vi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN....................................................................................... iii

PRAKATA ............................................................................................................. iv

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... vi

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................. x

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................... xi

INTISARI .............................................................................................................. xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................... 1

1.1. Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1

1.2. Perumusan Masalah ......................................................................... 3

1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 3

1.3.1. Tujuan Umum ........................................................................ 3

1.3.2. Tujuan Khusus ....................................................................... 3

1.4. Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................... 3

1.4.1. Manfaat Teoritis ..................................................................... 3

1.4.2. Manfaat Praktis ...................................................................... 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................... 5

2.1. Mikrobiota Nasal ............................................................................. 5

2.1.1. Streptococcus sp. .................................................................... 5

2.1.2. Staphylococcus sp. ................................................................. 6

2.2. Rhinitis Alergi ................................................................................. 8

2.2.1. Patofisiologi ........................................................................... 8

2.2.2. Gejala Klinis ........................................................................ 10

vii

2.2.3. Derajat Rhinitis Alergi ......................................................... 10

2.2.4. Diagnosis .............................................................................. 11

2.3. Hubungan antara Derajat Rhinitis Alergi dengan Jumlah Koloni

Streptococcus sp. dan Staphylococcus sp.. .................................... 12

2.4. Kerangka Teori .............................................................................. 14

2.5. Kerangka Konsep .......................................................................... 15

2.6. Hipotesis ........................................................................................ 15

BAB III METODE PENELITIAN........................................................................ 16

3.1. Jenis Penelitian dan Rancangan Penelitian .................................... 16

3.2. Variabel dan Definisi Operasional ................................................ 16

3.2.1. Variabel Penelitian ............................................................... 16

3.2.2. Definisi Operasional ............................................................ 16

3.3. Populasi dan Sampel ...................................................................... 17

3.3.1. Populasi ................................................................................ 17

3.3.2. Sampel .................................................................................. 18

3.3.3. Teknik Sampling .................................................................. 19

3.4. Instrumen dan Bahan Penelitian .................................................... 19

3.4.1. Instrumen Penelitian ............................................................ 19

3.4.2. Bahan Penelitian .................................................................. 20

3.5. Cara Penelitian ............................................................................... 20

3.5.1. Penentuan Sampel ................................................................ 20

3.5.2. Swab meatus media dan transport sampel ............................ 20

3.6. Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................... 23

3.6.1. Tempat ................................................................................. 23

3.6.2. Waktu ................................................................................... 23

viii

3.7. Alur Penelitian ............................................................................... 24

3.8. Analisa Hasil ................................................................................. 25

BAB IV HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ...................................... 26

4.1. Hasil Penelitian .............................................................................. 26

4.2. Pembahasan ................................................................................... 29

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................ 32

5.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................... 32

5.2. Saran .............................................................................................. 32

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 33

LAMPIRAN .......................................................................................................... 36

ix

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 4. 1. Karakteristik sampel penelitian menurut jenis rhinitis ........................ 27

Tabel 4. 2. Hasil analisis normalitas sebaran data dan homogenitas varian

jumlah koloni Streptococcus sp. maupun Staphylococcus sp. ............ 28

Tabel 4. 3. Perbedaan jumlah koloni Streptococcus sp. dan Staphylococcus

sp. antara rhinitis alergi derajat ringan dan sedang-berat .................... 28

x

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2. 1. Streptococcus sp. ............................................................................... 6

Gambar 2. 2. Staphylococcus sp. ............................................................................ 7

Gambar 2. 3. Mekanisme alergi .............................................................................. 9

Gambar 2. 4. Kerangka Teori ................................................................................ 14

Gambar 2. 5. Kerangka Konsep ............................................................................ 15

xi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance ............................................................................. 36

Lampiran 2. Surat Keterangan Selesai Penelitian di Rumah Sakit ....................... 37

Lampiran 3. Surat Keterangan Selesai Penelitian di Laboratorium ...................... 38

Lampiran 4. Data Karakteristik Pasien Rhinitis Alergi derajat ringan ................. 39

Lampiran 5. Data Karakteristik Pasien Rhinitis Alergi derajat sedang-berat ....... 40

Lampiran 6. Deskripsi karakteristik pasien rhinitis .............................................. 41

Lampiran 7. Dokumentasi Penelitian .................................................................... 48

Lampiran 8. Dokumentasi Hasil Kultur Bakteri ................................................... 49

Lampiran 9. Dokumentasi Hasil Identifikasi Bakteri. .......................................... 51

Lampiran 10. Kuesioner Penelitian ....................................................................... 53