phi va nha theo yu cu.Trn u

I. S tram trn cng bc, theo chu ky, dang thapVe s va ghi chu thchMt s im chu y


59/60

H thng cp liuGoc nghing cua tang syX ly buiPhng phap t (t xui, t ngc)Thit b o nhitPhng phap cn

Cc thit b ca trm trn b tng nha :S trm trn b tng nha :

CHNG VII. MY V THIT B CHUYN DNGMy thu li chuyn dngTrong xy dng v khai thc cng trnh thu li c nhng cng on v cng ngh thi cng c thkhng s dng c cc loi my lm t c cng dng chung hoc s dng c nhng km hiuqu. Trong trng hp cn s dng cc my thu li chuyn dng, c cu to v nguyn l lmvic ph hp vi yu cu cng vic.

My thu li chuyn dng thng c s dng trong cc cng vic nh : no vt, lm sch cc lpbi tch, thc vt ca cc knh tiu, ti su ti 3 m, san phng y, mi, bknh, lm n nh miknh, m nn y v mi knh,...Phn loi :Da vo cng dng, my thu li chuyn dng c phn thnh cc loi sau :My o knh;My no vt knh;My san b;My san phng y mi knh;My lm n nh tng chn chng thm;My o ho, ng ng nm ngang.

CHNG VIII. KHAI THC SSNG MY XY DNGTip nhn v bn giao myMi xe my tip nhn t nh my, x nghip sa cha hoc t cc cquan khc, u phi qua hing chuyn trch nghim thu v lm bin bn bn giao theo qui nh. Trong hi ng ny nn cc cng nhn s vn hnh my tham gia.Khi nhn ny mi hay my chuyn chn phi kim tra tnh trng bn ngoi, tnh trng ng giv nim phong. Nu pht hin h hng hay mt nim phong phi lp bin bn khiu ni vi cquanvn chuyn my.Sau khi kim tra bn ngoi mi tho nim phong, ly cc ti liu km theo, kim tra hng k c ccti liu hng dn s dng v ph tng ngh. Nu pht hin khng ng b, h hng v nhng

sai lch khc so vi h chiu my cn lp bin bn theo qui nh, khiu ni vi nh my ch to haycquan c trch nhim trc tip.i vi my qua sa cha ln, bin bn khiu ni phi gi cho nh my sa cha.Mi chi ph khc phc h hng trong trng hp ny s do nh my ch to, cquan nhp myhay bn bn hng chu

Documents

ĐẠi hỌc ĐÀ nẴng TrƯỜng ĐẠi hỌc