Republic of Cyprus Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Greek) Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)

Flag Coat of arms

Anthem: Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν[a]"Hymn to Liberty"

Location of Cyprus (green) and Northern Cyprus (brighter green) inthe European Union (light green)

Capital Nicosia35°10′N 33°22′E

Official languages GreekTurkish

Minority languages ArmenianCypriot Arabic

Vernaculars Cypriot GreekCypriot Turkish

Ethnic groups Greek CypriotsTurkish CypriotsArmeniansMaronites

Demonym Cypriot

Government Unitary presidentialconstitutional republic

• President Nicos Anastasiades

Legislature House of Representatives

CyprusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cyprus ( i/ˈsaɪprәs/; Greek: Κύπρος [ˈcipros];Turkish: Kıbrıs [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially theRepublic of Cyprus (Greek: ΚυπριακήΔημοκρατία; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is anisland country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea,off the coasts of Syria and Turkey.[e] Cyprus isthe third largest and third most populous islandin the Mediterranean, and a member state of theEuropean Union. It is located south of Turkey,west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel,north of Egypt and east of Greece.

The earliest known human activity on the islanddates to around the 10th millennium BC.Archaeological remains from this period includethe well­preserved Neolithic village ofKhirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of theoldest water wells in the world.[14] Cyprus wassettled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves inthe 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic locationin the Middle East, it was subsequently occupiedby several major powers, including the empiresof the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, fromwhom the island was seized in 333 BC byAlexander the Great. Subsequent rule byPtolemaic Egypt, the Classical and EasternRoman Empire, Arab caliphates for a shortperiod, the French Lusignan dynasty and theVenetians, was followed by over three centuriesof Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jureuntil 1914).[15]

Cyprus was placed under British administrationin 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in1914. Even though Turkish Cypriots made uponly 18% of the population, the partition ofCyprus and creation of a Turkish state in thenorth became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leadersand Turkey in the 1950s. Turkish leaders for aperiod advocated the annexation of Cyprus toTurkey as Cyprus was considered an "extensionof Anatolia" by them; while since the 19thcentury,[16][17] the majority Greek Cypriotpopulation and its Orthodox church had beenpursuing union with Greece, which became aGreek national policy in the 1950s.[18] Following

Coordinates: 35°N 33°E

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Independence from the United Kingdom • Zürich and LondonAgreement

19 February 1959

• Independence proclaimed 16 August 1960 • Independence Day 1 October 1960 • Joined the European Union 1 May 2004

Area • Total[b] 9,251 km2 (168th)

3,572 sq mi • Water (%) 9

Population • 2013 estimate 1,141,166[b][2] (158th) • 2011 census 838,897[c][3] • Density 123.4[b][4]/km2 (82nd)

319.5/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate • Total $27.516 billion[5]

(125th) • Per capita $30,882[5] (37th)

GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate • Total $23.263 billion[5]

(105th) • Per capita $26,109[5] (31st)

Gini (2011) 29.1[6]low · 19th

HDI (2014) 0.850[7]very high · 32nd

Currency Euro (EUR)

Time zone EET (UTC+2) • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Drives on the left

Calling code +357

ISO 3166 code CY

Internet TLD .cy[d]

nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus wasgranted independence in 1960.[19] In 1963, the11­year intercommunal violence between GreekCypriots and Turkish Cypriots started, whichdisplaced more than 25,000 TurkishCypriots[20][21] and brought the end of TurkishCypriot representation in the republic. On 15July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by GreekCypriot nationalists[22][23] and elements of theGreek military junta[24] in an attempt at enosis,the incorporation of Cyprus into Greece. Thisaction precipitated the Turkish invasion ofCyprus,[25] which led to the capture of thepresent­day territory of Northern Cyprus thefollowing month, after a ceasefire collapsed, andthe displacement of over 150,000 GreekCypriots[26][27] and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots.[28]A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north wasestablished in 1983. These events and theresulting political situation are matters of acontinuing dispute.

The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereigntyover the island of Cyprus and its surroundingwaters, according to international law, except forthe British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri andDhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas.However, the Republic of Cyprus is de factopartitioned into two main parts; the area underthe effective control of the Republic, comprisingabout 59% of the island's area, and the north,[29]administered by the self­declared TurkishRepublic of Northern Cyprus, which isrecognised only by Turkey, covering about 36%of the island's area. The international communityconsiders the northern part of the island asterritory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied byTurkish forces.[30][31][32][33][34] The occupation isviewed as illegal under international law,amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the EuropeanUnion.[35]

Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean.[36][37][38] With an advanced,[39] high­incomeeconomy and a very high Human Development Index,[40][41] the Republic of Cyprus is a member of theCommonwealth since 1961 and was a founding member of the Non­Aligned Movement until it joinedthe European Union on 1 May 2004.[42] On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone.

Contents

Contents

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus

2.2 Middle Ages

2.3 Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire

2.4 Cyprus under the British Empire

2.5 Independence and inter­communal violence

2.6 1974 coup, Turkish invasion and division

2.7 Post­division

3 Geography

3.1 Climate

3.2 Water supply

4 Politics

4.1 Administrative divisions

4.2 Exclaves and enclaves

4.3 Foreign relations

4.4 Human rights

4.5 Armed forces

5 Economy

5.1 Transport

5.2 Communications

6 Demographics

6.1 Religion

6.2 Languages

6.3 Education

7 Culture

A copper mine on Cyprus. Inantiquity, Cyprus was a major sourceof copper.

7 Culture

7.1 Art

7.2 Music

7.3 Literature

7.4 Cinema

7.5 Cuisine

7.6 Sports

8 Notes

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links

Etymology

The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BCMycenaean Greek , ku­pi­ri­jo,[43] meaning "Cypriot"(Greek: Κύπριος), written in Linear B syllabic script.[44] Theclassical Greek form of the name is Κύπρος (Kýpros).

The etymology of the name is unknown. Suggestions include:

the Greek word for the Mediterranean cypress tree (Cupressussempervirens), κυπάρισσος (kypárissos)the Greek name of the henna plant (Lawsonia alba), κύπρος(kýpros)an Eteocypriot word for copper. Georges Dossin, for example,suggests that it has roots in the Sumerian word for copper (zubar)

or for bronze (kubar), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.

Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the Classical Latin word for copper through thephrase aes Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum.[45]

Cyprus, more specifically the seashore at Paphos, was also one of the birthplaces given in Greekmythology for Aphrodite, who was known as Kýpria. This was because Astarte, goddess of love andbeauty in Phoenician mythology, for whom Cyprus was an important cult centre, was later identifiedwith Aphrodite.

The standard demonym relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is Cypriot. The terms Cypriote andCyprian are also used, though less frequently.

History

Archeologic site of Choirokoitia withearly remains of human habitationduring Aceramic Neolithic period(reconstruction)

Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates,Kourion

Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus

The earliest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus isAetokremnos, situated on the south coast, indicating that hunter­gatherers were active on the island from around 10,000 BC,[46]with settled village communities dating from 8200 BC. Thearrival of the first humans correlates with the extinction of thedwarf hippos and dwarf elephants.[47] Water wells discovered byarchaeologists in western Cyprus are believed to be among theoldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old.[14]

Remains of an 8­month­old cat were discovered buried with ahuman body at a separate Neolithic site in Cyprus.[48] The graveis estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating ancientEgyptian civilisation and pushing back the earliest known feline­human association significantly.[49] The remarkably well­preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia is a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating to approximately6800 BC.[50]

During the late Bronze Age the island experienced two waves of Greeksettlement.[51] The first wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders whostarted visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC.[52][53] A major wave of Greeksettlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Agecollapse of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island'spredominantly Greek character dating from this period.[53][54] Cyprusoccupies an important role in Greek mythology being the birthplace ofAphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyras, Teucer andPygmalion.[55] Beginning in the 8th century BC Phoenician colonieswere founded on the south coast of Cyprus, near present­day Larnacaand Salamis.[53]

Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Middle East.[56][57][58][59][60][61][62]It was ruled by Assyria for a century starting in 708 BC, before a briefspell under Egyptian rule and eventually Persian rule in 545 BC.[53] The

Cypriots, led by Onesilus, king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the Ionian cities during theunsuccessful Ionian Revolt in 499 BC against the Achaemenid Empire. The revolt was suppressed, butCyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained oriented towards the Greekworld.[53]

The island was conquered by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Following his death and the subsequentdivision of his empire and wars among his successors, Cyprus became part of the Hellenistic empire ofPtolemaic Egypt. It was during this period that the island was fully Hellenized. In 58 BC Cyprus wasacquired by the Roman Republic.[53]

Middle Ages

The Venetian walls of Nicosia werebuilt by the Venetians to defend thecity in case of an Ottoman attackKyrenia Castle was originally built by

the Byzantines and enlarged by theVenetians

When the Roman Empirewas divided into Easternand Western parts in 395,Cyprus became part ofthe East Roman, orByzantine Empire, andwould remain so until theCrusades some 800 yearslater. Under Byzantinerule, the Greekorientation that had beenprominent since antiquitydeveloped the strong Hellenistic­Christian character thatcontinues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.[53]

Beginning in 649, Cyprus suffered from devastating raids launched by Muslim armies from the Levant,which continued for the next 300 years.[53] Many were quick piratical raids, but others were large­scaleattacks in which many Cypriots were slaughtered and great wealth carried off or destroyed.[53]

There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period; thousands of people were killed, andmany cities – such as Salamis – were destroyed and never rebuilt.[53] Byzantine rule was restored in 965,when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored decisive victories on land and sea.[53]

In 1191, during the Third Crusade, Richard I of England captured the island from Isaac Komnenos ofCyprus[63] He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the Saracens. A year laterRichard sold the island to the Knights Templar, who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to Guy ofLusignan. His brother and successor Amalric was recognised as King of Cyprus by Henry VI, HolyRoman Emperor.[53]

Following the death in 1473 of James II, the last Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed controlof the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen Catherine Cornaro, reigned as figurehead.Venice formally annexed Cyprus in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.[53] The Venetiansfortified Nicosia by building the Venetian Walls, and used it as an important commercial hub.Throughout Venetian rule, the Ottoman Empire frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomansdestroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia.[53]

During the almost four centuries of Latin rule, there existed two societies on Cyprus. The first consistedof Frankish nobles and their retinue, as well as Italian merchants and their families. The second, themajority of the population, consisted of Greek Cypriots, serfs and labourers. Although a determinedeffort was made to supplant native traditions and culture, the effort failed.[53]

Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire

In 1570, a full­scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control,despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprusmassacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.[64] The previous Latin elite were destroyedand the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslimcommunity.[65] Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and

Historical map of Cyprus by Piri Reis

craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia.[66] This new community also included banishedAnatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well asa number of new converts on the island.[67]

The Ottomans abolished the feudal system previously in placeand applied the millet system to Cyprus, under which non­Muslim peoples were governed by their own religiousauthorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head ofthe Church of Cyprus was invested as leader of the GreekCypriot population and acted as mediator between ChristianGreek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensuredthat the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constantencroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.[68] Ottoman ruleof Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive,depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials,and the island began over 250 years of economic decline.[69]

The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78,47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.[70] By 1872, the population ofthe island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.[71] The Muslimpopulation included numerous crypto­Christians,[72] including the Linobambaki, a crypto­Catholiccommunity that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottomanauthorities;[72][73] this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during Britishrule.[74]

As soon as the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece tojoin the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos and four other bishops.[75] In1828, modern Greece's first president Ioannis Kapodistrias called for union of Cyprus with Greece, andnumerous minor uprisings took place.[76] Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greekand Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. Centuries of neglect by the Turks, the unrelentingpoverty of most of the people, and the ever­present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the20th century the idea of enosis, or union, with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted amongGreek Cypriots.[69]

Cyprus under the British Empire

In the aftermath of the Russo­Turkish War (1877–1878) and the Congress of Berlin, Cyprus was leasedto the British Empire which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms ofsovereignty, Cyprus remained a de jure Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with Egyptand Sudan)[15] in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect theOttoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.[53]

The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when theFamagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal,the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Followingthe outbreak of the First World War and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the sideof the Central Powers, on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared

Hoisting the British flag atNicosia

Greek Cypriot demonstrations forEnosis (union with Greece) in 1930

British soldiers fighting against astreet riot by EOKA in Nicosia, 1956.

the Ottoman Khedivate of Egyptand Sudan a Sultanate and Britishprotectorate.[15][53]

In 1915, Britain offered Cyprusto Constantine I of Greece oncondition that Greece join the waron the side of the British, whichhe declined. In 1923, under theTreaty of Lausanne, the nascentTurkish republic relinquished anyclaim to Cyprus,[77] and in 1925

it was declared a British crown colony.[53] Many Greek and TurkishCypriots fought in the British Army during both world wars.[78] Duringthe Second World War, many enlisted in the Cyprus Regiment.

The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration wouldlead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition ofa Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire,including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople, and was actively pursued by theCypriot Orthodox Church, which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, togetherwith Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea, would laterfound the guerrilla organisation EOKA.[79][80] The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historicallyGreek and believed that union with the "motherland" was a natural right.[81] In the 1950s, the pursuit ofenosis became a part of the Greek national policy,[82]

Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of theBritish rule.[83] However, they were alarmed by the GreekCypriot calls for enosis as they saw the union of Crete withGreece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedentto be avoided,[84][85] and they took a pro­partition stance inresponse to the militant activity of EOKA.[86] The TurkishCypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of theisland and believed in their having a separate right to self­determination from Greek Cypriots.[81] Meanwhile, in the 1950s,Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an "extension ofAnatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines andfavoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey.Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprusto be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising the fact that the TurkishCypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy waschanged to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot andTurkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after theZurich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and todistance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and TurkishCypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of theisland.[87][88]

The first president of Cyprus,Makarios III

In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and withno Turkish Cypriot participation,[89] where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour ofenosis,[90][91][92] The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time (census 1946).Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventuallyrejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armedstruggle. At the same time the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition,was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.[93] The British had also adopted at the timea policy of "divide and rule". Woodhouse, a British official in Cyprus, revealed that then British ForeignSecretary Harold Macmillan "urged the Britons in Cyprus to stir up the Turks in order to neutraliseGreek agitation". British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisationT.M.T. The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governorof Cyprus not to act against T.M.T despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with theTurkish government.[88]

Independence and inter­communal violence

On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after theZürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom,Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; ofwhom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks,and 27,108 (4.7%) others [94] The UK retained the two SovereignBase Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government postsand public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving theminority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliamentand administration, and granting the three mother­statesguarantor rights.

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitutionsoon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, andnationalist militants started training again, with the militarysupport of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriotleadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriotsunder the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed atreforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community aboutthe correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they notaccept the plan.[95] Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III calledfor constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey[20] and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.[95]

Intercommunal violence erupted on December 21, 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at anincident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174Greek Cypriots,[96] destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000­30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in theadministration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy;[20] the nature of this event is stillcontroversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and enteringgovernment buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the TurkishCypriot administration.[97] Turkish Cypriots started living in enclaves; the republic's structure waschanged unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment ofUNFICYP troops.[20]

In 1964, Turkey tried to invade Cyprus[98] in response to the continuing Cypriot intercommunalviolence. But Turkey was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B.Johnson on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Sovietinvasion of Turkish territory.[99] Meanwhile, by 1964, enosis was a Greek policy that could not beabandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister Georgios Papandreou agreed that enosis should bethe ultimate aim and King Constantine wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greecedispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.[100]

1974 coup, Turkish invasion and division

On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta under Dimitrios Ioannides carried out a coup d'état in Cyprus,to unite the island with Greece.[101][102][103] The coup ousted president Makarios III and replaced himwith pro­enosis nationalist Nikos Sampson.[104] In response to the coup,[105][106][107][108][109] five dayslater, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded the island, citing a right to intervene to restore theconstitutional order from the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee. This justification has been rejected by theUnited Nations and the international community.[110]

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of paratroopers weredropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well­armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had beenlong­established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks,trucks and armoured vehicles.[111][112]

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,[113] Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the islandand captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter ofNicosia itself.[113] The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. InNicosia, Glafkos Clerides assumed the presidency and constitutional order was restored, removing thepretext for the Turkish invasion.[113] But after the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Turkish governmentreinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August.[114] The invasionresulted in the seizure of Morphou, Karpass, Famagusta and the Mesaoria.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 37% of the island had been taken over by the Turksand 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.[115] At the same time,around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots moved to the areas under the control of the Turkish Forces and settledin the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid­1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using American­supplied equipmentduring the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974.[116] There are 1,534 Greek Cypriots[117] and 502 TurkishCypriots[118] missing as a result of the fighting.

Post­division

After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop Makarios III to Cyprus inDecember 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, theleader of Turkish Cypriots proclaimed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is onlyrecognised by Turkey.

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco­Turkishrelations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whomwere forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and

A map showing the division of Cyprus

Foreign Ministers of the EuropeanUnion countries in Limassol duringCyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012

various UN resolutions.[119][120] Followingthe invasion and the capture of its northernterritory by Turkish troops, the Republic ofCyprus announced that all of its ports ofentry in the north were closed, as they wereeffectively not under its control.

The

Turkish invasion, followed by occupation and the declaration ofindependence of the TRNC have been condemned by UnitedNations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the SecurityCouncil every year.[121] The last major effort to settle the Cyprusdispute was the Annan Plan in 2004, drafted by the thenSecretary General, Kofi Annan. The plan was put to areferendum in both Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus.

65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan,claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side.[122] In total, 66.7% of the voters rejectedthe Annan Plan V. On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine othercountries.[123] Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended inthe territory occupied by Turkey (TRNC), until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem. In July 2006,the island served as a haven for people fleeing Lebanon, due to the conflict between Israel andHezbollah (also called "The July War").[124]

In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus andthe UN buffer zone was demolished.[125] The wall had cut across Ledra Street in the heart of Nicosia andwas seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32­year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopenedin the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.[126] North and South relaunched reunificationtalks on 15 May 2015.[127]

Geography

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia(both in terms of area and population). It is also the world's 81st largest by area and world's 51st largestby population. It measures 240 kilometres (149 mi) long from end to end and 100 kilometres (62 mi)wide at its widest point, with Turkey 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north. It lies between latitudes 34° and36° N, and longitudes 32° and 35° E.

Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east (105 and 108 kilometres (65 and67 mi), respectively), Israel 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the southeast, Egypt 380 kilometres (236 mi) tothe south, and Greece to the northwest: 280 kilometres (174 mi) to the small Dodecanesian island ofKastellorizo (Megisti), 400 kilometres (249 mi) to Rhodes and 800 kilometres (497 mi) to the Greekmainland.

Topographic map of Cyprus ­Troodos Mountains in the southwest,Mesaoria plain in the middle, KyreniaMountains in the north

Mount Olympus.Petra tou Romiou ("Rock of theGreek").

The sandy beaches are often used ashabitats for green turtles. In the photoNissi beach

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountainranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range,and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. TheMesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on theisland. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern andwestern portions of the island and account for roughly half itsarea. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m(6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrowKyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupiessubstantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching amaximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft).

Geopolitically, the island is subdivided into four main segments.The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two­thirds of theisland (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

occupies the northernthird (34.85%), and theUnited Nations­controlledGreen Line provides abuffer zone that separatesthe two and covers 2.67%of the island. Lastly, twobases under Britishsovereignty are locatedon the island: Akrotiriand Dhekelia, coveringthe remaining 2.74%.

Climate

Cyprus has a subtropical climate – Mediterranean and semi­aridtype (in the north­eastern part of the island) – Köppen climateclassifications Csa and BSh,[128][129] with very mild winters (onthe coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in theTroodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occursmainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.

Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterraneanpart of the European Union. The average annual temperature onthe coast is around 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 14 °C(57 °F) at night. Generally, summers last about eight months,beginning in April with average temperatures of 21–23 °C (70–73 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night, andending in November with average temperatures of 22–23 °C (72–73 °F) during the day and 12–14 °C (54–57 °F) at night, although in the remaining four monthstemperatures sometimes exceed 20 °C (68 °F).[130]

Among all cities in the Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one of the warmestwinters, in the period January – February average temperature is 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) during the dayand 8–9 °C (46–48 °F) at night, in other coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 16–17 °C (61–63 °F)during the day and 7–9 °C (45–48 °F) at night. In March and December in Limassol average

The Troodos Mountains experienceheavy snowfall in winter

The Kaledonia Falls inthe Troodos Mountains

Kouris Dam overflow in April 2012

temperatures is 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) during the day and 10–11 °C (50–52 °F) at night, in other coastallocations in Cyprus is generally 17–19 °C (63–66 °F) during the day and 8–11 °C (46–52 °F) atnight.[130]

The middle of summer is hot – in July and August on the coastthe average temperature is usually around 33 °C (91 °F) duringthe day and around 23 °C (73 °F) at night (inside the island, inthe highlands average temperature exceeds 35 °C (95 °F)) whilein the June and September on the coast the average temperatureis usually around 30 °C (86 °F) during the day and around 20 °C(68 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare.Temperatures inside the island are more stringent, with colderwinters and more hot summers compared with the coast of theisland.[130]

Average annual temperature of sea is 21–22 °C (70–72 °F), from17 °C (63 °F) in February to 27–28 °C (81–82 °F) in August

(depending on the location). In total 7 months – from May to November – the average sea temperatureexceeds 20 °C (68 °F).[131]

Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,400 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per dayin December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.[131] This is about double that of cities in the northernhalf of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,461 per year.[132] In December, Londonreceives about 37 hours of sunshine[132] while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (that is, asmuch as in May in London).

Water supply

Cyprus suffers from a chronicshortage of water. The country reliesheavily on rain to provide householdwater, but in the past 30 years averageyearly precipitation has decreased.[133]Between 2001 and 2004,exceptionally heavy annual rainfallpushed water reserves up, with supplyexceeding demand, allowing totalstorage in the island's reservoirs to riseto an all­time high by the start of2005. However, since then demandhas increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreignersmoving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply hasfallen as a result of more frequent droughts.[133]

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity ofabout 330,000,000 m3 (1.2 × 1010 cu ft).[134] Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed todeal with recent years of prolonged drought. The Government has invested heavily in the creation of

The Presidential Palace in Nicosia

Nicos Anastasiades,President of Cyprus since2013.

water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Effortshave also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users totake more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.

Turkey is building a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from Anamur on its southern coast tothe northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water (see NorthernCyprus Water Supply Project).

Politics

Cyprus is a presidential republic.The head of state and of thegovernment is elected by aprocess of universal suffrage for afive­year term. Executive poweris exercised by the governmentwith legislative power vested inthe House of Representativeswhilst the Judiciary isindependent of both the executive

and the legislature.

The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of governmentwith independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as acomplex system of checks and balances including a weighted power­sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots.The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a TurkishCypriot vice­president elected by their respective communities for five­year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions.Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separatevoters' rolls.

Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seats in the Houseremain vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern thirdof the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republicof Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution andheld its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over theentire island of Cyprus.

The House of Representatives currently has 59 members elected for a five­year term, 56 members byproportional representation and 3 observer members representing the Armenian, Latin and Maroniteminorities. 24 seats are allocated to the Turkish community but remain vacant since 1964. The politicalenvironment is dominated by the communist AKEL, the liberal conservative Democratic Rally, thecentrist[135] Democratic Party, the social­democratic EDEK and the centrist EURO.KO. In 2008,Dimitris Christofias became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, Christofias did not run for re­election in 2013. The Presidentialelection in 2013 resulted in Democratic Rally candidate Nicos Anastasiades winning 57.48% of the vote.As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on and has been President since 28 February 2013.

Administrative divisions

Dhekelia Power Station

The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassoland Paphos.[136]

Exclaves and enclaves

Cyprus has four exclaves, all in territory that belongs to theBritish Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. The first two are thevillages of Ormidhia and Xylotymvou. The third is the DhekeliaPower Station which is divided by a British road into two parts.The northern part is an exclave, like the two villages, whereas thesouthern part is located by the sea and therefore not an exclavealthough it has no territorial waters of its own.[137]

The UN buffer zone runs up against Dhekelia and picks up againfrom its east side off Ayios Nikolaos and is connected to the restof Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the Paralimni area on thesoutheast corner of the island into a de facto, though not de jure, exclave.

Foreign relations

The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: Australia Group, CN, CE,CFSP, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ITUC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO.[138][139]

Human rights

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free".[140] In January 2011, theReport of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question ofHuman Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights

Nicosia

LimassolLarnaca

Paphos

Famagusta

Kyrenia

Supreme Court of Cyprus.

Soldiers of the CypriotNational Guard marching inRome.

throughout the island "... including freedom of movement,human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons,discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, andeconomic, social and cultural rights."[141] The constant focus onthe division of the island can sometimes mask other human rightsissues.

In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the European Court of HumanRights to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for theinvasion;[142] Ankara announced that it would ignore thejudgment.[143] In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by theCypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violatingthe Geneva Conventions by directly or indirectly transferring its civilian population into occupiedterritory.[144] Over the preceding ten years, civilian transfer by Turkey had "reached new heights", in thewords of one US ambassador.[f][145] Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—bothratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organizeddestruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north".[146] These violations include looting of culturaltreasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of importanthistorical sites, which was condemned by the International Council on Monuments and Sites.Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greekpresence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing, as well as by greed and profit­seeking on the part of the individuals involved.[146]

Armed forces

The Cypriot National Guard is the main military institution of theRepublic of Cyprus. It is a combined arms force, with land, air and navalelements. The National Guard is a required 24­month service for all menupon completing their 17th birthday. The land forces of the CypriotNational Guard comprise the following units:

First Infantry Division (Ιη Μεραρχία ΠΖ)Second Infantry Division (ΙΙα Μεραρχία ΠΖ)Fourth Infantry Brigade (ΙVη Ταξιαρχία ΠΖ)Twentieth Armoured Brigade (ΧΧη ΤΘ Ταξιαρχία)Third Support Brigade (ΙΙΙη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ)Eighth Support Brigade (VIIIη Ταξιαρχία ΥΠ)

The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449ΜΑΕ) – operating SA­342L and Bell 206 and the 450th HelicopterGunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating Mi­35P, BN­2B and PC­9.Current Senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot NationalGuard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis,[147] and Chief of Staff, CypriotNational Guard: Maj. General Michalis Flerianos. The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion, whichoccurred on 11 July 2011, was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus.

Economy

Central Bank of Cyprus

Cyprus is part of a monetary union,the eurozone (dark blue) and of theEU single market.

Limassol General Hospital

In the early 21st century the Cypriot economy has diversified andbecome prosperous.[148] However, in 2012 it became affected by theEurozone financial and banking crisis. In June 2012, the Cypriotgovernment announced it would need €1.8 billion in foreign aid tosupport the Cyprus Popular Bank, and this was followed by Fitchdowngrading Cyprus's credit rating to junk status.[149] Fitch saidCyprus would need an additional €4 billion to support its banks andthe downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of Bank of Cyprus,

Cyprus Popular Bank and Hellenic Bank, Cyprus's three largest banks, to the Greek financial crisis.[149]

The 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis led to an agreement withthe Eurogroup in March 2013 to split the country's second largestbank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), intoa "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a"good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. Inreturn for a €10 billion bailout from the European Commission,the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund,often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government wasrequired to impose a significant haircut on uninsured deposits, alarge proportion of which were held by wealthy Russians whoused Cyprus as a tax haven. Insured deposits of €100,000 or lesswere not affected.[150][151][152]

According to the latestInternational Monetary Fundestimates, its per capita GDP(adjusted for purchasingpower) at $30,769 is justabove the average of the European Union.[153] Cyprus has beensought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates.Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of theeconomy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focusedon meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. TheCypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1

January 2008.[148]

In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known asAphrodite in Cyprus' exclusive economic zone (EEZ),[154] about 175 kilometres (109 miles) south ofLimassol at 33°5′40″N and 32°59′0″E.[155] However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies haveaccessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013.[156] Cyprus demarcated its maritime border withEgypt in 2003, and with Lebanon in 2007.[157] Cyprus and Israel demarcated their maritime border in2010,[158] and in August 2011, the US­based firm Noble Energy entered into a production­sharingagreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.[159]

Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,[160] threatenedto mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12.[161] Cyprus'drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12began without any incidents being reported.[162]

Larnaca International Airport, the busiest airport in Cyprus, and the Port ofLimassol, the busiest port in Cyprus

Because of the heavy influx of tourists and foreign investors, the property rental market in Cyprus hasgrown in recent years.[163] In late 2013, the Cyprus Town Planning Department announced a series ofincentives to stimulate the property market and increase the number of property developments in thecountry's town centres.[164] This followed earlier measures to quickly give immigration permits to thirdcountry nationals investing in Cyprus property.[165]

Transport

Available modes of transportare by road, sea and air. Of the10,663 km (6,626 mi) of roadsin the Republic of Cyprus in1998, 6,249 km (3,883 mi) werepaved, and 4,414 km (2,743 mi)were unpaved. In 1996 theTurkish­occupied area had asimilar ratio of paved tounpaved, with approximately1,370 km (850 mi) of pavedroad and 980 km (610 mi)unpaved. Cyprus is one of only four EU nations in which vehicles drive on the left­hand side of the road,a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland, Malta and the United Kingdom). A series ofmotorways runs along the coast from Paphos east to Ayia Napa, with two motorways running inland toNicosia, one from Limassol and one from Larnaca.

Per capita private car ownership is the 29th­highest in the world.[166] There were approximately 344,000privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in2006.[167] In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transportthroughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the European Union Development Bank. In 2010 thenew bus network was implemented.[168]

Cyprus has several heliports and two international airports: Larnaca International Airport and PaphosInternational Airport. A third airport, Ercan International Airport, operates in the Turkish Cypriotadministered area with direct flights only to Turkey (Turkish Cypriot ports are closed to internationaltraffic apart from Turkey). Nicosia International Airport has been closed since 1974.

The main harbours of the island are Limassol and Larnaca, which service cargo, passenger and cruiseships.

Communications

Cyta, the state­owned telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internetconnections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few privatetelecommunications companies emerged, including MTN, Cablenet, OTEnet Telecom, Omega Telecomand PrimeTel. In the Turkish­controlled area of Cyprus, three different companies are present: Turkcell,KKTC Telsim and Turk Telekom.

Demographics

Population growth (numbers for theentire island, excluding Turkishsettlers residing in Northern Cyprus).

Population structure

Largest groups of foreign residents

Nationality Population (2011)

Greece 29,321

United Kingdom 24,046

Romania 23,706

Bulgaria 18,536

Philippines 9,413

Russia 8,164

Sri Lanka 7,269

Vietnam 7,028

Syria 3,054

India 2,933

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2001 Greek Cypriotscomprised 77%, Turkish Cypriots 18%, and others 5% of theCypriot population.[169] At the time of the 2011 governmentcensus, there were 10,520 people of Russian origin living inCyprus.[170][171][172][173]

According to the first population census after the declaration ofindependence, carried out in December 1960 and covering theentire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turkish, and27,108 (4.7%) others.[94][174]

Due to the inter­communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and1974, an island­wide census was regarded as impossible.Nevertheless, the Greek Cypriots conducted one in 1973, withoutthe Turkish Cypriot populace.[175] According to this census, theGreek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974,the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Researchestimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish.[176]After the partition of the island in 1974, Greeks conducted fourmore censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992 and 2001; these excluded the

Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.[174]

According to the Republic of Cyprus's latest estimate, in 2005, the number of Cypriot citizens currentlyliving in the Republic of Cyprus is around 871,036. In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is hometo 110,200 foreign permanent residents[177] and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegalimmigrants currently living in the south of the island.[178]

According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus,there were 256,644 (de jure) people living in Northern Cyprus.178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from thesouth; 371 did not indicate what part of Cyprus they werefrom); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus,120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say bothparents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkeyand one parent born in Cyprus.[179]

In 2010, the International Crisis Group estimated that the totalpopulation of Cyprus was 1.1 million,[180] of which there wasan estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half ofwhom were either born in Turkey or are children of suchsettlers.[181] One source claims that the population in the northhas reached 500,000,[182] 50% of which are thought to beTurkish settlers or Cypriot­born children of such settlers.[183]

Kykkos Monastery in Pedoulas (left) and Hala Sultan Tekkenear Larnaca Salt Lake (right).

Religion in Cyprus (Pew Research)[185][186]religion percentEastern Orthodoxy   78%Islam   20%Other   1%None   1%

The villages of Potamia (Nicosia district) and Pyla in the Larnaca District are the only settlements in theRepublic of Cyprus with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.

Y­Dna haplogroups are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: J (43.07% including 6.20% J1),E1b1b (20.00%), R1 (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), F (9.20%), I (7.70%), K (4.60%), A (3.10%).[184] J,K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, NorthAfrica and Europe while R1 and I are typical in West European populations.

Outside Cyprus there is a significant and thriving Greek Cypriot diaspora and Turkish Cypriot diasporain the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, Greece and Turkey.

Religion

The majority of Greek Cypriots identify asGreek Orthodox,[186][187][188] whereasmost Turkish Cypriots are adherents ofSunni Islam. According to Eurobarometer2005,[189] Cyprus is the second mostreligious state in the European Union,after Malta (see Religion in the EuropeanUnion). The first President of Cyprus,Makarios III, was an archbishop. The

current leader of the Greek Orthodox Church of Cyprusis Archbishop Chrysostomos II.

Hala Sultan Tekke, situated near the Larnaca Salt Lake,is considered by some secular orientalists as the thirdholiest site in Sunni Islam[190][191] and an object ofpilgrimage for both Muslims[192] and Christians.[193]

According to the 2001 census carried out in the Government­controlled area,[194] 94.8% of thepopulation are Eastern Orthodox, 0.9% Armenians and Maronites, 1.5% Roman Catholics, 1.0% Churchof England, and 0.6% Muslims. There is also a Jewish community on Cyprus. The remaining 1.3%adhere to other religious denominations or did not state their religion.

Languages

Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and Turkish.[195] Armenian and Cypriot Maronite Arabic arerecognised as minority languages.[196][197] Although without official status, English is widely spokenand it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc.[198] English was the soleofficial language during British colonial rule and the lingua franca until 1960, and continued to be used(de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996.[199] 80.4% of Cypriots are proficientin the English language as a second language.[200] Russian is widely spoken among the country'sminorities, residents and citizens of post­Soviet countries, and Pontic Greeks. Russian, after English andGreek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol andPaphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German.[201]

The Armenian Alphabet at theMelkonian Educational Institute.Armenian is recognised as a minoritylanguage in Cyprus.

Cyprus road signs in Greek andEnglish. An estimate of 87% of theCypriot population speaks English.

Faneromeni School is the oldest all­girl primary school in Cyprus.

Limassol Carnival Festival in 2014

The everyday spokenlanguage of GreekCypriots is Cypriot Greekand that of TurkishCypriots is CypriotTurkish.[199] Thesevernaculars both differfrom their standardregisters significantly.[199]

Education

Cyprus has a highlydeveloped system ofprimary and secondaryeducation offering bothpublic and private education. The high quality of instruction canbe attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spenton education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spendersof education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.[202]

State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality ofeducation to private­sector institutions. However, the value of astate high­school diploma is limited by the fact that the gradesobtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each

topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparentway. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely foradmissions purposes. While a high­school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissionsare decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entranceexaminations that all university candidates are required to take.

The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European andNorth American universities. It is noteworthy that Cyprus currently has the highest percentage ofcitizens of working age who have higher­level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in theEU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.

Culture

Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots share a lot in common intheir culture but also have differences. Several traditional food(such as souvla and halloumi) and beverages are similar, as wellas expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying oroffering food and drinks for guests or others are common amongboth. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral partsof social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions,traditional dances such as tsifteteli, similarities in dancecostumes and importance placed on social activities are sharedbetween the communities.[203] However, the two communitieshave distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek

Typical Cypriot architecturein old part of Nicosia,Cyprus

Cypriots traditionally being Greek Orthodox and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being Sunni Muslims,which has partly hindered cultural exchange.[204] Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece andChristianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and Islam.

Art

The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years,following the discovery of a series of Chalcolithic period carved figuresin the villages of Khoirokoitia and Lempa.[205] The island is the home tonumerous examples of high quality religious icon painting from theMiddle Ages as well as many painted churches. Cypriot architecture washeavily influenced by French Gothic and Italian renaissance introducedin the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter VassilisVryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts inVenice.[206] Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot artwere Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London'sRoyal College of Art and Christopheros Savva (1924–1968) who alsostudied in London, at Saint Martin's School of Art.[207] In many waysthese two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and boththeir artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influentialto this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train inEngland[208] while others train at art schools in Greece and local art

institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute ofTechnology.

One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art isbeing rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal ArtCentre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial artscene. Cyprus was due to host the international art festival Manifesta in 2006 but this was cancelled atthe last minute following a dispute between the Dutch organizers of Manifesta and the Cyprus Ministryof Education and Culture over the location of some of the Manifesta events in the Turkish sector of thecapital Nicosia.[209][210]

Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include Helene Black, Kalopedis family, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, NicosNicolaides, Stass Paraskos, Arestís Stasí, Telemachos Kanthos, Konstantia Sofokleous and ChrisAchilleos, and Turkish Cypriot artists include İsmet Güney, Ruzen Atakan and Mutlu Çerkez.

Music

The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek, Turkish, and Arabicmusic including Greco­Turkish dances such as the sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas aswell as the Middle Eastern­inspired tsifteteli and arapies. There is also a form of musical poetry knownas chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonlyassociated with Cyprus folk music are the bouzouki, oud ("outi"), violin ("fkiolin"), lute ("laouto"),accordion, Cyprus flute ("pithkiavlin") and percussion (including the "toumperleki"). Composersassociated with traditional Cypriot music include Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, SolonMichaelides and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist Cyprien Katsaris andcomposer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative Marios Joannou Elia.

Lute; dominant instrumentof the Cypriot traditionalmusic.

Prominent Cypriot popsinger MichalisHatzigiannis

Zeno of Citium, founder ofthe Stoic school ofphilosophy.

Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) was a Nicosia bornGreek Cypriot scholar andprofessor of Philosophy whowas largely active in the 17thcentury.[216]

Popular music in Cyprus is generallyinfluenced by the Greek Laïka scene;artists who play in this genre includeinternational platinum star AnnaVissi,[211][212][213][214] Evridiki, and Sarbel.Hip Hop, R&B and reggae have beensupported by the emergence of Cypriot rapand the urban music scene at Ayia Napa.Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock isoften associated with artists such asMichalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a smallfollowing in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon(rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic.

Literature

Literary production of the antiquity includes the Cypria, an epic poem,probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to Stasinus.The Cypria is one of the very first specimens of Greek and Europeanpoetry.[215] The Cypriot Zeno of Citium was the founder of the StoicSchool of Philosophy.

Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs",flourished during Middle Ages. Twochronicles, one written by LeontiosMachairas and the other by GeorgiosVoustronios, cover the entire MiddleAges until the end of Frankish rule (4thcentury–1489). Poèmes d'amour writtenin medieval Greek Cypriot date backfrom the 16th century. Some of them areactual translations of poems written byPetrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G.Sannazzaro.[217] Many Cypriot scholarsfled Cyprus at troubled times such asIoannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) whomigrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17thcentury, several of his works have

survived in books of other scholars.[218]

Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by theOttoman sultan Mahmud II and said to be the "sultan of the poems".[219]

Modern literary figures from Cyprus include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet KyriakosCharalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, LoukisAkritas[220] and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folkpoets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot­Greek dialect.[221][222]

Cypriot meze

There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers inworld literature, as well as writings by second and third ­generation Cypriot writers born or raisedabroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as Andreas Koumi, Miranda Hoplaros,Stephen Laughton, Christy Lefteri, Michael Paraskos, Stel Pavlou and Stephanos Stephanides

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature, include the works of Shakespeare, with the majority of the playOthello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived inCyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island,and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff CooperPrize in 1957. More recently British writer Victoria Hislop used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novelThe Sunrise.

Cinema

The most renowned Cypriot director to have worked abroad is Michael Cacoyannis.

Cypriot cinema was born much later than that of other countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s,George Filis produced and directed Gregoris Afxentiou, Etsi Prodothike i Kypros (Cyprus Betrayal), andThe Mega Document.

In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema AdvisoryCommittee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co­productions are eligible forfunding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co­productions.To date, four feature­length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received fundingfrom Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), completed in 1996, Hellados (And theTrains Fly to the Sky, 1995), which is currently in post­production, and Costas Demetriou's O Dromosgia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to The Roadto Ithaka was composed by Costas Cacoyannis and sung by Alexia Vassiliou. In September 1999, ToTama (The Promise) by Andreas Pantzis also received funding from the Eurimages Fund.[223] In 2009the Greek director, writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos filmed in Cyprus Guilt. The film wasawarded in 2012 with the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography award in London Greek FilmFestival (UK) and was official selection in Montreal World Film Festival, Cairo International FilmFestival, India International Film Festival, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Fantasporto and openingfilm in the Panorama of European Cinema in Athens. In 2010 the film was Nominated for the best filmfrom the Hellenic Film Academy.

Cuisine

Halloumi cheese originated in Cyprus[224][225] and was initiallymade during the Medieval Byzantine period.[226] Halloumi(Hellim) is commonly served sliced, either fresh or grilled, as anappetiser.

Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, andsea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads.Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil andparsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Othertraditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried corianderseeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such aslountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal­grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork

Cypriot style cafeteria inan arcade in Nicosia

Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Center inLimassol

and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped inmesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source ofcarbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently usedvegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans,artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, andpulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black­eyed beans, chick­peas andlentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes,oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry,strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond,chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including lokum (also known asTurkish Delight) and Soutzoukos.[227] This island has protectedgeographical indication (PGI) for its lokum produced in the village ofGeroskipou.[228]

Sports

Sport governing bodies include the Cyprus Football Association,Cyprus Basketball Federation, Cyprus Volleyball Federation,Cyprus Automobile Association, Cyprus BadmintonFederation,[229] Cyprus Cricket Association, Cyprus RugbyFederation and the Cyprus Pool Association.

Notable teams in the Cyprus League include APOEL FC,Anorthosis Famagusta FC, AC Omonia, AEL Lemesos, ApollonFC, Nea Salamis Famagusta FC and AEK Larnaca FC. Stadiumsor sports venues include the GSP Stadium (the largest in theRepublic of Cyprus­controlled areas), Tsirion Stadium (secondlargest), Neo GSZ Stadium, Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium,

Ammochostos Stadium and Makario Stadium.

In the 2008–09 season, Anorthosis Famagusta FC was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the UEFAChampions League Group stage. Next season, APOEL FC qualified for the UEFA Champions Leaguegroup stage, and reached the last 8 of the 2011­12 UEFA Champions League after finishing top of itsgroup and beating French Olympique Lyonnais in the Round of 16.

The Cyprus national rugby union team known as The Moufflons currently holds the record for mostconsecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the Cyprus Rugby Federation was onlyformed in 2006.

Tennis player Marcos Baghdatis was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, andreached the Wimbledon semi­final, all in 2006. High jumper Kyriakos Ioannou achieved a jump of2.35 m at the 11th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan, in 2007, winning thebronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, Tio Ellinas is a successful race cardriver, currently racing in the GP3 Series for Marussia Manor Motorsport. There is also mixed martialartist Costas Philippou, who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship promotion's middleweightdivision. Costas holds a 6­3 record in UFC bouts, and recently defeated "The Monsoon" Lorenz Larkinwith a Knockout in the 1st round.

Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings Christopher and Sophia Papamichalopoulouqualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada. They were the only athletes whomanaged to qualify and thus represented Cyprus at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor Pavlos Kontides, at the2012 Summer Olympics in the Men's Laser class.

Notes

a. The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the Council of Ministers.[1]b. Including Northern Cyprus, the UN buffer zone and Akrotiri and Dhekelia.c. Excluding Northern Cyprus.d. The .eu domain is also used, shared with other European Union member states.e. Cyprus is approximate to Anatolia (Asia Minor), which comprises the bulk of Turkey, but it may be

considered to be in Asia and/or Europe, which together constitute Eurasia.[8] The UN classification of worldregions places Cyprus in Western Asia;[9] National Geographic[10] and numerous other sources place Cyprusin Europe, such as the BBC,[11] and worldatlas;[12] it is also a member state of the European Union.Contrarily, sources may place Cyprus in the Middle East or in mixed categories: the CIA World Factbookincludes Cyprus among countries of Europe, but lists Middle East as its location.[13]

f. see demographics

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212. Hellander, Paul; Kate Armstrong; Michael Clark; Christopher Deliso (2008). Lonely Planet Greek Islands.Lonely Planet. p. 49. ISBN 978­1­74104­314­3. "The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi,Notis Sfakiana­ kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian­ nis, heartthrobSakis Rouvas and Greek­Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece ..."

213. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (14 July 2001). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. p. 71. ISSN 0006­2510. "The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together withthe Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep­ swing, Planetfunk ..."

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215. "An indication that at least the main contents of the Cypria were known around 650 BC is provided by therepresentation of the Judgment of Paris on the Chigi vase" (Burkert 1992:103). On the proto­Corinthian ewerof c. 640 BC known as the Chigi "vase" (http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah300/13­myth/33.image.html), Paris isidentified as Alexandros, as he was apparently called in Cypria. Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20130821235045/http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah300/13­myth/33.image.html)August 21, 2013 at the Wayback Machine

216. Serena, Sebastiano; Barbarigo, Gregorio (1963). S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suoSeminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria. Editrice Antenore. p. 495. OCLC 6706000."Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta laconfidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova,coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ..."

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218. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch­Römische Altertumskunde,Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie(1956). Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40. Akademie­Verlag. pp. 209–210. "John Cigala (born atNicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated asDoctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ...What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars."

219. Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295,K. Rüstem.

220. "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas".221. "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets".222. "Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides".223. "Film Birth – History of Cinema – Cyprus (http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html)".224. Robinson, R. K. – Tamime, A. Y. (1991). Feta and Related Cheeses. Woodhead Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 1­

85573­278­5. "Halloumi is a semi­hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep'sor goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout theMiddle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture."

225. Murdoch Books Pty Limited (2005). Essential Mediterranean. Murdoch Books. p. 21. ISBN 1­74045­539­8."HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi­hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese"

226. Goldstein, Darra – Merkle, Kathrin – Parasecoli, Fabio – Mennell, Stephen – Council of Europe (2005).Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue. Council of Europe. p. 121. ISBN 92­871­5744­8. "Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentationwith dairy products resulted in the now­famous halloumi and feta cheese."

227. "Cyprus villagers make giant sweet (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3753928.stm)", BBC News, 18October 2004

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Further readingAnastasiou, Harry (2008). Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism Ethnic Conflict and the Quest for Peace inCyprus. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0­8156­3196­0.Brewin, Christopher (2000). European Union and Cyprus. Eothen Press. ISBN 0­906719­24­0.Dods, Clement (ed.) (1999). Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives. The Eothen Press. ISBN 0­906719­23­2.Durrell, Lawrence (1957). Bitter Lemons. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0­571­20155­5.Faustmann, Hubert and Nicos Peristianis (2006). Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post­Colonialism,1878–2006. Bibliopolis. ISBN 978­3­933925­36­7.Gibbons, Harry Scott (1997). The Genocide Files. Charles Bravos Publishers. ISBN 0­9514464­2­8.Hannay, David (2005). Cyprus: The Search for a Solution. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1­85043­665­7.Hitchens, Christopher (1997). Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger. Verso. ISBN 1­85984­189­9.Ker­Lindsay, James (2005). EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1­4039­9690­3.Ker­Lindsay, James and Hubert Faustmann (2009). The Government and Politics of Cyprus. Peter Lang.ISBN 978­3­03911­096­4.Mallinson, William (2005). Cyprus a Modern History. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1­85043­580­4.Mirbagheri, Farid (1989). Cyprus and International Peacemaking. Hurst. ISBN 1­85065­354­2.Nicolet, Claude (2001). United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974. Bibliopolis. ISBN 3­933925­20­7.Oberling, Pierre (1982). The Road to Bellapais. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0­88033­000­7.O'Malley, Brendan and Ian Craig (1999). The Cyprus Conspiracy. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1­86064­737­5.Palley, Claire (2005). An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary­General's Mission of GoodOffices in Cyprus, 1999–2004. Hart Publishing. ISBN 1­84113­578­X.Papadakis, Yiannis (2005). Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1­85043­428­X.

Plumer, Aytug (2003). Cyprus, 1963–64: The Fateful Years. Cyrep (Lefkosa). ISBN 975­6912­18­9.Richmond, Oliver (1998). Mediating in Cyprus. Frank Cass. ISBN 0­7146­4431­5.Richmond, Oliver and James Ker­Lindsay (eds.) (2001). The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peaceand Development. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0­333­91271­3.Richter, Heinz (2010). A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009. Rutzen. ISBN 978­3­447­06212­1.Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). Chypre d'aujourd'hui. Paris: G.­P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406 p., ill. with b&wphotos. and fold. maps.Tocci, Nathalie (2004). EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or ConsolidatingPartition in Cyprus?. Ashgate. ISBN 0­7546­4310­7.Yiorghos, Leventis, (2002). Cyprus: The Struggle for Self­Determination in the 1940s. Peter Lang. ISBN 0­8204­5428­1.Yiorghos, Leventis, Murata Sawayanagi Nanako, Hazama Yasushi (2008). Crossing Over Cyprus. ResearchInstitute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies(TUFS). ISBN 978­4­86337­003­6.

External links

Cyprus (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the­world­factbook/geos/cy.html) entry at TheWorld FactbookTimeline of Cyprus by BBC (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm)Cyprus (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cyprus.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubsCyprus (http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/cy/) information from the United States Department ofState includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reportsCyprus (https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Cyprus) at DMOZCyprus profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world­europe­17217956) from the BBC NewsThe UN in Cyprus (http://www.unficyp.org/)Cypriot Pottery, Bryn Mawr College Art and Artifact Collections(http://triarte.brynmawr.edu/PRT212?sid=336967&x=32613387&x=32613388)The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art : stone sculpture(http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/162840), a fully digitisedtext from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries

Government

Cyprus High Commission Trade Centre – London (http://www.cyprustrade.co.uk/)Cypriot Diaspora Project (http://www.cypriotdiaspora.com/)Republic of Cyprus – English Language(http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/dmlcitizen_en/dmlcitizen_en?OpenDocument)Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (http://www.kypros.org/Constitution/English/index.htm)Press and Information Office (http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/index_en/index_en?opendocument#)Annan Plan (http://annanplan.com/pafiledb.php?action=file&id=11) at annanplan.comChief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world­leaders­1/world­leaders­c/cyprus.html)Cyprus Elections to European Parliament (http://www.KyproEkloges.com/)

Tourism

Read about Cyprus on visitcyprus.com (http://www.visitcyprus.com/) – the official travel portalfor CyprusAroundCyprus.net – Interactive virtual guide featuring attractions and activities on the island(http://aroundcyprus.net/)Cyprus informational portal and open platform for contribution of Cyprus­related content(http://www.cyprus.com/) – www.Cyprus.com

Geographic data related to Cyprus (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/307787) atOpenStreetMap

Official publications

The British government's Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus(http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/113/11302.htm).Letter by the President of the Republic, Mr Tassos Papadopoulos, to the UN Secretary­General,Mr Kofi Annan, dated 7 June, which circulated as an official document of the UN SecurityCouncil (http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/E570E4948868A105C2256EAE003CAAE0?OpenDocument)Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of theRepublic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974(http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument)Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)(http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/2004/04­04­08.cna.html#01)The Republic of Cyprus Press and Information Office, Aspects of the Cyprus Problem(http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/a_problem_en/a_problem_en?OpenDocument)European Court of Human Rights Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94)(http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/5CFDB55E726D86C1C2256DC3007953BB/$file/Application%20no%2025781_94.pdf?OpenElement) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of

Congress Country Studies. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World

Factbook.Official Cyprus Government Web Site (http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/)Embassy of Greece, USA – Cyprus: Geographical and Historical Background(http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=44&article=86)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyprus&oldid=696390041"

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