Curs Testare

7/22/2019 Curs Testare

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Testing Course

explaining the

ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus



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(…the common answer is :) To find bugs!

...but consider also:

•To reduce the impact of the failures at the client‘s site (live defects) andensure that they will not affect costs & profitability

•To decrease the rate of failures (increase the product‘s reliability)

•To improve the quality of the product

•To ensure requirements are implemented fully & correctly

•To validate that the product is fit for its intended purpose

•To verify that required standards and legal requirements are met•To maintain the company reputation

Testing provides the product’s measure of quality!

Can we test everything? Exhaustive testing is possible?

-No, sorry …time & resources make it impractical !…but, instead: -We must understand the risk to the client‘s business of the software not

functioning correctly

•We must manage and reduce risk, carry out a Risk Analysis of the

application

•Prioritise tests to focus them (time & resources) on the main areas of risk

1.1.1 Why is testing necessary – Why do we test?



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The main goals of testing:

• Find defects

• Assess the level of quality of the software product and providing related

information to the stakeholders

• Prevent defects

• Reduce risk of operational incidents• Increase the product quality

Different viewpoints and objectives:

• Unit & integration test – find as many defects as possible

• Acceptance testing – confirm that the system works as specified and that thequality is good enough

• Testing metrics gathering – provide information to the project manager about

the product quality and the risks involved

• Design tests early and review requirements – help prevent defects

1.1.1 Why is testing necessary - Testing goals and objectives



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A programmer (or analyst) can make an error (mistake), which produces a defect (fault, bug) in the program‘s code. If such a defect in the code is executed, the

system will fail to do what it should do (or it will do something it should not do),

causing a failure.

Error (mistake) = a human action that produces an incorrect result

Defect (bug) = a flaw that can cause the component or system to fail to perform itsrequired function

Failure = deviation of the component or system from its expected delivery, service

or result

Anomaly = any condition that deviates from expectations based on requirements

specifications, design documents, user documentation, standards or someone‘s

perceptions or expectations

Defect masking = An occurrence in which one defect prevents the detection of

another.

1.1.2 Why is testing necessary - Testing Glossary



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Defects are caused by human errors!

Why? Because of:

Time pressure - the more pressure we are under the more likely we are tomake mistakes

•Code complexity or new technology

•Too many system interactions

•Requirements not clearly defined, changed & not properly documented

•We make wrong assumptions about missing bits of information!

•Poor communication•Poor training

1.1.2 Why is testing necessary – Causes of the errors



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(Boris Beizer)

• Requirements (incorrect, logic, completeness, verifiability, documentation, changes)

• Features and functionality (correctness, missing case, domain and boundary,

messages, exception mishandled)

• Structural (control flow, sequence, data processing)

• Data (definition, structure, access, handling)

• Implementation and Coding

• Integration (internal and external interfaces)

• System (architecture, performance, recovery, partitioning, environment)• Test definition and execution (test design, test execution, documentation, reporting)

(Cem Kaner (b1))

• User interface (functionality, communication, missing, performance, output)

• Error handling (prevention, detection, recovery)

• Boundary (numeric, loops)

• Calculation (wrong constants, wrong operation order, over & underflow)• Initialization (data item, string, loop control)

• Control flow (stop, crash, loop, if-then-else,…)

• Data handling (data type, parameter list, values)

• Race & Load conditions (event sequence, no resources)

• Source and version control (old bug reappear)

• Testing (fail to notice, fail to test, fail to report)

1.1.2 Why is testing necessary - Causes of software defects -

Defects taxonomy



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Testers do cooperate with:

Analysts – to review the specifications for completeness and correctness,

ensure that they are testable

• Designers – to improve interfaces testability and usability

• Programmers – to review the code and assess structural flaws

• Project manager – to estimate, plan, develop test cases, perform tests and

report bugs, to assess the quality and risks

• Quality assurance staff – to provide defect metrics• Interactions with these project roles are very complex.

1.1.3 Why is testing necessary - The role of testing in the

software life cycle

RACI matrix (Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, Informed)

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1.1.4 Why is testing necessary – What is quality?

Quality (ISO) = The totality of the characteristics of an entity that bear on its

ability to satisfy stated or implied needs

• there are many more definitions

Testing means not only to Verify (the thing is done right)

… but also to Validate (the right thing is done)!

Software quality includes: reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability and

portability.

RELIABILITY: The ability of the software product to perform its required

functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time, or for a

specified number of operations.

USABILITY: The capability of the software to be understood, learned, used and

attractive to the user when used under specified conditions.EFFICIENCY: The capability of the software product to provide appropriate

performance, relative to the amount of resources used under stated conditions.

MAINTAINABILITY: The ease with which a software product can be modified

to correct defects, modified to meet new requirements, modified to make future

maintenance easier, or adapted to a changed environment.

PORTABILITY:The ease with which the software product can be transferredfrom one hardware or software environment to another.

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Testing does not inject Quality into

the product, but will measure the

level of the Quality of the product.

Quality can be measured for:

• progress

• variance (planned versus actual)

1.1.4 Why is testing necessary - Testing and quality

Measuring product quality:

•Functional compliance - functional software requirements testing

•Non functional requirements•Test coverage criteria

•Defect count or defect trend criteria



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1.1.4 Why is testing necessary – quality attributes

The QUINT model (extended ISO model)



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The five basic criteria often used to decide when to stop testing are:

• Previously defined coverage goals have been met

• The defect discovery rate has dropped below a previously defined threshold

• The cost of finding the "next" defect exceeds the expected loss from that defect

• The project team reaches consensus that it is appropriate to release the product• The manager decides to deliver the product

All these criteria are risk based.

It is important not depending on only one stopping criterion.

Software Reliability Engineering can help also to determine when to stop testing,by taking into consideration aspects like failure intensity.

1.1.5 Why is testing necessary - How much testing is enough?

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Testing = the process concerned with planning the necessary static and dynamic

activities, preparation and evaluation of software products and related deliverables,

in order to:

• determine that they satisfy specified requirements• demonstrate that they are fit for the intended use

• detect defects, help and motivate the developers to fix them

• measure, assess and improve the quality of the software product

Testing should be performed throughout the whole software life cycle

There are two basic types of testing: execution and non-execution based

Other definitions:

•(IEEE) Testing = the process of analyzing a software item to detect the differencesbetween existing and required conditions and to evaluate its features

•(Myers (b3)) Testing = the process of executing a program with the intent of finding

errors

•(Craig & Jaskiel (b5)) Testing = a concurrent lifecycle process of engineering, using

and maintaining test-ware in order to measure and improve the quality of the

software being tested

1.2 What is testing - Definition of testing



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Analytic School - testing is rigorous, academic and technical•Testing is a branch of CS/Mathematics

•Testing techniques must have a logic-mathematical form

•Key Question: Which techniques should we use?•Require precise and detailed specifications

Factory School - testing is a way to measure progress, with emphasis on cost and

repeatable standards•Testing must be managed & cost effective

•Testing validates the product & measures development progress

•Key Questions: How can we measure whether we‘re making progress, When will we be done?

•Require clear boundaries between testing and other activities (start/stop criteria)

•Encourage standards (V-model), ―best practices,‖ and certification

Quality School - emphasizes process & quality, acting as the gatekeeper •Software quality requires discipline

•Testers may need to police developers to follow the rules

•Key Question: Are we following a good process?

•Testing is a stepping stone to ―process improvement‖ Context-Driven School - emphasizes people, setting out to find the bugs that will be

most important to stakeholders•Software is created by people. People set the context

•Testing finds bugs acting as a skilled, mental activity

•Key Question: What testing would be most valuable right now?

•Expect changes. Adapt testing plans based on test results

•Testing research requires empirical and psychological study

1.2 What is testing – Testing “schools”



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• Testing shows presence of defects, but cannot prove that there are no more

defects; testing can only reduce the probability of undiscovered defects

• Complete, exhaustive testing is impossible; good strategy and risk management

must be used

• Pareto rule (defect clustering): usually 20% of the modules contain 80% of the

bugs

• Early testing: testing activities should start as soon as possible (including here

planning, design, reviews)

• Pesticide paradox: if the same set of tests are repeated over again, no new bugs

will be found; the test cases should be reviewed, modified and new test cases

developed

• Context dependence: test design and execution is context dependent (desktop,

web applications, real-time, …)

• Verification and Validation: discovering defects cannot help a product that is not fit

to the users needs

1.3 General testing principles

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•Operability - The better it works, the more efficiently it can be tested

•Observability - What we see is what we test

Controllability - The better we control the software, the more the testing process

can be automated and optimized

Decomposability - By controlling the scope of testing, we can quickly isolate problems and perform effective and efficient testing

Simplicity - The less there is to test, the more quickly we can test it

Stability - The fewer the changes, the fewer are the disruptions to testing

Understandability - The more information we will have, the smarter we will test

Suitability - The more we know about the intended use of the software, the

better we can organize our testing to find important bugs

1.3 General testing principles – heuristics of software testing



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-Test Planning & Test control

-Test Analysis & Design

-Test Implementation &

Execution

-Evaluating exit criteria &

Reporting

-Test Closure activities

1.4.1 Fundamental test process – phases



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Planning

1. Determine scope

• Study project documents, used software life-cycle specifications, product desired

quality attributes

• Clarify test process expectations2. Determine risks

• Choose quality risk analysis method (e.g. FMEA)

• Document the list of risks, probability, impact, priority, identify mitigation actions

3. Estimate testing effort, determine costs, develop schedule

• Define necessary roles

• Decompose test project into phases and tasks (WBS)• Schedule tasks, assign resources, set-up dependencies

4. Refine plan

• Select test strategy (how to do it, what test types at which test levels)

• Select metrics to be used for defect tracking, coverage, monitoring

• Define entry and exit criteria

Control• Measure and analyze results

• Monitor testing progress, coverage, exit criteria

• Assign or reallocate resources, update the test plan schedule

• Initiate corrective actions

• Make decisions

1.4.1 Fundamental test process – planning & control

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• Reviewing the test basis (such as requirements, architecture, design,interfaces).

• Identifying test conditions or test requirements and required test data

based on analysis of test items and the specification.

• Designing the tests:

• Choose test techniques

• Identify test scenarios, pre-conditions, expected results, post-conditions

• Identify possible test Oracles

• Evaluating testability of the requirements and system.

• Designing the test environment set-up and identifying any required

infrastructure and tools.

(see Lee Copeland (b2))

1.4.2 Fundamental test process – analysis & design



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• The expected result (test outcome) must be defined at the test analysis stage

• Who will decide that (expected result = actual result), when the test will be

executed? The Test Oracle!

Test Oracle = A source to determine expected result, a principle or mechanism to

recognize a problem. The Test Oracle can be:

• an existing system (the old version…)

• a document (specification, user manual)

• a competent client representative… but never the source code itself !

Oracles in use = Simplification of Risk : do not assess ‗pass - fail‘, but instead

‗problem - no problem‘

Problem: Oracles and Automation - Our ability to automate testing is

fundamentally constrained by our ability to create and use oracles;

Possible issues:

• false alarms

• missed bugs

1.4.2 Fundamental test process – what is a test Oracle?



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1.4.3 Fundamental test process – implementation & execution

Test implementation:

• Develop and prioritize test cases, create test data, test harnesses and automation scripts

• Create test suites from the test cases

• Check test environmentTest execution:

• Execute (manually or automatically) the test cases (suites)

• Use Test Oracles to determine if test passed or failed

• Login the outcome of tests execution

• Report incidents (bugs) and try to discover if they are caused by the test data, test

procedure or they are defect failures

• Expand test activities as necessary, according to the testing mission

(see Rex Black (b4))



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1.4.3 Fundamental test process – prioritizing the Test Cases

Why prioritize the Test Cases?

•It is not possible to test everything, we must do our best in the time available

•Testing must be Risk based, assuring that the errors, that will get through to the

client‘s production system, will have the smallest possible impact and frequency

of occurrence

•This means we must prioritise and focus testing on the priorities

What to watch?

•Severity of possible defects

•Probability of possible defects

•Visibility of possible defects•Client Requirement importance

•Business or technical criticality of a feature

•Frequency of changes applied to a module

•Scenarios complexity



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1.4.4 Fundamental test process – evaluating exit criteria and

reporting

Evaluate exit criteria:• Check test logs against exit criteria specified in test mission definition

• Assess if more tests are needed

• Check if testing mission should be changed

Test reporting:• Write the test summary report for the stakeholders use

The test summary report should include:

• Test Cases execution coverage (% executed )

• Test Cases Pass / Fail %

• Active bugs, sorted according to their severity

(see Rex Black (b4) & RUP- Test discipline(s5))



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1.4.5 Fundamental test process – test closure

• Verify if test deliverables have been delivered

• Check and close the remaining active bug reports

• Archiving the test-ware and environment

• Handover of the test environment

• Analyze the identified test process problems (lessons learned)

• Implement action plan based improvements

(see Rex Black (b4))



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1.5 The psychology of testing

Testing is regarded as a ‗destructive‘ activity

(we run tests to make the software fail…)

A good tester:

•Should always have a critical approach

•Must keep attention to detail

•Must have analytical skills

•Should have good verbal and written

communication skills

•Must analyse incomplete facts

•Must work with incomplete facts

•Must learn quickly about the product being

tested

•Should be able to quickly prioritise

•Should be a planned, organised kind of person

Also, he must have a good knowledge about:

•The customer‘s business workflows

•The product architecture and interfaces

•The software project process•Testing techniques and practices

Rex Black’s

Top 10 professional errors

•Fall in Love with a Tool

•Write Bad Bug Reports

•Fail to Define the Mission•Ignore a Key Stakeholder

•Deliver Bad News Badly

•Take Sole Responsibility for Quality

•Be an Un-appointed Process Cop

•Fail to Fire Someone who Needs Firing

•Forget You‘re Providing a Service•Ignore Bad Expectations

(see also Brian Marick‘s article)

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1.5 The psychology of testing

“”The best tester isn’t the one who finds the most bugs, the best tester is the one who

gets the most bugs fixed” (Cem Kaner)

“Selling” bugs (see Cem Kaner (c1) • Motivate the programmer

• Demonstrate the bug effects

• Overcome objections

• Increase the defect description coverage (indicate detailed preconditions, behavior)

• Analyze the failure

• Produce a clear, short, unambiguous bug report• Advocate error costs

Levels of Independence of the Testing Team:

Low – Developers write and execute their own tests

Medium – Tests are written and executed by another developer

High – Tests written and executed by an independent testing team (internal or external)

Testers Agile Manifesto (Jonathan Kohl)

•bug advocacy over bug counts

•testable software over exhaustive (requirements) docs

•measuring produc t success over measuring process success

•team collaboration over departmental independence



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2.1.1 The V testing model

2 1 1 The V testing model Verification & Validation



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2.1.1 The V testing model – Verification & ValidationVerification = Confirmation by

examination and through the

provision of objective evidence that

specified requirements have been

fulfilled.Validation = Confirmation by

examination and through provision of

objective evidence that the

requirements for a specific intended

use or application have been fulfilled.

Verification is the dominant activity in

the Unit, Integration, System testing

levels, Validation is a mandatory

activity in the Acceptance testing level



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2.1.1 The W testing model – dynamic testing



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2.1.1 The W testing model – static testing



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2.1.2 Software development models - Waterfall



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2.1.2 Software development models - Waterfall

Waterfall weaknesses

· Linear: any attempt to go back two or more phases to correct a problem or

deficiency results in major increases in cost and schedule

· Integration problems usually surface too late. Previously undetected errors

or design deficiencies will emerge, adding risk with little time to recover

· Users can't see quality until the end. They can't appreciate quality if the

finished product can't be seen· Deliverables are created for each phase and are considered frozen. If the

deliverable of a phase changes, which often happens, the project will suffer

schedule problems

The entire software product is being worked on at one time. There is no way to

partition the system for delivery of pieces of the system



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2.1.2 Software development models - Rapid Prototype Model



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2.1.2 Software development models - Rapid Prototype Model

Rapid Prototype Model weaknesses

· In the rush to create a working prototype, overall software quality or

long-term maintainability may be overlooked

· Tendency for difficult problems to be pushed to the future, causing the

initial promise of the prototype to not be met by subsequent products

· Developers may fall into a code-and-fix cycle, leading to expensive,

unplanned prototype iterations

· Customers become frustrated without the knowledge of the exact

number of iterations that will be necessary

· Users may have a tendency to add to the list of items to be

prototyped until the scope of the project far exceeds the feasibility study



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2.1.2 Software development models - Incremental Model



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2.1.2 Software development models - Incremental Model

Incremental Model weaknesses

· Definition of a complete, fully functional system must be done early in

the life cycle to allow for the definition of the increments

· The model does not allow for iterations within each increment

· Because some modules will be completed long before others, well-defined interfaces are required

· Requires good planning and design: Management must take care to

distribute the work; the technical staff must watch dependencies



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2.1.2 Software development models - Spiral Model



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2.1.2 Software development models - Spiral Model

Spiral Model weaknesses

· The model is complex, and developers, managers, and customers may find it

too complicated to use

· Considerable risk assessment expertise is required

· Hard to define objective, verifiable milestones that indicate readiness toproceed through the next iteration

· May be expensive - time spent planning, resetting objectives, doing risk

analysis, and prototyping may be excessive



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2.1.2 Software development models - Rational Unified Process



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2.1.3 Software development models – Testing life cycle

• For each software activity, there must be a corresponding testing activity

• The objectives of the testing are specific to that ―tested‖ activity

• Plan, analysis and design of a testing activity should be done during the

corresponding development activity

• Review and inspection must be considered as part of testing activities



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2.2.1 Test levels – Component testing

Target: single software modules, components that are separately testable

Access to the code being tested is mandatory, usually involves the programmer

May consist of:

o Functional tests

o Non-functional tests (stress test)

o Structural tests (statement coverage, branch coverage)

Test cases follow the low level specification of the module

Can be automated (test driven software development):

o Develop first test code

o Then, write the code to be testedo Execute until pass

Also named Unit testing

Good programming style (Design-by-contract, respecting Demeter‘s law)

enhance the efficiency of Unit testing



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2.2.2 Test levels – Integration testing

Target: the interfaces between components and interfaces with other parts of the system

We focus on the data exchanged, not on the tested functionalities.

Product software architecture understanding is critical

May consist of:

o Functional tests

o Non-functional tests (ex: performance test)

o Component integration testing (after component testing)

o System integration testing (after system testing)

Test strategy may be bottom-up, top-down or big-bang

2 2 2 C



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2.2.2 Test levels – Component Integration testing

Component integration testing (done after Component testing) :

•Linking a few components to check that they communicate correctly

•Iteratively linking more components together

•Verify that data is exchanged between the components as required

•Increase the number of components, create & test subsystems and finally thecomplete system

Drivers and Stubs should be used when necessary:

•driver: A software component or test tool that replaces a component that takes

care of the control and/or the calling of a component or system.

•stub: A skeletal or special-purpose implementation of a software component, used

to develop or test a component that calls or is otherwise dependent on it. It replaces

a called component.

2 2 2 T t l l S t I t ti t ti



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2.2.2 Test levels – System Integration testing

System integration testing (done after System or Acceptance testing) :

Testing the integration of systems and packages; testing interfaces to external

organizations

We check the data exchanged between our system and other external systems.

Additional difficulties:

•Multiple Platforms

•Communications between platforms

•Management of the environments

Approaches to access the external systems:

•Testing in a test environment

•Testing in a ‗clone‘ of a production environment

•Testing in a real production environment

2 2 3 T t l l S t t ti



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2.2.3 Test levels – System testing

System testing = The process of testing an integrated system to verify that it meets

specified requirements

Target: the whole product (system) as defined in the scope document

Environment issues are critical

May consist of:

o Functional tests, based on the requirement specifications

o Non-functional tests (ex: load tests)

o Structural tests (ex: web page links, or menu item coverage)

Black box testing techniques may be used (ex: business rule decision table)

Test strategy may be risk based

Test coverage is monitored

2 2 4 T t l l A t t ti



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2.2.4 Test levels – Acceptance testing

Acceptance Testing = Formal testing with respect to user needs, requirements,

and business processes conducted to determine whether or not a system satisfies

the acceptance criteria and to enable the user, customers or other authorized entity

to determine whether or not to accept the system

The main goals:

•establish confidence in the system

•is the product good enough to be delivered to the client?

The main focus is not to find defects, but to assess the readiness for deployment•It is not necessary the final testing level; a final system integration testing session

can be executed after the acceptance tests

•May be executed also after component testing (component usability acceptance)

•Usually involves client representatives

•Typical forms:•User acceptance: business aware users verify the main features

•Operational acceptance testing: backup-restore, security, maintenance

• Alpha and Beta testing: performed by customers or potential users

•Alpha : at the developer‘s site

•Beta : at the customer‘s site

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2.3.1 Test types – Functional testing

Target: Test the functionalities (features) of a product

Specification based:

uses Test Cases, derived from the specifications (Use Cases)

business process based, using business scenarios

Focused on checking the system against the specifications

Can be performed at all test levels

Considers the external behavior of the system

Black box design techniques will be used

Security testing is part of functional testing, related to the detection of threats

2 3 2 Test t pes Non F nctional testing

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2.3.2 Test types – Non-Functional testing

Non functional testing = testing the attributes of a component or system that do

not relate to functionality, e.g. reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability andportability

Targeted to test the product quality attributes:

Performance testing

Load testing (how much load can be handled by the system?) Stress testing (evaluate system behavior at limits and out of limits)

Usability testing

Reliability testing

Portability testing

Maintainability testing

2 3 2 Test types Non Functional testing Usability



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2.3.2 Test types – Non-Functional testing - Usability

Usability testing = used to determine the extent to which the software product is

understood, easy to learn, easy to operate and attractive to the users under

specified conditions

•People selected from the potential users may be involved to study how they

use the system

• A quick and focused beta-test may be a cheap way of doing Usabilitytesting

•There is no simple way to examine how people will use the system

•Easy to understood is not the same as easy to learn or as easy to use or as

easy to operate

2 3 2 Test types Non Functional testing Instalability



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2.3.2 Test types – Non-Functional testing - Instalability

Instalability testing = The process of testing the installability of a softwareproduct‖

•Does the installation work?

•How easy is to install the system?

•Does installation affect other software?

•Does the environment affect the product?

•Does it uninstall correctly?

2.3.2 Test types – Non-Functional testing – Load, Stress,



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yp g

Performance, Volume testing

Load Test = A test type concerned with measuring the behavior of a component

or system with increasing load, e.g. number of parallel users and/or numbers of

transactions to determine what load can be handled by the component or system

Stress Test = Testing conducted to evaluate a system or component at or

beyond the limits of its specified requirements.

Performance Test = The process of testing to determine the performance of a

software product. Performance can be measured watching:

•Response time

•Throughput

•Resources utilization

Spike Test = Keeping the system, periodically, for short amounts of time, beyond

its specified limits

Endurance Test = a Load Test performed for a long time interval (week(s))

Volume Test = Testing where the system is subjected to large volumes of data

2 3 3 Test types Structural testing



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2.3.3 Test types – Structural testing

Targeted to test:

o internal structure (component)o architecture (system)

Uses only white box design techniques

Can be performed at all test levels

Used also to help measure the coverage (% of items being covered by tests)

Tool support is critical

2 3 4 Test types Confirmation & regression testing



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2.3.4 Test types – Confirmation & regression testing

Confirmation testing = Re-testing of a module or product, to confirm that the

previously detected defect was fixed

Implies the use of a bug tracking tool

Confirmation testing is not the same as the ―debugging‖ (debugging is a

development activity, not a testing activity)

Regression testing = Re-testing of a previously tested program following

modification to ensure that defects have not been introduced or uncovered as a

result of the changes made. It is performed when the software or its environment

is changed

Can be performed at all test levels Can be automated (because of cost and schedule reasons)

2 4 Maintenance testing



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2.4 Maintenance testing

Maintenance testing = Testing the changes to an operational system or the

impact of a changed environment to an operational system

Done on an existing operational system, triggered by modification, retirement or

migration of the software

Include:

•Release based changes•Corrective changes

•Database upgrades

Regression testing is also involved

Impact analysis = determining how the existing system may be affected bychanges (used to help decide how much regression testing to do)

3 1 Reviews and the testing process



54

3.1 Reviews and the testing process

Static Testing = testing of a component or system at specification or

implementation level without execution of that software, e.g. reviews (manual) or

static code analysis (automated)

Reviews

Why review?

•To identify errors as soon as possible in the development lifecycle

•Reviews offer the chance to find omissions and errors in the software

specifications

The target of a review is a software deliverable:

Specification

Use case

Design

Code

Test case

Manual

3 1 Reviews and the testing process



55

3.1 Reviews and the testing process

When to review?

• As soon as an software artifact is produced, before it is used as the basis for the

next step in development

Benefits include:

Early defect detection

Reduced testing costs and time

Can find omissions

Risks:

•If misused they can lead to project team members frictions

•The errors & omissions found should be regarded as a positive issue

•The author should not take the errors & omissions personally

•No follow up to is made to ensure correction has been made

•Witch-hunts used when things are going wrong

3 2 1 Phases of a formal review



56

3.2.1 Phases of a formal review

Formal review phases:

•Planning: define scope, select participants, allocate roles, define entry &

exit criteria

•Kick-off: distribute documents, explain objectives, process, check entry

criteria

•Individual preparation: each of participants studies the documents, takesnotes, issues questions and comments

•Review meeting: meeting participants discuss and log defects, make

recommendations

•Rework: fixing defects (by the author)

•Follow-up: verify again, gather metrics, check exit criteria

3 2 2 Roles in a formal review



57

3.2.2 Roles in a formal review

The formal reviews can use the following predefined roles:

Manager: schedules the review, monitor entry and exit criteria

Moderator: distributes the documents, leads the discussion, mediates

various conflicting opinions

Author: owner of the deliverable to be reviewed

Reviewer: technical domain experts, identify and note findings

Scribe: records and documents the discussions during the meeting

3.2.3 Types of review



58

3.2.3 Types of review

Informal review

• A peer or team lead reviews a software

deliverable

•Without applying a formal process•Documentation of the review is optional

•Quick way of finding omissions and defects

• Amplitude and depth of the review depends

on the reviewer

•Main purpose: inexpensive way to get

some benefit

Walkthrough

•The author of the deliverable leads the

review activity, others participate

•Preparation of the reviewers is optional

•Scenario based

•The sessions are open-ended•Can be informal but also formal

•Main purposes: learning, gaining

understanding, defect finding

Technical Review

•Formal Defect detection process

•Main meeting is prepared

•Team includes peers and technical domainexperts

•May vary in practice from quite informal to very

formal

•Led by a moderator, which is not the author

•Checklists may be used, reports can be prepared

•Main purposes: discuss, make decisions,

evaluate alternatives, find defects, solve technicalproblems and check conformance to

specifications and standards.

Inspection

Formal process, based on checklists, entry and

exit criteriaDedicated, precise roles

Led by the moderator

Metrics may be used in the assessment

Reports, list-of-findings are mandatory

Follow-up process

Main purpose: find defects

3.2.4 Success factors for reviews



59

3.2.4 Success factors for reviews

Clear objective is set

Appropriate experts are involved

Identify issues, not fix them on-the-spot

Adequate psychological handling (author is not punished for the found

defects)

Level of formalism is adapted to the concrete situation

Minimal preparation and training

Management encourages learning, process improvement

Time-boxing is used to determine time allocated to each part of thedocument to be reviewed

Use of effective checklists

3.3 Static analysis by tools

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3.3 Static analysis by tools

•Performed without executing the examined software, but assisted by tools

•The approach may be data flow or control flow based

•Benefits:

• early defects detection

• early warnings about unwanted code complexity

• detects missing links

• improved maintainability of code and design

• Typical defects discovered:

• reference to an un-initialized variable

• never used variables

• unreachable code

• programming standards violations

• security vulnerabilities

4. Test design techniques - glossary



61

est des g tec ques g ossa y

Test condition = item, event, attribute of a module or system that could

be verified (ex: feature, structure element, transaction, quality attribute)

Test data = data that affects or is affected by the execution of the

specific module

Test case [IEEE] = a set of input values, execution preconditions,

expected results and execution post-conditions, developed for a particular objective or test condition, such as to exercise a particular program path or

to verify compliance with a specific requirement

Test case specification [IEEE] = a document specifying a set of test

cases for a test condition

Test procedure (suite) specification = a document specifying asequence of actions for the execution of a series of test cases

4.1 Test design – test development process



62

g p p

1. Identify test conditions:

Inputs:

•Field – level•Group – level

Capability related:

•Trigger conditions

•Constraints or limits

•Interfaces to other products

•Validation of inputs at the followinglevels of aggregation:

•Field / action / message

•Record / row / window

•File / table / screen

•Database

•Product states

•Behavior rules

Architectural design related:

•Invocation paths

•Communication paths

•Internal data conditions

•Design states•Exceptions

2. Develop test cases

· Use cases are used as input

· Test cases will cover all possible paths of the

execution graph flow

· Test data should be specified if necessary

· Priorities of Test cases should be assigned

· Traceability matrix (Use cases x Test cases)

should be maintained

3. Develop test procedures

· Group test cases into execution schedules

· Factors to be considered:

a. Prioritization

b. Logical dependencies

c. Regression tests

· Traceability from test condition to the

specifications (requirements) is a must

· Risk analysis is a best practice

4.2 Test design – categories of test design techniques



63

g g g q

Black box: no internal structure knowledge will be used

White box: based on the analysis of the internal structure

Static: without running, exercised on specific project artifacts

Each black box or white box test technique has:

• A method (how to do it)

• A test case design approach (how to create test cases using the approach)

• A measurement technique – coverage % (except the black box Syntax testing)

Other taxonomy:

Specification based: test cases are built from the specifications of the module

Structure based: information about the module is constructed (design, code) is

used to derive the test cases

Experience based: tester‘s knowledge about the specific domain, about thelikely defects, is used

4.3.1 Black box techniques – equivalence partitioning



64

q q p g

To minimize testing, partition input (output) values into groups of equivalent

values (equivalent from the test outcome perspective)

Select a value from each equivalence class as a representative value

If an input is a continuous range of values, then there is typically one class of valid

values and two classes of invalid values, one below the valid class and one

above it.

Example: Rule for hiring a person is second its age:

0 – 15 = do not hire

16 – 17 = part time

18 – 54 = full time

55 -- 99 = do not hire

Which are the valid equivalence classes? And the invalid ones?

Give examples of representative values!

(other examples)

(see Lee Copeland b2 chap.3, Cem Kaner c1, Paul Jorgensen b7 chap.2.2,6.3)

4.3.1 Black box techniques – all-pairs testing

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q p g

In practice, there are situations when a great number of combinations must be

tested. For example: A Web site must operate correctly with different browsers—

Internet Explorer 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0, Netscape 6.0, 6.1, and 7.0, Mozilla 1.1, and

Opera 7; using different plug-ins—RealPlayer, MediaPlayer, or none; running on

different client operating systems—Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000, and XP;

receiving pages from different servers—IIS, Apache, and WebLogic; running on

different server operating systems—Windows NT, 2000, and Linux.

•Test environment combinations:

•8 browsers

•3 plug-ins

•6 client operating systems

•3 servers

•3 server OS

•1,296 combinations !

• All-pairs testing is the solution : tests a significant subset of variables pairs.

4.3.2 Black box techniques – boundary value analysis

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q y y

Boundaries = edges of the equivalence classes.

Boundary values = values at the edge and nearest to the edge

The steps for using boundary values:

•First, identify the equivalence classes.

•Second, identify the boundaries of each equivalence class.

•Third, create test cases for each boundary value by choosing one point on the

boundary, one point just below the boundary, and one point just above theboundary. "Below" and "above" are relative terms and depend on the data

value's units

•For the previous example:

•boundary values are {-1,0,1}, {14,15,16},{15,16,17},{16,17,18}{17,18,19},

{54,55,56},{98, 99, 100}

Or, omitting duplicate values:

{-1,0,1,14,15,16,17,18,19,54,55,56,98,99,100}

(other examples)

(see Lee Copeland b2 chap.4, Paul Jorgensen b7 chap5)

4.3.3 Black box techniques – decision tables

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Conditions represent various input conditions

Actions are the actions taken depending on the various combinations of input

conditions

Each of the rules defines a unique combination of conditions that result in the

execution of the actions associated with that rule Actions do not depend on the condition evaluation order, but only on their

values.

Actions do not depend on any previous input conditions or system state.

(see Lee Copeland b2 chap 5, Paul Jorgensen b7 chap 7)

4.3.3 Black box techniques – decision tables - example



68

a, b, c are they the edges of a triangle?

(however, some additional test cases are needed)

4.3.4 Black box techniques – state transition tables

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Allow the tester to interpret the system in term of:

States

Transition between states

Events that trigger transitions

Actions resulting from the transitions

Transition table used:

(see Lee Copeland b2, chap 7)

4.3.4 Black box techniques – state transition tables - example



70

Ticket buy - web application

Exercise: Fill-in the transition table!

4.3.5 Black box techniques – requirements based testing

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Best practices:

•Validate requirements (what) against objectives (why)

• Apply use cases against requirements

•Perform ambiguity reviews

•Involve domain experts in requirements reviews

•Create cause-effect diagrams

•Check logical consistency of test scenarios

•Validate test scenarios with domain experts and users

•Walk through scenarios comparing with design documents•Walk through scenarios comparing with code

4.3.5 Black box techniques – scenario testing



72

Good scenario attributes:

•Is based on a real story

•Is motivating for the tester

•Is credible

•Involves an enough complex use of environment and data

•Is easy to evaluate ( no need for external oracle)

How to create good test scenarios:

•Write down real-life stories

•List possible users, analyze their interests and objectives

•Consider also inexperienced or ostile users

•List system benefits and create paths to access those features

•Watch users using old versions of the system or an analog system

•Study complaints about other analog systems

4.3.5 Black box techniques – use case testing



73

Generating the Test Cases from the Use Cases

Steps:

1. Identify the use-case

scenarios.

2. For each scenario, identify one

or more test cases.3. For each test case, identify the

conditions that will cause it to

execute.

4. Complete the test case by

adding data values.

(see example)

Most common test case mistakes:

1. Making cases too long

2. Incomplete, incorrect, or incoherent setup

3. Leaving out a step

4. Naming fields that changed or no longer exist5. Unclear whether tester or system does action

6. Unclear what is a pass or fail result

7. Failure to clean up

4.3.5 Black box techniques – Syntax testing

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Syntax testing = uses a model of the formally-defined syntax of the inputs to a

Component

The syntax is represented as a number of rules each of which defines the

possible means of production of a symbol in terms of sequences of, iterations

of, or selections between other symbols.

Here is a representation of the syntax for the floating point number, float inBackus Naur Form (BNF) :

float = int "e" int.

int = ["+"|"-"] nat.

nat = {dig}.

dig = "0"|"1"|"2"|"3"|"4"|"5"|"6"|"7"|"8"|"9".

Syntax testing is the only black box technique without a coverage metric

assigned.

4.4 White box techniques – Control flow

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Modules of code are converted to graphs, the paths through the graphs are analyzed, and

test cases are created from that analysis. There are different levels of coverage.

Process Blocks

A process block is a sequence

of program statements that

execute sequentially.

No entry into the block is

permitted except at thebeginning. No exit from the

block is permitted except at

the end. Once the block is

initiated, every statement

within it will be executed

sequentially.

Decision Point

A decision point is a point in the

module at which the control

flow can change. Most decision

points are binary and are

implemented by if-then-else

statements. Multi-way decision

points are implemented by

case statements. They are

represented by a bubble with

one entry and multiple exits.

Junction Point

A junction point is a point at

which control flows join

together

Example:

(see Lee Copeland b2, chap.10)

4.4.1 White box techniques – statement coverage

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Statement coverage = Executed statements / Total executable statements

Example:

a;

if (b) {

c;

}

d ;

In case b is TRUE, executing the code will result in 100% statement coverage

4.4.1 White box techniques – statement coverage - exercise



77

Given the code:

a;

if (x) {

b;

if (y) {

c;

}else {

d;

}

}

else {

e;

}

How many test cases are needed to get 100% statement coverage?

x T T F F

y T F T F

a a a a

b b

c

d

e e

4.4.2 White box techniques – branch & decision coverage - glossary



78

Branch = a conditional transfer of control from a statement to any other statement

OR

= an unconditional transfer of control from a statement to any other statement except the next statement;

Branch coverage = executed branches / total branches

Decision coverage = executed decisions outcomes / total decisions

For components with one entry point 100% Branch Coverage is equivalent to

100% Decision Coverage

4.4.2 White box techniques – branch & decision coverage - example



79

Decisions = B2, B3, B5 each with 2 outcomes = 3 * 2 = 6

Branches = (how many arrows?) = 10

Q1. What are the decision and branch coverage for (B1 B2

B9) ?

Q2. But for (B1->B2->B3->B4->B8->B2->B3->B5->B6->B8->B2-

>B3->B5->B7) ?

Answers: 1. 1/6, 2/10 2. 5/6, 9/10

4.4.2 White box techniques – LCSAJ coverage



80

LCSAJ = Linear Code Sequence and Jump

Defined by a triple, conventionally identified by line numbers in a source

code listing:

•the start of the linear code sequence

•the end of the linear code sequence

•the target line to which control flow is transferred

LCSAJ coverage = executed LCSAJ sequences / total nr. of LCSAJ seq.

4.4.3 White box techniques – data flow coverage

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Just as one would not feel confident about a program without executing every

statement in it as part of some test, one should not feel confident about a program

without having seen the effect of using the value produced by each and everycomputation.

Data flow coverages:

• All defs = Number of exercised definition-use pairs / Number of variable definitions

• All c(omputation)-uses = Number of exercised definition- c-use pairs / Number of

definition- c-use pairs

• All p(redicate)-uses = Number of exercised definition- p-use pairs / Number of

definition- p-use pairs

• All uses = Number of exercised definition- use pairs / Number of definition- use pairs

•Branch condition = Boolean operand values executed / Total Boolean operandvalues

•Branch condition combination = Boolean operand values combinations executed /

Total Boolean operand values combinations

(see Lee Copeland b2, chap.11)

4.5 Exploratory testing

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Exploratory testing = Concurrent test design, test execution, test logging

and learning, based on a quick test charter containing objectives, and executed

within delimited time-intervals Uses structured approach to error guessing, based on experience,

available defect data, domain expertise

On-the-fly design of tests that attack these potential errors

Skill, intuition and previous experience is vital

Test strategy is built around:

•The project environment

•Quality criteria defined for the project

•Elements of the product

•Risk factors

4.6 Choosing test techniques

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Factors used to choose:

· Product or system type

· Standards

· Product‘s requirements · Available documentation

· Determined risks

· Schedule constraints

· Cost constraints

· Used software development life cycle model· Tester‘s skills and (domain) experience

(additional materials: Unit Test design, exercises)

5.1.1 Test organization & independence

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Options : independent team or not?

Pluses:

Testers are not influenced by the other project members

Can act as ‗the customer‘s voice‘

More objectivity in evaluating the product quality issues

Minuses:

Risk of isolation from the development team

Communication issues

· Developers can loose the ‗quality ownership‘ attribute

5.1.2 Tasks of the test leader



85

•Plan, estimates test effort, collaborates with project manager

•Elaborates the test strategy

•Initiate test specification, implementation, execution

•Set-up configuration management of test environment & deliverables

•Monitors and controls the execution of tests

•Chooses suitable test metrics

•Decides if and to what degree to automate the tests

•Select tools

•Schedule tests

•Prepare summary test reports

•Evaluate test measurements

5.1.2 Tasks of the tester



86

Test Analyst

Identify test objectives (targets)

Review product requirements andsoftware specifications

Review test plans and test cases

Verifies requirements to test cases

traceability

Define test scenario details

Compares test results with test

oracle

Assesses test risks

Gather test measures

Test Designer

Define test approach (procedure)

Structure test implementation

Elaborates test case lists and

writes main test cases

Assesses testability

Define testing environment details

Tester

Define test approach (procedure)

Write test cases Review test cases (peer review)

Implement and execute tests

Record defects, prepare defect reports

5.2.1-5.2.2-5.2.3 – Test planning



87

Test plan = A document describing the scope, approach, resources and schedule of

intended test activities

It identifies amongst others test items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks, who

will do each task, degree of tester independence, the test environment, the test designtechniques and test measurement techniques to be used, and the rationale for their

choice, and any risks requiring contingency planning.

It is a record of the test planning process

IEEE 829: Test plan contents:

•Test plan identifier

•Introduction

•Test items

•Features to be tested

•Features not to be tested

• Approach•Item pass / fail criteria

•Suspension criteria & resumption

criteria

•Test deliverables

•Testing tasks

•Environment

•Responsibilities

•Staffing and training needs

•Schedules•Risks and contingencies

• Approvals

5.2.1-5.2.2-5.2.3 – Test planning Determine scope



88

po Study project documents, used

software life-cycle specifications, product

desired quality attributeso Identify and communicate with other

stakeholderso Clarify test process expectations

Determine riskso Choose quality risk analysis method

(e.g. FMEA)

o

Document the list of risks,probability, impact, priority, identify

mitigation actions

Estimate testing effort, determine costs,

develop scheduleo Define necessary roles

o Decompose test project into phasesand tasks (WBS)o Schedule tasks, assign resources,

set-up dependencieso Develop a budget

o Obtain commitment for the plan

from the stakeholders

Refine plano Define roles detailed

responsibilities

o Select test strategy, test levels:Test strategy issues (alternatives):

Preventive approach

Reactive approach

Risk-based

Model (standard) based

Choosing testing techniques (white

and/or black box)

o Select metrics to be used for defect

tracking, coverage, monitoring

o Define entry and exit criteria• Exit criteria:

Coverage measures

Defect density or trend measures

Cost

Residual risk estimation

Time or market based

5.2.4 – Test estimation



89

Two approaches:

• based on metrics (historical data)

• made by domain experts

Testing effort depends on:

• product characteristics (complexity, specification)

• development process (team skills, tools, time factors)

• defects discovered and rework involved

• failure risk of the product (likelihood, impact)

Time for confirmation testing and regression testing must be

considered too

5.2.5 – Test strategies

Test approach (test strategy) = The chosen approaches and decisions made that follow from the

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Test approach (test strategy) The chosen approaches and decisions made that follow from the

test project's and test team's goal or mission.

The mission is typically effective and efficient testing, and the strategies are the general policies,

rules, and principles that support this mission. Test tactics are the specific policies, techniques,

processes, and the way testing is done.

One way to classify test approaches or strategies is based on the point in time at which the bulk of

the test design work is begun:

•Preventative approaches, where tests are designed as early as possible.

•Reactive approaches, where test design comes after the software or system has been produced.

Or, another taxonomy:

Analytical - such as risk-based

testing

Model-based - such as stochastic

testing

Methodical - such as failure-

based, experience-basedProcess- or standard-compliant

Dynamic and heuristic - such as

exploratory testing

Consultative

Regression-averse

5.3 – Test progress monitoring, reporting & control





91

Monitoring - Test metrics used:

•Test cases (% passed/ % failed)

•Defects (found, fixed/found, density,

trends)

•Test Coverage (% executed Test cases)

Reporting:

•Defects remaining

•Coverage metrics

•Identified risks

Control: identify and implement

corrective actions for:•Testing process

•Other software life-cycle activities

Possible corrective actions:

• Assign extra resource

•Re-allocate resource

• Adjust the test schedule

• Arrange for extra test

environments

•Refine the completion criteria

5.4 – Configuration management



92

IEEE definition of Configuration Management:

A discipline applying technical and administrative direction and surveillance to:

•identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a

configuration item,•control changes to those characteristics,

•record and report change processing and implementation status, and

•verify compliance with specified requirements

Configuration Management:

•identifies the current configuration (hardware, software) in the life cycle of

the system, together with any changes that are in course of being

implemented.

•provides traceability of changes through the lifecycle of the system.

•permits the reconstruction of a system whenever necessary

Only persistent objects must be subject to Configuration Management,

therefore, the data processed by a system cannot be placed under

Configuration Management.

•Related to Version Control and Change Control




93

Configuration Management activities:

Configuration identification = selecting the configuration items for a system

and recording their functional and physical characteristics in technicaldocumentation

Configuration control = evaluation, co-ordination, approval or disapproval, and

implementation of changes to configuration items after formal establishment of

their configuration identification

Status accounting = recording and reporting of information needed to manage

a configuration effectively, including:

•a listing of the approved configuration identification,

•the status of proposed changes to the configuration, and

•the implementation status of the approved changes

Configuration auditing = The function to check that the software product

matches the configuration items identified previously




94

In Testing, Configuration Management must:

•Identify all test-ware items

•Establish and maintain the integrity of the testing deliverables

(test plans, test cases, documentation) through the project life

cycle

•Set and maintain the version of these items

•Track the changes of these items

•Relate test-ware items to other software development items in

order to maintain traceability•Reference clearly all necessary documents in the test plans

and test cases

5.5 – Risk & Testing

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Risk = a factor that could result in future negative consequences,

expressed as likelihood and impact

Project risks (supplier related, organizational, technical)

Product risks (defects delivered, poor quality attributes (reliability,

usability, performance)

The risks identified can be used to:

Define the test strategy and techniques to be used

Define the extent and depth of testing

Prioritize test cases and procedures (find important defects early)

Determine if review or training activities could help

5.6 – Incident management



96

Incident = any significant, unplanned event that occurs during testing thatrequires subsequent investigation and / or correction

•The system does not function as expected

• Actual results differ from expected results

•Required features are missing

Incident reports can be raised against:

•documents placed under review process

•product‘s defects related to functional & non-functional requirements

•documentation anomalies (manuals, on-line help)

•test-ware defects (errors in test cases or test procedures)

The incident reports raised against products defects are named also bug

reports.

5.6 – Incident management



97

Recommended Bug report format

•Defect ID

•Component name and Build version

•Reported by and Date

•Error type

•Severity

•Priority

•Summary and detailed description

• Attached documents

(Exercise)

Bug statuses

Issued – just been reported

Opened – programmer is working to solve-it

Fixed – programmer thinks that‘s repaired

Not solved – tester retested but the bug is

not solved

Deferred – programmer or PM decided topostpone the decision

Not-a-bug – programmer or tester

discovered that it is not a defect

Closed – bug is solved and verified

6.1.1 – Test tool classification

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• Management of testing:

•Test management

•Requirements management

•Bug tracking

•Configuration management

• Static testing:

•Review support

•Static analysis

•Modeling

• Test specification:

•Test design

•Test data preparation

• Test execution:

•Record and play

•Unit test framework

•Result comparators

•Coverage measurement

•Security

• Performance and monitoring:

•Dynamic analysis

•Load and stress testing

•Monitoring

• Specific application areas (TTCN-3)

• Other tools

6.1.2 – Tool support - Management of testing

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•Test management:

•Manage testing activities

•Manage test-ware traceability

•Test result reporting

•Test metrics tools

•Requirements management:

•Checking

•Traceability

•Coverage

•Bug tracking

•Configuration management

•Individual support:

•Version and change control

•Builder

•Project related

•Department or company related

6.1.3 – Tool support - Static testing

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•Review support:

•Process support

•Communications support

•Team support

•Static analysis:

•Coding standards

•WEB site structure

•Metrics

•Modeling:

•SQL database management

6.1.4 – Tool support – Test specification

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•Test design:

•From requirements•From design models

•Test stubs and driver generators

•Test data preparation

6.1.5 – Tool support – Test execution and logging



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•Record and play

•Scripting•Unit test framework

•Test harness frameworks

•Result comparators

•Coverage measurement

•Security testing support

6.1.6 – Tool support – Performance and monitoring

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•Dynamic analysis:

•Time dependencies•Memory leaks

•Load testing

•Stress testing

•Monitoring

6.2.1 – Tool support – benefits



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•Repetitive work is reduced (e.g. running regression tests, re-entering the

same test data, and checking against coding standards).

•Greater consistency and repeatability (e.g. tests executed by a tool, and

tests derived from requirements).

•Objective assessment (e.g. static measures, coverage and system

behavior).

•Ease of access to information about tests or testing (e.g. statistics andgraphs about test progress, incident rates and performance).

6.2.1 – Tool support – risks



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•Unrealistic expectations for the tool (including functionality and ease of

use).

•Underestimating the time, cost and effort for the initial introduction of a tool

(including training and external expertise).

•Underestimating the time and effort needed to achieve significant and

continuing benefits from the tool (including the need for changes in the

testing process and continuous improvement of the way the tool is used).

•Underestimating the effort required to maintain the test assets generated by

the tool.

•Over-reliance on the tool (replacement for test design or where manual

testing would be better).

•Lack of a dedicated test automation specialist

•Lack of good understanding and experience with the issues of test

automation

•Lack of stakeholders commitment for the implementation of a such tool

6.2.2 – Tool support – special considerations



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•Test execution tools:

•Significant implementation effort•Record and play tools are instable when changes occur

•Technical expertise is mandatory

•Performance testing tools:

•Expertise in design and results interpretation are mandatory

•Static analysis tools:

•Lots of warnings generated

•Build management sensitive

•Test management tools:

•Interfacing with other tools (Windows Office, at least) is critical

6.2.2 – Tool support – testing in Visual Studio Team System

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•Developer:

•use Test Driven

Development methods

•manage Unit Testing

•analyze code coverage

•use code static analysis

•use code profiler to handle

performance issues•Tester:

•manage test cases

•manage test suites

•manage manual testing

•manage bug tracking

•record / play WEB tests

•run load tests

•report test results

6.2.2 – Introducing a tool into an organization

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•Tool selection process:

•Identify requirements•Identify constraints

•Check available tools on the market (feature evaluation)

•Evaluate short list (feature comparison):

•Demos

•Quick pilots

•Select a tool

Note: there are many free testing tools available, some of them also online

( www.testersdesk.com )

ISTQB Foundation Exam guidelines

• 40 multiple (4) choice questions K1: The candidates will recognize, remember



p ( ) q

• 1 hour exam

• Score >= 65% (>=26 good

answers) to pass• 50% K1, 30% K2, 20% K3

•Chapter 1 - 7 questions

•Chapter 2 – 6 questions





g

and recall a term or concept.

K2: The candidates can select the reasons or

explanations for statements related to the topic.They can summarize, compare, classify and

give examples for concepts of testing.

K3: The candidates can select the correct

application of a concept or techniques and/or

apply it to a given context.

Example: (see others…)

Which statement regarding testing is correct?

a) Testing is planning, specifying and executing a program with the aim of

finding defects

b) Testing is the process of correcting defects identified in a developed

program

c) Testing is to localize analyze and correct the direct defect cause

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Documents

Curs Testare