I

- - ,

2006

: Customary International Humanitarian Law Volume I: Rules Cambridge University Press 2005

ISBN 5-94013-043-8

, , 2006 .

, .

xv xvii xxi xxiii xxviii xxiv lxvi

I. 1. 1. 2. , 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

3 10 14 18 22 25

2.

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3.

48 52

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vi

13. 56

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59

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65 70 72 75 77 79 83

6.

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95

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101 111 114 118 126

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vii

133

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136 142

9.

146

10. 34. 11. , 35. , 36. 37. 12. 38. 39. 40. 41. 13. , 42. , 14. 43.

149

154 156 158

164 169 171

174

179

183

viii

44.

188 193

45.

III. 15. 46. 47. , 48. , 16. 49. 50. 51. 52. 17. 53. 54. , 55. 56. , 18. 57. 58.

207 210

219

223 226 229 234

240

244 250

259

262 264

59. , , , , , , ,

ix

267

60.

270 273

61. 62.

275

63.

281

64.

65.

283 285

19. 66. , , 67. 68. 69.

293 296 298 299

IV. 20. 70. , 71. .

303 313

x

322

21. 72.

22. 23. 73. 24. 74. 75. 76. 25. 77. 26. 78. 27. , 79. , 28. - 80. - 29. 81. 82. 83. 30. 84. 85.

326

327

331 336 339

343

348

351

355

358 362 364

367 370

31. 86. V. , 32. 87. 88. 89. 90. , , 91. 92. , , 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 33. 106. 107. 108. 34. , ,

xi

373

390 393 397 401 407

409 412 417 421 426 429 434 438 450 474 476 477 479 484

490 497 499

xii

109. , , , 110. , 111. , , ,

505

510

514

35. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 36. , 117. , 37. , 118. , , , , , 119. , 120. , 121. 122. , 123. , 124. , 125. , 126. , 127. ,

518 521 525 529 532

537

546 550 552 555 557 560 563 568 571

573

128. , 38. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 39. , 134. 135. 136. - 137. - 138. , VI. 40. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 41. 144. erga omnes 145. 146.

xiii

575

583

589 591 598 603

607 612 617 620 624

631 635 637

639

645

650 655 663

xiv

147. , 148. 669 672

42. 149. 150. 43. () 151. () 152. 153. , 154. 155. 44. 156. 157. 158. , 159. 160. 161.

678 686

705

711

715 721 723

728 776

781 786 790 795

803

,

(Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, 2005) . (Rules), . , , , , , . (Practice), 4000 , , , . ( . II, . , x , x) . , , , . , , , . . .

xv

,

, , . XIX , , , , . , , , . , . , - , , , , . , XIX . . , , , , , . 1864 . , . 1906 ., 1929 . 1949 . , , . , , 1949 ., . , , , . , : - 1868 .,

xvii

xviii

-

1899 . 1907 ., 1925 ., . 1977 . 1949 ., , , , . , 1980 . , 1997 . , (1998 .), 1999 . 1954 . 2000 ., . , , . - . -, , , , , , . , , , , , , . -, , , , . , , 3, , II . , , , , , , .

-

xix

, . , , . , XXVI (, 1995 .), : , , , , .

, , ; , . . , 12 , 100 . , , , , , , , , . , . , , , . , , . , , , .

xx

-

, . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , .

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, . , , , , , , . . , , ? , ? , ? , , ? , - , . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , , . . , , , . , , , -

xxi

xxii

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, . , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . .

, , ,

, , , , , , , . , , . , , , ( ). , . , . , , , , , . . , , , , . , ? . , , , . -

xxiii

xxiv

, , , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , . . , . , , , , 1998 . , , . . . , , , , . , , . . , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , , -

xxv

, , , , . , - , . . . , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , . , , , . ? , , ? , , . , , , , . , ,

xxvi

, . , 1977 , , . , , , . , , . . , , ? . , , . , , , opinio juris . , , , , , - - . , , , , , . . , , , , . . , , , . , , , , , , , ,

xxvii

, , ? , , . . . , . . . , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , . , , , . , , . , , : , , , . , ? , , , . , , , XXI . , .

. . , , . , , . , , , , , . , . : : -, , , , : : , : , : , , : ( ) , ( ) : : : , - : , - -

xxviii

xxix

: - : , - : , - : , - ( ), - .. , - .. , - . , .. , .. : ... , , , , : , - - : -, - : , : - - , , - , , , , - , , - , , - , , : , , - - : , : , : , , , (): - , - : - : - : , : , : , - .. . : - , , , , - : ,

xxx

: : , , . : , : , : , : , - : . , . : , , : . , . . , : , , , -, , - , , , , : , , : , : , : , , - - : : , , , , . , , , , - . , , ,

xxxi

. -, , , , . , . . . -, - , , , , , , , , , . , , , : -, , , , , , , - , , , , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . . , , . . , , , -, , , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

xxxii

. --, , , - , - - , , . , , . . , , , , , , - . , , , , , -, , , , . , . , , , , - ', , , , , , - , , , , , , -, , , - , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , () , . , , ,

xxxiii

, IVI . , - , , . , , , , ' , , . , , .

, 2004 . - -

, . , , , . , , . , , . . , , , 100 1863 . . , , . , 1874 . , 1899 1907 . . , , (II) 1899 ., , : , , , , , , , .

, , , , , , , -

xxiv

xxxv

, 1. (), 1863 . , 1864, 1906, 1929 1949 . (III) 1899 . () 1907 ., 1864 1906 . , , , 1949 . , 1977 . , , 1980 ., 1997 ., , 1998 . , , , , , , , 2.

1 2

. Knut D rmann, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2003. , XXV , , 2331 1986 ., 5(2)() () . . 7 , XIII 2327 1928 . , , , , . 6(4) (7) , XVIII , 22 8 1952 ., , , , , , .

xxxvi

50 1949 . 30 . , , . 3, , , , , (, , , , , , ). , , . , . , - , , , , - , , - , , . , 30 1 1993 ., , , , . , , , 3. 1995 . , , , 3

, , 30 1 1993 . . . A/48/742, 8 1993 ., .

xxxvii

, . II , [ ], , , , 4.

1995 . XXVI , 5. , . , . 1949 . 1977 . , . - 1868 ., 1899 1907 . 1925 . . , , 1972 ., 1977 ., 1980 . , 1993 . -

4

5

. , 2327 1995 . II. , 8, 1996 ., . 84. XXVI , , 37 1995 . 1. : . , , 8, 1996 ., . 58.

xxxviii

1997 ., . 1954 . . , 1998 ., , . , , . -, , . , , . 1949 ., I . , , , , , . II, , , . 150 , , , . 3, , . -, , . , , , . , . , , , , , , , , II 3, . 3 , , . II 3,

xxxix

, I. II 15 , I 80. , , , , , , , , . , . , II . 13 : , , . I II , . , , , , . , 2001 . , , . , , , , , . , II , , I, . , , , , .. , , , -

xl

. , . , . . , . , , , 3 . , , . , , . , , , , . . , , , , . , , , - , . , 1949 ., 3, , 1907 . (. ). , , 192 , . , ,

xli

- , 6. , , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , , (. 32). , , , . , , , . -, , . , , , , , , 7. , , , , , , 6 7

-. 4 , 15 27 , , , . .

xlii

, , 8. -, , , , , , 75 I 4 6 II, , , , , , - , c . -, , , 9. , 10. , , , (usus) , , , , (opinio juris sive necessitatis). : , , , opinio juris 11. . , , , , 12. : , , , .8 9 10 11 12

3(1)(d) 1949 . ., , 32 . , 38(1)(b). ICJ, Continental Shelf case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Malta), Judgement, 3 June 1985, ICJ Reports 1985, pp. 2930, 27. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, Judgement, 20 February 1969, ICJ Reports 1969, p. 3.

xliii

, , : (i) , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , . , 13, 14 -15.13

14

15

ICJ, Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland), Joint separate opinion of Judges Forster, Bengzon, Jimnez de Archaga, Singh and Ruda, 25 July 1974, ICJ Reports 1974, p. 47; Separate opinion of Judge Dillard, 25 July 1974, ICJ Reports 1974, pp. 5658; Separate opinion of Judge De Castro, 25 July 1974, ICJ Reports 1974, pp. 8188; Separate opinion of Judge Waldock, 25 July 1974, ICJ Reports 1974, pp. 119120; Dissenting opinion of Judge Gros, 25 July 1974, ICJ Reports 1974, p. 135; Dissenting opinion of Judge Petrn, 25 July 1974, ICJ Reports 1974, p. 161. , , ; . ( ), 25 1974 ., ICJ Reports 1974, p. 175. ICJ, Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Merits, Judgement, 27 June 1986, ICJ Reports 1986, p. 100, 190. , , 2(4) , , , . ICJ, Case concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgement, 25 September 1997, ICJ Reports 1997, pp. 3946, 4958. , ^

xliv

. , , 16. , , , , , , , 17. , , , , , . 18. , , . , . , . . (ii) , . , , . , , , , . ILC, Draft Articles on State Responsibility, Yearbook of the ILC, 1980, Vol. II, Part 2, UN Doc. A/CN.4/SER.A/1980/Add.1 (Part 2), 1980, pp. 3452. . : Yearbook of the ILC, 1950, Vol. II, pp. 368372. , : , , , . ICTY, Tadic case, Case No. IT-94-AR72, , 2 1995 ., 99. ILA, Final Report of the Committee on the Formation of Customary (General) International Law, Statement of Principles Applicable to the Formation of General Customary International Law, Report of the Sixty-Ninth Conference, London, 2000, Principle 4 and commentary (a) thereto, pp. 725726 (hereinafter ILA Report).

16

17 18

xlv

. , 19. . (iii) , 20. , , . , - . , , , , , . , [ ]21. , , , . (iv) 22, , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , .19

20 21 22

. ILA Report, supra 18, Principle 9, pp. 728729, referring to PCIJ, Nottebohm case (second phase) (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), Judgement, 6 April 1955, ICJ Reports 1955, p. 22 and the Lotus case (France v. Turkey), Judgement, 7 September 1927, PCIJ Ser. A, No. 10, pp. 23, 26 and 2829. ., , ILA Report, supra 18, Principle 5, p. 726. , 5(2)(). ICJ Statute, Article 38(1)(d).

xlvi

(v) , , . 23. , , , , , , , , , , , 24. , , , , , , 25. , , 26. , , , , 27. , .23

24

25

26 27

., , ICJ, Case concerning Reservations to the Convention on Genocide, Advisory Opinion, 28 May 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, p. 25. . Daphna Shraga, UN Peacekeeping Operations: Applicability of International Humanitarian Law and Responsibility for Operations-Related Damage, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, 2000, p. 408. See, e.g., ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Blagoje Simic et al., Case No. IT-95-9-PT, 73 , 27 1999 ., 1 1999 ., 46 9. , 5(2)() (). ICTY, Tadic case, supra 17, 109.

xlvii

(vi) . , , , , , 28. , . , , , , , . , , . (vii) , , , , , . , , . , , , 29. , . , , , . : , , , , ,

28 29

, , 7073. , General Course on Public International Law, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 106, 1962, p. 44.

xvliii

, , , , , , , , , , 30.

(i) , , , , . . , , . , :, , , , , , , , , - , 31.

, , , , , , . , 32. , , , , , 33. , 30 31 32 33

ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, supra 12, p. 43, 74. ICJ, Asylum case (Colombia v. Peru), Judgement, 20 November 1950, ICJ Reports 1950, p. 277. ICJ, Fisheries case (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgement, 18 December 1951, ICJ Reports 1951, p. 131. Ibid. p. 138.

xlix

. , , . , , 34. , , , , , , , , . . , , , : , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , , . prima facie, , , , , , , , , 35.

, , , . () , . 34

35

ICJ, Continental Shelf case (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgement, 24 February 1982, ICJ Reports 1982, p. 74, 100 and Continental Shelf case, supra 11, p. 33, 34. ICJ, Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, supra 14, p. 98, 186.

l

, , , . (ii) , , , , , . , , ; , 36. - . -, , - , . , , , , 37. , , 38. : (1) , , , , , , , ; (2) , , , , c39. , , . , , , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , - , . , , 36 37 38 39

ILA Report, supra 18, Principle 14, p. 734. ILA Report, supra 18, commentary (d) and (e) to Principle 14, pp. 736737. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, supra 12, p. 43, 74. ILA Report, supra 18, commentary (e) to Principle 14, p. 737.

li

, , , , (. 144). , , , . , . , jus cogens, , 40. , , , , ; . (iii) , , . , - , - , , . , , 41. Opinio juris , , , , . , . , , , , (. 46),40

41

. : Maurice H. Mendelson, The Formation of Customary International Law, Collected Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 272, 1998, pp. 227244. ILA Report, supra 18, commentary (b) to Principle 12, p. 731.

lii

, , , , , , . , - , . , , , , (. 110), , , , . , , , , . , , . , , , , , , (. 157), , . , , . , , , . , . , , , () , . 42. , . , opinio juris , , , 42

ILA Report, supra 18, 10(c), p. 718. : Peter Haggenmacher, La doctrine des deux lments du droit coutumier dans la pra tique de la Cour internationale, Revue generale de droit international public, Vol. 90, 1986, p. 5.

liii

opinio juris. Opinio juris , , , , , . , -, , . , , . , , , . , , , , , - , , , . , , 43. , , , , inter alia, . , , , 44. , , , , , . , , , , , , opinio juris, , 45. , , opinio juris, 43 44 45

PCIJ, Lotus case, supra 19, p. 28. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, supra 12, pp. 4344, 7677. ILA Report, supra 18, Principle 17(iv) and commentary.

liv

, , . , . , , , , , , - . , , . , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , opinio juris46. , 1907 . 47, , 46

47

. : Frederic L. Kirgis, Custom on a Sliding Scale, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 81, 1987, p. 146. International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Case of the Major War Criminals, Judgement, 1 October 1946, Official Documents, Vol. I, pp. 253254.

lv

48. , opinio juris , , , , . , , 49 Te , 50. , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . , ,

48 49

50

ICJ, Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, supra 14, pp. 106110, 202209. , 73. , opinio juris. , , , , , opinio juris , , . Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company and California Asiatic Oil Company v. Libyan Arab Republic, Arbitral Award, 19 January 1977, 8091, reprinted in International Legal Materials, Vol. 17, 1978, pp. 2731. , .

lvi

. , (39) , , , 51. , , , , 2625 (XXV), , 52. , , , , , , , 53. , , . : , , , opinio juris , , , 54.

, , , , , . , , , , , 55. , , () , , 51 52 53

54 55

ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, supra 12, p. 42, 73 ICJ, Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, supra 14, pp. 99100, 188. ICJ, Continental Shelf case, supra 11, p. 33, 34. 56, . ICJ, Continental Shelf case, supra 11, pp. 2930, 27. ICJ, North Sea Continental Shelf cases, supra 12, p. 42, 73.

lvii

: ; ; ; , , . 56. , , , , , , , . , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , , , . , I 162 , II 157 . , , 192 , . , , , . , , , 1907 . , 1939 . , , 56

ILA Report, supra 18, Principles 2021, 24, 26 and 27, pp. 754765.

lviii

57. , , 3 , , 58. , , 1949 . 59. , , , , 60. , , , , . -, - , , , , , , , , , . 1996 ., 1996 . . , , . , , : 57 58 59 60

,

International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Case of the Major War Criminals, supra 47. ICJ, Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, supra 14, p. 114, 218. , 79 82. Philippe Kirsch, Foreword, in Knut D rmann, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary, supra 1, p. xiii; . Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, Vol. I, Proceedings of the Preparatory Committee during MarchApril and August 1996, UN General Assembly Official Records, UN Doc. A/51/22, 13 September 1996, 54.

lix

, (hors de combat)

. , , , . 50 (9 , 15 , 11 , 11 1 ) , (. I). , , . . (. ). , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , . . , , , 31 2002 . .

lx

, . . : I. : - : - II. , : : III. : : IV. : : V. , (hors de combat) : : VI. : : , , ( ), C , , , , , . , . , . , , , , , , , , ; , . , -

lxi

, , , , , , travaux prparatoire . . , , 40 , 20 , 8 , 8 2 (. II). , , , . , , , . , , , . , , 30 , , , . , . . , , , , , . . , , , , . , ,

lxii

. -, , . . . (. III). , , (. III). , . , , . , , , . , . , : , I , II , III , IV , V VI . , , . . -, . -

lxiii

I, II, III V . - IV VI, 14 32 . . , . .

I. . . , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , .

II. , , , , .

lxiv

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , (19731994). , , , ( . ), ( ), - , , . ( ), (), , (), , ( (19911992 .), (19921996 .), () (19921995 .)). , .

III. 1. (1998 .) , 28 1 1998 .: ; . , 1618 1998 .: ; , . , 1417 1998 .: , ; . -, - , , , , , , , , , . 2. (1999 .) , 48 1999 .: ; ; , . , 15 1999 .: ; , ; .

lxv

: - (), ( ), (), ( ), ( ), (), (), - (), (), (), (), . (), - (), (), (), ( ), (), (), (), (), . (), (), (), (), (), (), . (), (), (), . (), (), (), (), (), () (). 3. (20022004 .) , , , , .

CCW CEDAW CRC CSCE EC ECOSOC ECOWAS EU ICJ ICRC ICTR ICTY IHL ILA ILC LOAC OAS OAU

OECD OIC ONUSAL

OSCE PCIJ

Convention on Conventional Weapons (. ) Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women ( ) Committee on the Rights of the Child ( ) Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( ) European Community ( ) Economic and Social Council ( ) Economic Community of West African States ( ) European Union ( ) International Court of Justice ( ) . . . international humanitarian law ( ) International Law Association ( ) International Law Commission ( ) law of armed conflict ( ) Organization of American States ( ) Organization of African Unity (now African Union) ( ; ) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador ( , 1991 1995 .) ( ) Permanent Court of International Justice ( )

lxvi

SFRY UK UNCC UNESCO UNHCR UNOMIL UNOMSIL UNTAET

lxvii

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( ) United Kingdom () United Nations Compensation Commission ( ) . Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees ( ) United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia ( ) United Nations Mission of Observers in Sierra Leone ( -) United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor ( )

, , , , , , 1 1994 . 31 1994 . ( ) , , 1991 . ( ) ,

I

1

1. , , . . . Customary International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, 2005, II, 1, . , , . , , , . , , , (. 33). , (. 47), , , , (. 6). 41. - , , , , 1. , , 1

- , .

3

4

25, , , , 2. 48, 51(2) 52(2) I, 3. I, , 4. , , , 51 52 I , - , , , I 5. , 51(2) 6. II, II III , 7. , , , , 8. , , I, , , 2 3

4 5

6

7

8

, 25. I, 48 ( ), 51(1) ( 77 1 16 ) 52(2) ( 79 7 ). I, 49. , , (. , . VI, CDDH/SR.41, 26 1977 ., . 200). , , (. , . VI, CDDH/SR.41, 26 1977 ., . 173). II , 3(2); II , 3(7); III , 2(1); , . , 8(2)(b)(i).

1

5

9. , 48 I, 10. , , , , I11. 1969 . 12. , , , , I13. I , 14. 15. , 16.9

10 11

12 13

14

15

16

. (. II, . 1, 1034 173216), , ( , 212213), ( , 25 193194), ( , 192), ( , 197), ( , 3334 214215) ( , 21 188). Sweden, IHL Manual ( , 29). . ( , 217269), , ( , 221222), ( , 243) ( , 245). Israel, Military court at Ramallah, Kassem case ( , 271). ., , ( , 273), ( , 321), ( , 290291 293), ( , 298), ( , 296297), ( , 279), ( , 311312), ( , 5153 322329), ( , 41 285) ( , 49). ., , ( , 292) ( , 298), ( , 304) ( , 312) , ( , 315). . ( , 50 321), ( , 40 283), ( , 42), ( , 309), ( , 45), ( , 329), ( , 48), ( , 316), ( , 39) ( , 43). , 7879.

6

1973 ., .. I, , (, , ) 17. 13(2) II , 18. II 19. III , 1 , 2001 .20 , , , , , , 21. , , , , 22. , , 23.

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

. ICRC, The International Committee's Action in the Middle East (. II, . 1, 445). II, 13(2) ( ). II , 3(7). III , 2(1). , . , 8(2)()(i). ., , Memorandum of Understanding on the Application of IHL between Croatia and SFRY, para. 6 (. II, . 1, 6, 97 167); Agreement on the Application of IHL between the Parties to the Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina, para. 2.5 ( , 7, 98 168); -, . 39 41; 6 1999, 5.1; , 3(); Hague Statement on Respect for Humanitarian Principles (. II, . 1, 166); UNTAET Regulation 2000/15, Section 6(1)(e)(i) ( , 172).

1

7

, , , , 24. 25. , , 26. , . , , , . , , ; , , 27.24

25

26

27

., , ( , 173), ( , 177), ( , 189), ( , 178), ( , 179), ( , 181182), ( , 201), ( , 203), ( , 211), ( , 205) ( , 216). ., , ( , 220), ( , 221222), ( , 218), ( , 223), ( , 224), ( , 225), ( , 265), ( , 266), ( , 241), ( , 240), ( , 231), ( , 244), ( , 259), ( , 267), ( , 228), ( , 230), ( , 232), ( , 248), ( , 254), ( , 250), ( , 252), ( , 255), ( , 257), ( , 261), ( , 234), ( , 260), ( , 239) ( , 268); . ( , 242), ( , 245), ( , 256) ( , 237), , ( , 217), ( , 226), ( , 246), ( , 253), ( , 238) ( , 262). ., , ( , 274), ( , 294295), ( , 306), ( , 308), ( , 314), ( , 317), ( , 47) ( , 286 288289). ., , ( , 724), ( , 185, 583 720), ( , 34

8

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